Factor VIII

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Coagulation factor VIII (Factor VIII, FVIII, also known as anti-hemophilic factor (AHF)) is an essential blood clotting protein. In humans, it is encoded by F8 gene.<ref name="pmid6438528">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="pmid3935400">Template:Cite journal</ref> Defects in this gene result in hemophilia A, an X-linked bleeding disorder.<ref name="pmid8578479">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Factor VIII is produced in the liver's sinusoidal cells and endothelial cells outside the liver throughout the body. This protein circulates in the bloodstream in an inactive form, bound to another molecule called von Willebrand factor, until an injury that damages blood vessels occurs.<ref name="NIH: F8 - coagulation factor VIII">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In response to injury, coagulation factor VIII is activated and separates from von Willebrand factor. The active protein (sometimes written as coagulation factor VIIIa) interacts with another coagulation factor called factor IX. This interaction sets off a chain of additional chemical reactions that form a blood clot.<ref name="NIH: F8 - coagulation factor VIII"/>

Factor VIII participates in blood coagulation; it is a cofactor for factor IXa, which, in the presence of Ca²⁺ and phospholipids, forms a complex that converts factor X to the activated form Xa. The factor VIII gene produces two alternatively spliced transcripts. Transcript variant 1 encodes a large glycoprotein, isoform a, which circulates in plasma and associates with von Willebrand factor in a noncovalent complex. This protein undergoes multiple cleavage events. Transcript variant 2 encodes a putative small protein, isoform b, which consists primarily of the phospholipid binding domain of factor VIIIc. This binding domain is essential for coagulant activity.<ref name = "entrez">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

People with high levels of factor VIII are at increased risk for deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.<ref name="Jenkins">Template:Cite journal</ref> Copper is a required cofactor for factor VIII and copper deficiency is known to increase the activity of factor VIII.<ref name="Milne">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Factor VIII is available as a medication that is on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines, the most important medications needed in a basic health system.<ref name=WHO2015E>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

GeneticsEdit

File:F8 gene location.png

In human, the F8 gene is located on the X chromosome at position q28.

Factor VIII was first characterized in 1984 by scientists at Genentech.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The gene for factor VIII is located on the X chromosome (Xq28). The gene for factor VIII presents an interesting primary structure, as another gene (F8A1) is embedded in one of its introns.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

StructureEdit

Factor VIII protein consists of six domains: A1-A2-B-A3-C1-C2, and is homologous to factor V.

The A domains are homologous to the A domains of the copper-binding protein ceruloplasmin.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The C domains belong to the phospholipid-binding discoidin domain family, and the C2 domain mediate membrane binding.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Activation of factor VIII to factor VIIIa is done by cleavage and release of the B domain. The protein is now divided to a heavy chain, consisting of the A1-A2 domains, and a light chain, consisting of the A3-C1-C2 domains. Both form non-covalently a complex in a calcium-dependent manner. This complex is the pro-coagulant factor VIIIa.<ref name = "Thorelli1998">Template:Cite journal</ref>

PhysiologyEdit

FVIII is a glycoprotein procofactor. Although the primary site of release in humans is ambiguous, it is synthesized and released into the bloodstream by the vascular, glomerular, and tubular endothelium, and the sinusoidal cells of the liver.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Hemophilia A has been corrected by liver transplantation.<ref name="Williams2010-8">Template:Cite book</ref> Transplanting hepatocytes was ineffective, but liver endothelial cells were effective.<ref name="Williams2010-8"/>

In the blood, it mainly circulates in a stable noncovalent complex with von Willebrand factor. Upon activation by thrombin (factor IIa), it dissociates from the complex to interact with factor IXa in the coagulation cascade. It is a cofactor to factor IXa in the activation of factor X, which, in turn, with its cofactor factor Va, activates more thrombin. Thrombin cleaves fibrinogen into fibrin which polymerizes and crosslinks (using factor XIII) into a blood clot.

The factor VIII protein has a half-life of 12 hours in the blood stream when stabilized by the von Willebrand factor.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

No longer protected by vWF, activated FVIII is proteolytically inactivated in the process (most prominently by activated protein C and factor IXa) and quickly cleared from the blood stream.

Factor VIII is not affected by liver disease. In fact, levels usually are elevated in such instances.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Medical useEdit

Template:Anchor {{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} FVIII concentrated from donated blood plasma, or recombinant FVIII can be given to hemophiliacs to restore hemostasis. Bypassing agents such as recombinant FVIIa can be used in acquired hemophilia.

Antibody formation to factor VIII can also be a major concern for patients receiving therapy against bleeding; the incidence of these inhibitors is dependent of various factors, including the factor VIII product itself.<ref name="urlOverview of Factor VIII Inhibitors">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Immunostain targetEdit

Factor VIII related antigen is used as a target for immunohistochemistry, where endothelial cells, megakaryocytes, platelets and mast cells normally stain positive.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} Topic Completed: 1 July 2012. Minor changes: 25 June 2021</ref>

Contamination scandalEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}In the 1980s, some pharmaceutical companies such as Baxter International and Bayer sparked controversy by continuing to sell contaminated factor VIII after new heat-treated versions were available.<ref name="NYT2003">Template:Cite journal</ref> Under FDA pressure, unheated product was pulled from US markets, but was sold to Asian, Latin American, and some European countries. The product was tainted with HIV, a concern that had been discussed by Bayer and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).<ref name="NYT2003"/>

In the early 1990s, pharmaceutical companies began to produce recombinant synthesized factor products, which now prevent nearly all forms of disease transmission during replacement therapy.

HistoryEdit

Factor VIII was first discovered in 1937, but it was not until 1979 that its purification by Edward Tuddenham, Frances Rotblat and coworkers led to the molecular identification of the protein.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=timesobit>Template:Cite news</ref>

ReferencesEdit

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External linksEdit

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