Open back unrounded vowel

Template:Short description Template:Infobox IPA Template:IPA vowels

The open back unrounded vowel, or low back unrounded vowel,<ref>Template:Vowel terminology</ref> is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is Template:Angbr IPA, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is A. The letter Template:Angbr IPA is called script a because it lacks the extra hook on top of a printed letter a, which corresponds to a different vowel, the open front unrounded vowel. Script a, which has a full length linear stroke on its right, should not be confused with turned script a, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, which has the linear stroke on its left and corresponds to a rounded version of this vowel, the open back rounded vowel.

In some languages (such as Azerbaijani, Estonian, Luxembourgish and Toda)Template:Sfnp Template:Sfnp Template:Sfnp Template:Sfnp there is the near-open back unrounded vowel (a sound between cardinal {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and Template:IPAblink), which can be transcribed in IPA with Template:Angbr IPA or Template:Angbr IPA.

FeaturesEdit

Template:Open vowel Template:Back vowel Template:Unrounded vowel

OccurrenceEdit

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Afrikaans	StandardTemplate:Sfnp	lang}}	main}}	'there'	main}}, open back unrounded {{#invoke:IPA\|main}} and even open back rounded Template:IPAblink.Template:Sfnp See Afrikaans phonology
Äiwoo		lang}}	main}}	'I want'
Arabic	StandardTemplate:Sfnp	lang}} / ṭawīl	main}}	'tall'	main}} near emphatic consonants, depending on the speaker's accent. See Arabic phonology
Arabic	Essaouira Template:Sfnp	lang}} / qāl	main}}	'he said'	main}}.Template:Sfnp
Armenian	Eastern Template:Sfnp	lang}} / hacʿ	main}}	'bread'
Azerbaijani Template:Sfnp		lang}}	main}}	'brother'	Near-open.Template:Sfnp
Bashkir		lang}} / {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}	Template:Audio-IPA	'goose'
Catalan	Many dialectsTemplate:Sfnp	lang}}	main}}	'stick'	main}} in contact with velar consonants.Template:Sfnp See Catalan phonology
	Some dialectsTemplate:Sfnp Template:Sfnp	lang}}	main}}	'hand'	main}}, Template:IPAblink) in other dialects; fully front Template:IPAblink in Majorcan Catalan.Template:Sfnp
	Some Valencian and Majorcan speakersTemplate:Sfnp	lang}}	main}}	'place'	main}} in some accents.Template:Sfnp Can be centralized.
	Some southern Valencian speakersTemplate:Sfnp	{{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}	main}}	'bull'	main}} before {{#invoke:IPA\|main}}.Template:Sfnp Can be centralized.
Chinese	Mandarin Template:Sfnp	lang}} / {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}	Template:Audio-IPA	'stick'	main}} before {{#invoke:IPA\|main}}.Template:Sfnp See Standard Chinese phonology
Dutch	StandardTemplate:Sfnp Template:Sfnp	{{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}	main}}	'bath'	Backness varies among dialects; in the Standard Northern accent it is fully back.Template:Sfnp Template:Sfnp In the Standard Belgian accent it is raised and fronted to {{#invoke:IPA\|main}}.Template:Sfnp See Dutch phonology
	Leiden Template:Sfnp		{{#invoke:IPA\|main}}		Near-open fully back; can be rounded Template:IPAblink instead.Template:Sfnp See Dutch phonology
	Rotterdam Template:Sfnp		{{#invoke:IPA\|main}}
	Amsterdam Template:Sfnp	{{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}	{{#invoke:IPA\|main}}	'monkey'	Corresponds to {{#invoke:IPA\|main}} in standard Dutch.
	Antwerp Template:Sfnp
	Utrecht Template:Sfnp
	The Hague Template:Sfnp	lang}}	main}}	'narrow'	main}} in standard Dutch.
English	Cardiff Template:Sfnp	hot	{{#invoke:IPA\|main}}	'hot'	Somewhat raised and fronted.Template:Sfnp Template:Sfnp
	Norfolk Template:Sfnp		{{#invoke:IPA\|main}}		Somewhat raised and fronted.Template:Sfnp Template:Sfnp
	General American Template:Sfnp		main}}		main}} ~ Template:IPA link], especially in accents without the cot-caught merger.Template:Clarification needed See English phonology
	Cockney Template:Sfnp	palm	{{#invoke:IPA\|main}}	'palm'	main}} instead.
	General South African Template:Sfnp		{{#invoke:IPA\|main}}		Fully back. Broad varieties usually produce a rounded vowel [[[:Template:IPA link]] ~ Template:IPA link] instead, while Cultivated SAE prefers a more front vowel {{#invoke:IPA\|main}}. See South African English phonology
	Cultivated South African Template:Sfnp		{{#invoke:IPA\|main}}		Typically more front than cardinal {{#invoke:IPA\|main}}. It may be as front as Template:IPAblink in some Cultivated South African and southern English speakers. See English phonology and South African English phonology
	Received Pronunciation Template:Sfnp		{{#invoke:IPA\|main}}
	Non-local Dublin<ref name="unidue">{{#invoke:citation/CS1\|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> \|\| back \|\| {{#invoke:IPA\|main}} \|\| 'back' \|\| Allophone of {{#invoke:IPA\|main}} before velars for some speakers.<ref name="unidue"/>
Estonian Template:Sfnp		lang}}	main}}	'lie'	Near-open.Template:Sfnp See Estonian phonology
Faroese	Some dialectsTemplate:Sfnp	lang}}	main}}	'wet'	main}} in standard language.Template:Sfnp See Faroese phonology
Finnish Template:Sfnp		lang}}	main}}	'hen'	Near-open,Template:Sfnp also described as open central Template:IPAblink.<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt, cited in Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> See Finnish phonology
French	Conservative ParisianTemplate:Sfnp Template:Sfnp	lang}}	main}}	'not'	Contrasts with Template:IPAslink, but many speakers have only one open vowel Template:IPAblink.Template:Sfnp See French phonology
French	Quebec Template:Sfnp	lang}}	Template:Audio-IPA	'paste'	Contrasts with Template:IPAslink.Template:Sfnp See Quebec French phonology
Galician Template:Sfnp Template:Sfnp		lang}}	main}}	'brother'	main}} in contact with velar consonants.Template:Sfnp Template:Sfnp See Galician phonology
Georgian Template:Sfnp		lang}} / {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}	main}}	'leather bag'	main}}, typically {{#invoke:IPA\|main}} to {{#invoke:IPA\|main}}.<ref>Template:Citation</ref> Sometimes transcribed as {{#invoke:IPA\|main}}.
German	Standard Template:Sfnp	lang}}	main}}	'gourmand'	Nasalized; often realized as rounded Template:IPAblink.Template:Sfnp See Standard German phonology
German	Many speakersTemplate:Sfnp	lang}}	main}}	'near'	Used by speakers in Northern Germany, East Central Germany, Franconia and Switzerland.Template:Sfnp Also a part of the Standard Austrian accent.Template:Sfnp More front in other accents. See Standard German phonology
Greek	Sfakian Template:Sfnp	lang}} / býra	main}}	"beer"	main}} in Modern Standard Greek.Template:Sfnp Template:Sfnp See Modern Greek phonology
Hungarian	Some dialectsTemplate:Sfnp	lang}}	main}}	'Hungarian'	Weakly rounded Template:IPAblink in standard Hungarian.Template:Sfnp See Hungarian phonology
Inuit	West Greenlandic Template:Sfnp	lang}}	main}}	'he says'	main}} before and especially between uvulars.Template:Sfnp See Inuit phonology
Italian	Some Piedmont dialects	lang}}	[ˈkɑːzɑ]	'house'	main}} which in Italian is largely realised as central {{#invoke:IPA\|main}}.
Irish	Munster Dialect	lang}}	[ɑːtʲ]	'place'	See Irish phonology
Kazakh		lang}}	main}}	'apple'	Can be realised as near-open.
Kaingang Template:Sfnp		lang}}	main}}	'land, soil'	main}} and central Template:IPAblink.Template:Sfnp
Khmer		lang}} / Template:Transliteration	main}}	'sugar'	See Khmer phonology
Limburgish Template:Sfnp Template:Sfnp Template:Sfnp		lang}}	main}}	'buttock'	main}},Template:Sfnp open near-back {{#invoke:IPA\|main}}Template:Sfnp and near-open near-back {{#invoke:IPA\|main}}Template:Sfnp (illustrated in the example word, which is from the Maastrichtian dialect), depending on the dialect.
Low German Template:Sfnp		lang}} / {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}	main}}	'all'	Backness may vary among dialects.Template:Sfnp
Luxembourgish Template:Sfnp		lang}}	main}}	'head'	Near-open fully back.Template:Sfnp See Luxembourgish phonology
Malay	Kedah Template:Sfnp	{{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}	{{#invoke:IPA\|main}}	'eye'	See Malay phonology
	Kelantan-Pattani	{{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}	{{#invoke:IPA\|main}}	'eye'	Allophone of syllable-final /a/ in open-ended words and before /k/ and /h/ codas. See Kelantan-Pattani Malay
	Standard	qari	main}}	'qari'	Found only in certain Arabic loanwords and used by speakers who know Arabic. Normally replaced by [[[:Template:IPA link]]]. See Malay phonology
Norwegian Template:Sfnp Template:Sfnp		lang}}	main}}	'hate'	The example word is from Urban East Norwegian. Central Template:IPAblink in some other dialects.Template:Sfnp Template:Sfnp Template:Sfnp See Norwegian phonology
Portuguese	Some Azorean dialects	lang}}	main}}	'nothing'	See Portuguese phonology
Portuguese	PaulistaTemplate:Sfnp	lang}}	main}}	'vegetable'	main}}.Template:Sfnp
Russian Template:Sfnp		lang}} / palka	main}}	'stick'	main}}, but not when a palatalized consonant precedes. See Russian phonology
Scottish Gaelic	Lewis Template:Sfnp	lang}}	main}}	'boy'	Allophone of Template:IPAblink in proximity to broad sonorants.
Sema Template:Sfnp		lang}}	main}}	'lower back'	main}} after uvular stops.Template:Sfnp
Swedish	Some dialects	lang}}	main}}	'I'	Weakly rounded Template:IPAblink in Central Standard Swedish.Template:Sfnp See Swedish phonology
Toda Template:Sfnp		lang}}	main}}	'elephant'	Near-open.Template:Sfnp
Turkish Template:Sfnp		lang}}	main}}	'horse'	Also described as central Template:IPAblink.Template:Sfnp See Turkish phonology
Ukrainian Template:Sfnp		lang}} / maty	main}}	'mother'	See Ukrainian phonology
Vietnamese	Some dialects in North Central and Central	lang}}	main}}	'chicken'	See Vietnamese phonology<ref>Template:Citation</ref><ref>Template:Citation</ref>
West Frisian	StandardTemplate:Sfnp	lang}}	main}}	'long'	Also described as central Template:IPAblink.Template:Sfnp See West Frisian phonology
West Frisian	AasterskTemplate:Sfnp	lang}}	main}}	'mate'	Contrasts with a front Template:IPAslink.Template:Sfnp See West Frisian phonology

NotesEdit

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ReferencesEdit

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External linksEdit

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