Close-mid back rounded vowel

Template:Short description Template:Infobox IPA Template:IPA vowels

File:Spectrogram of close-mid back rounded vowel (IPA o).png

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The close-mid back rounded vowel, or high-mid back rounded vowel,<ref>Template:Vowel terminology</ref> is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is Template:Angbr IPA.

Close-mid back protruded vowelEdit

The close-mid back protruded vowel is the most common variant of the close-mid back rounded vowel. It is typically transcribed in IPA simply as Template:Angbr IPA, and that is the convention used in this article. As there is no dedicated diacritic for protrusion in the IPA, the symbol for the close-mid back rounded vowel with an old diacritic for labialization, Template:Angbr IPA, can be used as an ad hoc symbol Template:Angbr IPA for the close-mid back protruded vowel. Another possible transcription is Template:Angbr IPA or Template:Angbr IPA (a close-mid back vowel modified by endolabialization), but this could be misread as a diphthong.

In English, the symbol Template:Angbr IPA is typically associated with the vowel in the "goat", but in Received Pronunciation and General American, that vowel is a diphthong whose starting point may be unrounded and more centered than {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.

For the close-mid near-back protruded vowel that is usually transcribed with the symbol Template:Angbr IPA, see near-close back protruded vowel. If the usual symbol is Template:Angbr IPA, the vowel is listed here.

FeaturesEdit

Template:Close-mid vowel Template:Back vowel Template:Protruded vowel

OccurrenceEdit

Because back rounded vowels are assumed to have protrusion, and few descriptions cover the distinction, some of the following may actually have compression.

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Afrikaans	StandardTemplate:Sfnp	lang}}	main}}	'goat'	Typically transcribed in IPA with Template:Angbr IPA. The height varies between close-mid {{#invoke:IPA\|main}} and mid Template:IPAblink.Template:Sfnp See Afrikaans phonology
Bavarian	Amstetten dialect<ref name="tm82">Template:Harvcoltxt, cited in Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>	Template:Example needed			Contrasts close Template:IPAblink, near-close Template:IPAblink, close-mid {{#invoke:IPA\|main}} and open-mid Template:IPAblink back rounded vowels in addition to the open central unrounded Template:IPAblink.<ref name="tm82"/> Typically transcribed in IPA with Template:Angbr IPA.
Bulgarian Template:Sfnp		lang}}/usta	main}}	'mouth'	main}} and {{#invoke:IPA\|main}}.Template:Sfnp See Bulgarian phonology
Catalan Template:Sfnp		lang}}	main}}	'I am'	See Catalan phonology
Czech	BohemianTemplate:Sfnp	lang}}	main}}	'eye'	Backness varies between back and near-back; may be realized as mid Template:IPAblink instead.Template:Sfnp See Czech phonology
Danish	StandardTemplate:Sfnp Template:Sfnp	lang}}	main}}	'wife'	Also described as near-close Template:IPAblink.Template:Sfnp Template:Sfnp See Danish phonology
Dutch	Standard Belgian Template:Sfnp	lang}}	Template:Audio-IPA	'cabbage'	main}}. See Dutch phonology
English	Estuary	yawn	{{#invoke:IPA\|main}}	'yawn'	May be {{#invoke:IPA\|main}} or {{#invoke:IPA\|main}} instead.
	Cockney Template:Sfnp
	Received Pronunciation Template:Sfnp				Typically transcribed with Template:Angbr IPA. See English phonology
	South African Template:Sfnp				General and Broad varieties. Cultivated SAE has a more open vowel. See South African English phonology
	General Indian Template:Sfnp	go	{{#invoke:IPA\|main}}	'go'
	General Pakistani Template:Sfnp				main}}.
	Singaporean Template:Sfnp
	Birmingham and the Black Country	cut	{{#invoke:IPA\|main}}	'cut'	main}} in other dialects.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Estonian Template:Sfnp		lang}}	main}}	'chair'	See Estonian phonology
Faroese Template:Sfnp		lang}}	main}}	'to endure'	main}} instead.Template:Sfnp See Faroese phonology
French Template:Sfnp Template:Sfnp		lang}}	Template:Audio-IPA	'network'	See French phonology
German	Standard Template:Sfnp Template:Sfnp	lang}}	Template:Audio-IPA	'or'	See Standard German phonology
German	Upper Saxon Template:Sfnp	lang}}	main}}	'except'	Pharyngealized; corresponds to Template:IPAblink in Northern Standard German. The example word is from the Chemnitz dialect.Template:Sfnp
Greek	Sfakian Template:Sfnp	lang}} / {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}	[metafrázo]	'translate'	Corresponds to mid Template:IPAblink in Modern Standard Greek.Template:Sfnp See Modern Greek phonology
Hindustani		सोमवार	[soːm.ʋɑːr]	'Monday'	See Hindustani phonology
Hungarian Template:Sfnp		lang}}	main}}	'disease'	See Hungarian phonology
Italian Template:Sfnp		lang}}	main}}	'shade'	See Italian phonology
Kaingang Template:Sfnp		pipo	main}}	'toad'
Khmer		lang}} / Template:Transliteration	main}}	'molecule'	See Khmer phonology
Korean		lang}} / {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}	main}}	'song'	See Korean phonology
Kurdish Template:Sfnp Template:Sfnp	Kurmanji (Northern)	roj	{{#invoke:IPA\|main}}	'day'	See Kurdish phonology
Kurdish Template:Sfnp Template:Sfnp	Sorani (Central)	lang}}/roj	{{#invoke:IPA\|main}}	'day'	See Kurdish phonology
Latin	ClassicalTemplate:Sfnp	lang}}	main}}	'sun'
Limburgish	Most dialectsTemplate:Sfnp Template:Sfnp Template:Sfnp	lang}}	main}}	'garden'	The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect.
Lower Sorbian Template:Sfnp		lang}}	main}}	'(two) eyes'	main}} in slow speech.Template:Sfnp
Luxembourgish Template:Sfnp		lang}}	main}}	'sun'	Sometimes realized as open-mid Template:IPAblink.Template:Sfnp See Luxembourgish phonology
Malay		mampus	main}}	'die'	Allophone of /u/ in closed-final syllables. May be [[[:Template:IPA link]]] or [[[:Template:IPA link]]] depending on the speaker. See Malay phonology
Malayalam		ഒന്ന്	main}}	'one'	See Malayalam phonology
Marathi		दोन	[doːn]	'two'	See Marathi phonology
Minangkabau		sado	main}}	'all'
Mpade Template:Sfnp		lang}}	main}}	'field'
Norwegian	Most dialectsTemplate:Sfnp Template:Sfnp Template:Sfnp	lang}}	main}}	'law'	The quality varies among dialects; in Urban East Norwegian, it has been variously described as close-mid back {{#invoke:IPA\|main}}Template:Sfnp and mid Template:IPAblink,Template:Sfnp Template:Sfnp in Stavangersk it is a close-mid near-back {{#invoke:IPA\|main}},Template:Sfnp whereas in Telemark it is a back open-mid vowel Template:IPAblink.Template:Sfnp In some dialects it is replaced by the diphthong {{#invoke:IPA\|main}}.Template:Sfnp See Norwegian phonology
Persian		لاک‌پشت/lakpošt	main}}	'turtle'
Portuguese Template:Sfnp		lang}}	main}}	'dodo'	See Portuguese phonology
Polish		wiośnie	[ˈvʲoɕɲɛ]	'spring'	Allophone of /ɔ/ between palatal or palatalized consonants. See Polish phonology
Romanian		acolo	[aˈkolo]	'there'	See Romanian phonology
Saterland Frisian Template:Sfnp		lang}}	main}}	'to calm'	Near-back; typically transcribed in IPA with Template:Angbr IPA. Phonetically, it is nearly identical to {{#invoke:IPA\|main}} (Template:IPAblink). The vowel typically transcribed in IPA with Template:Angbr IPA is actually near-close Template:IPAblink.Template:Sfnp
Shiwiar Template:Sfnp		Template:Example needed			main}}.Template:Sfnp
Slovak	Some speakersTemplate:Sfnp	lang}}	main}}	'telephone'	main}} reported to occur in dialects spoken near the river Ipeľ, as well as - under Hungarian influence - in some other speakers. Corresponds to mid Template:IPAblink in standard Slovak.Template:Sfnp See Slovak phonology
Slovene		lang}}	main}}	'my'	See Slovene phonology
Sotho Template:Sfnp		lang}}	main}}	'proof'	Contrasts close, near-close and close-mid back rounded vowels.Template:Sfnp See Sotho phonology
Spanish		lang}}	main}}	'truck'	See Spanish phonology
Swedish	Central StandardTemplate:Sfnp Template:Sfnp	lang}}	Template:Audio-IPA	'travel'	main}}. See Swedish phonology
Ukrainian Template:Sfnp		lang}}/molod'	[ˈmɔlodʲ]	'youth'	See Ukrainian phonology
Upper Sorbian Template:Sfnp Template:Sfnp		lang}}	main}}	'god'	main}} in slow speech.Template:Sfnp Template:Sfnp
Welsh		nos	[noːs]	'night'	See Welsh phonology
West Frisian Template:Sfnp		lang}}	main}}	'billy-goat'	See West Frisian phonology
Wu Chinese	Shanghainese Template:Sfnp	瓜/kò	main}}	'melon'	Specifically in Shanghainese. Height varies between close and close-mid; contrasts with a close to close-mid back compressed vowel.Template:Sfnp
Yoruba Template:Sfnp		egba mi o	[egba mi o]	'help'

Close-mid back compressed vowelEdit

Template:Infobox IPA

There is no dedicated diacritic for compression in the IPA. However, compression of the lips can be shown with Template:IPAalink as Template:Angbr IPA (simultaneous {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and labial compression) or Template:Angbr IPA ({{#invoke:IPA|main}} modified with labial compression). The spread-lip diacritic Template:Angbr IPA may also be used with a rounded vowel letter Template:Angbr IPA as an ad hoc symbol, but 'spread' technically means unrounded.

Only Wu Chinese is known to contrast it with the more typical protruded (endolabial) close-mid back vowel, but the height of both vowels varies from close to close-mid.Template:Sfnp

FeaturesEdit

Template:Close-mid vowel Template:Back vowel Template:Compressed vowel

OccurrenceEdit

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Wu Chinese	Shanghainese Template:Sfnp	都/tè	main}}	'capital'	Specifically in Shanghainese. Height varies between close and close-mid; contrasts with a close to close-mid back protruded vowel.Template:Sfnp

NotesEdit

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ReferencesEdit

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External linksEdit

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