Wilhelm Groener

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After a confrontation with Erich Ludendorff the Quartermaster general ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) of the German Army, Groener was reassigned to a field command. When Ludendorff was dismissed in October 1918, Groener succeeded him. Groener worked with the new Social Democratic president Friedrich Ebert to foil a left-wing take-over during the German Revolution of 1918–19. Under his command, the army bloodily suppressed popular uprisings throughout Germany.

Groener tried to integrate the military, which was dominated by an aristocratic and monarchistic officer corps, into the new republic. After resigning from the army in the summer of 1919, Groener served in several governments of the Weimar Republic. He was pushed out of the government in 1932 by Kurt von Schleicher, who was working on a pact with the Nazis.

Early lifeEdit

Wilhelm Groener was born in Ludwigsburg in the Kingdom of Württemberg as the son of Karl Eduard Groener (1837–1893), regimental paymaster, and his wife Auguste (née Boleg, 1825–1907) on 22 November 1867.<ref name=Bio>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> After attending gymnasium at Ulm and Ludwigsburg, where his father had been stationed, Groener entered the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} of the Württemberg Army in 1884.<ref name="Bio"/> In 1890, he was promoted to {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and from 1893 to 1896 attended the War Academy at Berlin, where he finished top of his class.<ref name="Bio"/> In 1899, Groener married Helene Geyer (1864–1926) in Schwäbisch Gmünd.<ref name="Bio"/><ref name="DHM"/> They had a daughter, Dorothea Groener-Geyer (b.1900).<ref name=DHM>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Military careerEdit

Pre-warEdit

As a captain, he won appointment to the General Staff in 1899 and was attached to the railway section, where he worked for the next 17 years.<ref name="Bio"/> This was only interrupted for the usual assignments to other locations, from 1902 to 1904 he was {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} of Infantry Regiment 98 at Metz, from 1908 to 1910 he was with the XIII Army Corps and in 1910 he became a battalion commander in Infantry Regiment 125 at Stuttgart. In 1912, as a lieutenant-colonel, Groener became head of the railway section at the General Staff. His plans for the extension of the railway network and for deployment routes were based the deployment plans of Alfred von Schlieffen, the Chief of the General Staff of the German Army from 1891 to 1906.<ref name="DHM"/>

World War IEdit

File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-R10386, Wilhelm Groener mit Frau.jpg

Groener as deputy war minister of Prussia in 1917 (with his first wife on the left)

The deployment of millions of troops to the frontier by rail boosted Groener's reputation and he received numerous decorations in 1914. In June 1915, he was promoted to {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}. Due to his organisational ability, in December 1915 Groener was put in charge of food deliveries from Romania. In May 1916, he joined the leadership of the newly created {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (War Food Ministry). In November 1916, as a {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} he became head of the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (War Office) the department that managed the war economy and deputy of the Prussian Minister of War.<ref name="Bio"/><ref name="DHM"/>

With Erich Ludendorff, Groener worked on the draft for the Hilfsdienstgesetz (Auxiliary Services Act, 1916), which laid down the conscription of men ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) for the war economy. Groener negotiated with the civilian bureaucracy, unions and representatives of the employers. Despite his efforts to appear neutral to maximise output, he became the target of criticism. Factory owners resented him for accepting the unions as partners. Revolutionary groups used his strict admonishments against those who went on strike while soldiers died at the front to undermine his standing with the workers. The negotiations made the limits of Germany military power obvious to Groener and he began to doubt that Germany could win the war. This caused confrontations with the third Oberste Heeresleitung (OHL, the supreme command of the German army), led by Paul Hindenburg and Ludendorff. During the change at the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} in July 1917, when Georg Michaelis replaced Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg as Chancellor, Groener suggested that the state should intervene to limit corporate profits and the wage growth that resulted from booming war-related public demand.<ref name="Bio"/> On 16 August 1917 he was recalled from his post and reassigned to an operational command. This was seen by the public as a response to his views on social policy.<ref name="Bio"/>

Groener served for six months at the western front first as the commander of the 33rd Division, and then of the XXV Reserve Corps, where he was able to observe trench warfare and the mood of the troops.<ref name="Bio"/> In March 1918, he commanded the I Corps during the occupation of Ukraine. On 28 March, he was appointed chief of staff of the army group Heeresgruppe Eichhorn-Kiew.<ref name="Bio"/><ref name="DHM"/> This task required him to deal with organisational and political challenges, in particular confrontations with the army high command of Austria-Hungary and supervising, then reshuffling, the Ukrainian government which needed help against Bolshevik revolutionaries.<ref name="Bio"/>

End of the war and German revolutionEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

After the dismissal of Erich Ludendorff on 26 October 1918, Groener was recalled and on 29 October appointed as Ludendorff's successor as First Quartermaster General (Deputy Chief of the General Staff) under Hindenburg.<ref name=":0" /> The military situation was becoming untenable and social unrest and rebellion in the German armed forces and the civilian population threatened to break out into revolution. Groener started to prepare the withdrawal and demobilisation of the army.<ref name="DHM"/><ref name="Haffner">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp<ref name=":0" /> As the revolution spread through Germany in early November, Groener began to see the Emperor, Wilhelm II, as an impediment to saving the monarchy and the integrity of the army. Privately, he felt the Kaiser should sacrifice himself in a hero's death at the front.<ref name="Haffner"/>Template:Rp

On 6 November, Groener reacted indignantly when the Social Democrat Friedrich Ebert suggested that the Kaiser should abdicate. On 9 November, when the Kaiser suggested using the army to crush the revolution at home, Groener advised him to abdicate, because he had lost the confidence of the armed forces.<ref name="Haffner"/>Template:Rp<ref name=":0" /> Groener's goal was to preserve the monarchy, but under a different ruler.<ref name="DHM"/> He was also in favour of accepting the armistice conditions put to the German government, despite their severe nature.<ref name="DHM"/>

On the evening of 10 November, Groener contacted the new chancellor, Friedrich Ebert, and concluded the Ebert-Groener pact, which was to remain secret for a number of years. Ebert agreed to suppress the Bolshevik revolutionaries and to maintain the traditional role of the armed forces as a pillar of the German state; Groener promised that the army would support the new government.<ref>William L. Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany, New York, NY, Simon & Schuster, 2011, p. 54</ref><ref name=":0" /> For this act, Groener earned the enmity of many other military leaders, many of whom sought the retention of the monarchy.

Groener oversaw the retreat and demobilisation of the defeated German army after the signing of the armistice on 11 November 1918. Despite a very tight schedule, the withdrawal was effected without problems.<ref name="Bio"/><ref name=":0" /> Groener organised the defence of the eastern borders of the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} until a peace treaty could be signed.<ref name=":0" /> The headquarters of OHL, at Schloss Wilhelmshöhe from 14 November 1918 to 13 February 1919, was moved to Kolberg.<ref name="Bio"/> Groener also planned for and expected the German peacetime army to be built up to 300,000 in the coming years, a plan that would be ruined by the Treaty of Versailles.<ref name=":0" />

On 23 June 1919, Ebert asked OHL for an opinion on whether the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} should sign the Treaty of Versailles. Groener supported signing as he was worried that the unity of the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} would be in danger if fighting was resumed, contradicting the officer corps and the views of Walther Reinhardt, the Prussian Minister of War.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref> Hindenburg followed Groener on this issue and when Hindenburg resigned, Groener succeeded him. Groener, who expected to be made a scapegoat, began cooperating in this process to save Hindenburg's reputation, something Ebert immediately noticed.<ref name=":0" /> OHL was dissolved as a condition of the treaty, and Groener temporarily took over command at Kolberg. He started to organise the establishment of the new peacetime ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), arguing in favour of a high share of former general staff officers among the new leadership, including in the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}. He also supported a senior position for Hans von Seeckt.<ref name="Bio"/> On 30 September, Groener resigned from the army, against the wishes of Ebert; Groener felt that his pact with the Social Democrats had cost him the trust of many of his fellow officers.<ref name="DHM"/>

Political careerEdit

After his resignation from the army, Groener moved in and out of retirement during the 1920s. Not a member of any party, at Ebert's request he served as Minister of Transport between 1920 and 1923. His main achievement was the rebuilding of the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}. In 1923, when the Cuno government resigned, Groener left politics and wrote military and political treatises, such as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (1927).<ref name="Bio"/><ref name="DHM"/> Hindenburg, Ebert's successor as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, appointed Groener as the successor of Otto Geßler as Minister of Defence on 20 January 1928, a post he held until 1932.<ref name="Bio"/> Besides expanding the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Groener made an effort to integrate it into the society of the Weimar Republic.<ref name="DHM"/> In 1930, Groener married Ruth Naeher-Glück (born 1894) in Berlin and had a son. This second marriage and the early birth date of his son undermined Groener's relationship with the conservative Hindenburg.<ref name="DHM"/>

On 8 October 1931 he became acting Interior Minister in the government of Heinrich Brüning and favoured the banning of the Nazi {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (SA storm troops).<ref name="Bio"/> As Interior Minister he was asked to outlaw the SA, whilst his goal as Defence Minister was to integrate it into a national, non-partisan paramilitary force.<ref name="Bio"/> In April 1932, under pressure from several German states, Groener outlawed the SA and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (SS). Kurt von Schleicher, his subordinate at the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} wanted to set up a cooperation with the two groups and worked on Hindenburg to have Groener dismissed. He also allied himself with the NSDAP. After a rhetorical defeat in the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Groener resigned on 13 May as Defence Minister, urged by Schleicher who told Groener that he had lost the trust of the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.<ref name="Bio"/> When the Brüning government fell on 30 May, Groener also lost his position as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and left politics for good.<ref name="Bio"/><ref name="DHM"/>

Groener moved to Potsdam-Bornstedt in 1934, where he wrote his memoirs, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.<ref name="DHM"/> Groener died of natural causes in Bornstedt on 3 May 1939. He is buried in the Stahnsdorf South-Western Cemetery, between Potsdam and Berlin.<ref name=MA>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Decorations and awardsEdit

Pour le Mérite (11 September 1915)
Commander of the Military Order of Max Joseph Bavaria
Officer of the Military Merit Order with Swords (Bavaria)
Knight of the Military Merit Order (Württemberg)
Order of the Red Eagle, 2nd class with Crown and Swords (1917)
Honorary citizen of Ludwigsburg

NotesEdit

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ReferencesEdit

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Eschenburg, Theodor. "The Role of the Personality in the Crisis of the Weimar Republic: Hindenburg, Brüning, Groener, Schleicher", pages 3–50 from Republic to Reich The Making Of The Nazi Revolution, edited by Hajo Holborn, New York: Pantheon Books, 1972. Template:ISBN
Groener, Wilhelm. Lebenserinnerungen: Jugend – Generalstab – Weltkrieg. Edited by Friedrich Frhr. Hiller von Gaertringen. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1957. Template:OCLC
Groener-Geyer, Dorothea. General Groener: Soldat und Staatsmann. Frankfurt a. M.: Societäts-Verlag, 1955. Template:OCLC
Haeussler, Helmut H. General William Groener and the Imperial German Arm. Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin for Dept. of History, University of Wisconsin, 1962. Available online: [1] Template:OCLC
Hürter, Johannes. Wilhelm Groener: Reichswehrminister am Ende der Weimarer Republik (1928–1932). Munich: Oldenbourg, 1993. Template:ISBN
Rakenius, Gerhard W. Wilhelm Groener als Erster Generalquartiermeister: Die Politik der Obersten Heeresleitung 1918/19. Boppard a.R.: Boldt, 1977. Template:ISBN
Stoneman, Mark R. Wilhelm Groener, Officering, and the Schlieffen Plan [2] (PhD) Georgetown University, 2006. Template:OCLC
Wheeler-Bennett, Sir John. The Nemesis of Power: German Army in Politics, 1918–1945. New York: Palgrave Macmillan Publishing Company, 2005. Template:ISBN
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