Remi

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The Remi (Gaulish: Rēmi, 'the first, the princes') were a Belgic tribe dwelling in the Aisne, Vesle and Suippe river valleys during the Iron Age and the Roman period. Their territory roughly corresponded the modern Marne and Ardennes and parts of the Aisne and Meuse departments.Template:Sfn

NameEdit

They are mentioned as Remi by Caesar (mid-1st c. BC) and Pliny (1st c. AD),<ref>Caesar. Commentarii de Bello Gallico, 2:3, passim; Pliny. Naturalis Historia, 4:106.</ref> Rhē̃moi (Ῥη̃μοι; var. Ῥημοὶ) by Strabo (early 1st c. AD) and Ptolemy (2nd c. AD),<ref>Strabo. Geōgraphiká, 4:3:5; Ptolemy. Geōgraphikḕ Hyphḗgēsis, 2:9:6.</ref> Remos by Tacitus (early 2nd c. AD),<ref>Tacitus. Historiae, 4:68.</ref> Rhēmō̃n (Ῥημω̃ν) and Rhēmoĩs (Ῥημοι̃ς) by Cassius Dio (3rd c. AD),<ref>Cassius Dio. Rhōmaïkḕ Historía, 39:1, 40:11.</ref> and as Nemorum in the Notitia Dignitatum (5th c. AD).<ref>Notitia Dignitatum, oc 11:34.</ref><ref>Template:Harvnb, s.v. Remi.</ref>

The Gaulish ethnonym Rēmi (sing. Rēmos) literally means 'the first ones', that is to say 'the princes'. It stems from a Proto-Celtic form reconstructed as *reimos ('first, prince, chief'; cf. Old Irish rem- 'in front of', Welsh rwyf 'prince, chief', Mid. Cornish ruif 'king'), itself from Proto-Indo-European *prei-mos ('first, leader'; cf. Latin prīmus 'furthest in front, foremost').Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn

The city of Reims, attested ca. 400 AD as civitate Remorum (Rems in 1284), is named after the Belgic tribe.Template:Sfn

GeographyEdit

TerritoryEdit

File:Map Gallia Tribes Towns.png
Gallic civitates at the time of Julius Caesar

The Remi dwelled in the Aisne, Vesle and Suippe valleys, with a heavy concentration in the middle Aisne valley.Template:Sfn Their territory was located south of the Suessiones.Template:Sfn As they were encircled by forests, however, the lands under their control nowhere bordered on neighbouring tribes.Template:Sfn

SettlementsEdit

La Tène periodEdit

Before the Roman conquest (57 BC), the villages of the Remi were located along natural pathways and terrestrial cross-ways such as at Nizy-le-Comte, Thugny-Trugny, or Acy-Romance, which occupied from the early 2nd century BC up until the 1st century AD.Template:Sfn The rural areas of the Aisne valley were densely occupied and structured around trade relations with Mediterranean merchants, with large farms held by local aristocrats and bordered by numerous hamlets.Template:Sfn

In the late 2nd–early 1st century BC, a few oppida were erected at Bibrax (Vieux Laon, Saint-Thomas), Nandin (Château-Porcien), Moulin à Vent (Voncq), La Cheppe, and Vieux Reims (Condé-sur-Suippe/Variscourt).Template:Sfn

Roman periodEdit

At the beginning of the Roman period, the Remi left the villages and oppida that were in unfavourable positions within the emerging economic system of the Empire. For instance, the oppidum of Saint-Thomas (Bibrax) was abandoned in the middle of the 1st century BC, whereas Le Moulin à Vent, which bordered the trade route between Reims and Trier, developed into the town of Voncq, attested as Vongo vicus in the 3rd c. AD.Template:Sfn

Durocortorum (modern Reims), a former oppidum probably built in the late 2nd–early 1st century BC and mentioned by Caesar in the mid-1st century BC, was promoted as the capital of their civitas at the end of the 1st century BC.Template:Sfn The name of the settlement stems from the Gaulish word duron ('gates' > 'enclosed town, market town').Template:Sfn

Secondary agglomerations of the Roman period are also known at Vervins, Chaourse, Nizy-le-Comte, Laon or Coucy-les-Eppes. Nizy-le-Comte, occupied at least until the end of the 4th century AD, probably reached around 80 hectares at its height.Template:Sfn

HistoryEdit

La Tène periodEdit

According to archaeologist Jean-Louis Brunaux, large-scale migrations occurred in the northern part of Gaul in the late 4th–early 3rd century BC, which may correspond to the coming of the Belgae. However, those cultural changes emerged later among the Remi: whereas new funerary customs (from burial to cremation) are noticeable from 250 to 200 BC onward on the territories of the Ambi or Bellovaci, incineration did not occur before 200–150 in the Aisne valley.Template:Sfn As such, the Remi were probably not regarded as culturally integrated to the Belgae at the time of Caesar's conquest of the region.Template:Sfn

File:Bronze gaulois à légende REMO.jpg
Remi bronze coin bearing the inscription REMO. 1st c. BC.

By the mid-1st century BC, the Remi already possessed a structured economic system with monetary issuance, since they had prospered from their local agricultural production and from trade between northern Gaul and the Mediterranean area.Template:Sfn After a period of regression in the 4th–3rd century, trade relations eventually recovered and gained in intensity during the second part of the 2nd century. A local landed nobility founded on agricultural and mining possessions subsequently emerged in the Aisne valley, and the Remi elite came to be influenced by the Latin culture through contacts with Roman merchants.Template:Sfn Wine, in particular, was imported in large quantity from southern Europe by the local Remi elite before the Roman conquest.Template:Sfn

Gallic WarsEdit

During the Gallic Wars (58–50 BC), under the leadership of Iccius and Andecombogius, the Remi allied themselves with Julius Caesar:

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The Remi, the Belgic tribe nearest to Gaul, sent as deputies to him Iccius and Andecumborius, the first men of the community, to tell him that they surrendered themselves and all their stuff to the protection and power of Rome; that they had neither taken part with the rest of the Belgae, nor conspired against Rome; and that they were ready to give hostages, to do his commands, to receive him in their towns, and to assist him with corn and everything else. All the rest of the Belgae, they said, were under arms, and the Germans dwelling on the hither side of the Rhine had joined with them; and the infatuation of them all was so great that the Remi had not been able to dissuade even the Suessiones from taking part with them, though these were their own brethren and kinsfolk, observing the same law and ordinances, and sharing one government, one ruler with themselves.{{#if:Template:Harvnb = Bello Gallico, 2.3.|{{#if:|}}

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They maintained their loyalty to Rome throughout the entire war, and were one of the few Gallic polities not to join in the rebellion of Vercingetorix.Template:Citation needed

When the Belgae besieged the oppidum of Bibrax (Saint-Thomas), defended by the Remi and their leader Iccius at the Battle of the Axona (57 BC), Caesar sent Numidian, Cretan and Balearic soldiers to avoid the seizure of the stronghold.Template:Sfn

Roman periodEdit

File:Tête 1er siècle Musée Saint-Remi 100208.jpg
Portrait of a Remi citizen. 1st c. AD.

A founding myth preserved or invented by Flodoard of Reims (d. 966) makes Remus, brother of Romulus, the eponymous founder of the Remi, having escaped their fraternal rivalry instead of dying in Latium.<ref>Michel Sot, “Les temps mythiques: les origines païennes et chrétiennes de Reims. I. Les origines païennes,” in Un historien et son Église au Xe siècle: Flodoard de Reims ([Paris]: Fayard, 1993).</ref>

Political organizationEdit

Until the Gallic Wars (58–50 BC), the Remi shared a common cultural identity with the neighbouring Suessiones, with whom with they were linked by the same law, the same magistrates and a unified commander-in-chief. In reality, this virtual state of union between the two tribes probably leaned in favour of the Suessiones. When Caesar entered Gallia Belgica in 57 BC, the Remi asked the protection of the Romans, thus gaining independence from a possibly asymmetrical relationship.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

EconomyEdit

In the second part of the 2nd century BC, as the result of early trade contacts with the Mediterranean world, and encouraged by a political will to build economic relations with Rome, the Remi were the first people to issue coins in Gallia Belgica.Template:Sfn Their oppida were responsible for the minting of coins in the late 2nd and early 1st centuries BC.Template:Sfn

ReligionEdit

Two pre-Roman sanctuaries located at La Soragne (Bâalons-Bouvellemont) and Flavier (Mouzon) attest the religious offering of miniature weapons. In another sanctuary (Nepellier, in Nanteuil-sur-Aisne) were found Celtic sun crosses, along with destroyed weapons, coins, and human remains.Template:Sfn Nepellier dates back to 250–200 BC and continued to be used during the Roman period until its destruction in Late Antiquity.Template:Sfn

During the Roman period, Mars Camulus was probably the principal god of the Remi.Template:Sfn Gallo-Roman sanctuaries are attested at Nizy-le-Comte, Versigny, and Sissonne.Template:Sfn A statuette of Jupiter with a wheel was found in Landouzy-la-Ville. Although it features distinct Gallic characteristics, the inscription honours the Roman god Jupiter and the Imperial numen.Template:Sfn Another inscription from Nizy-le-Comte was dedicated to Apollo.Template:Sfn

See alsoEdit

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ReferencesEdit

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Primary sourcesEdit

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BibliographyEdit

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Further readingEdit

Template:Gallic peoples Template:Celts Template:Authority control