Template:Short description Template:About Template:DistinguishTemplate:For Template:Use dmy dates Template:Use British English Template:Infobox UK place
Swindon (Template:IPAc-en) is a town in Wiltshire, England. At the time of the 2021 Census the population of the built-up area was 183,638, making it the largest settlement in the county.<ref name=citypopulation/> Located at the northeastern edge of the South West England region, Swindon lies on the M4 corridor, 84 miles (135 km) to the west of London and 36 miles (57 km) to the east of Bristol. The Cotswolds lie just to the town's north and the North Wessex Downs to its south.
Recorded in the 1086 Domesday Book as Suindune, the arrival of the Great Western Railway in 1843 transformed it from a small market town of 2,500 into a thriving railway hub that would become one of the largest railway engineering complexes in the world at its peak.<ref name="domesday" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> This brought with it pioneering amenities such as the UK's first lending library and a 'cradle-to-grave' healthcare centre that was later used as a blueprint for the NHS.<ref name=":2" /> Swindon's railway heritage can be primarily seen today with the grade 2 listed Railway Village and STEAM Museum.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The McArthurGlen Designer Outlet is housed in the renovated former works and the Brunel Shopping Centre is one of several places in Swindon that bear the name of the famous engineer generally acknowledged with bringing the railways to the town.<ref name=":4" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Despite the subsequent decline and closure of its railway works, Swindon was one of the fastest growing towns in Europe post-war as its economy diversified, attracting large international companies, who made use of its burgeoning population and strategic transport links.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Major venues in the town include the Wyvern Theatre and the Mechanics' Institute. Lydiard Park has hosted festivals such as BBC Radio 1's Big Weekend, while the Swindon Mela, an all-day celebration of South Indian arts and culture, attracts up to 10,000 visitors a year.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=":6" /> The ancient Ridgeway, known as Britain's oldest road, runs a few miles to Swindon's south, with Avebury, the largest megalithic stone circle in the world, and Uffington White Horse, Britain's oldest white horse figure, also nearby.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Wiltshire's only professional football club, Swindon Town, have played in the Premier League in the 1993/94 season and won a major trophy, securing a famous giant-killing victory over Arsenal in the 1969 League Cup final.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> They currently play in League Two at the 15,000-seat County Ground in the town centre.<ref name=":5" /> Other sports in the town include Swindon Wildcats Ice Hockey and five-time British speedway champions the Swindon Robins.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
HistoryEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}
Early historyEdit
The Anglo-Saxon settlement of Swindon sat in a defensible position atop a limestone hill. It is referred to in the 1086 Domesday Book as Suindune,<ref name="domesday">Template:OpenDomesday</ref> believed to be derived from the Old English words "swine" and "dun" meaning "pig hill" or possibly Sweyn's hill, Sweyn being a Scandinavian name akin to Sven and English swain, meaning a young man.
Swindon is recorded in the Domesday Book as a manor in the hundred of Blagrove, Wiltshire. It was one of the larger manors, recorded as having 27 households and a rent value of £10 14s, which was divided among five landlords.<ref name="domesday" /> Before the Battle of Hastings the Swindon estate was owned by an Anglo-Saxon thane called Leofgeat.<ref name=":0" /> After the Norman Conquest, Swindon was split into five holdings: the largest was held between Miles Crispin and Odin the Chamberlain,<ref name="domesday" /> and the second by Wadard, a knight in the service of Odo of Bayeux, brother of the king.<ref name=":0">Template:Citation</ref>Template:Page needed The manors of Westlecot, Walcot, Rodbourne, Moredon and Stratton are also listed; all are now part of Swindon.
The Goddard family were lord of the manor from the 16th century for many generations, living at the manor house, sometimes known as The Lawn.
Swindon was a small market town, mainly for barter trade, until roughly 1848. This original market area is on top of the hill in central Swindon, now known as Old Town.<ref name="Chandler">John Chandler, Swindon Decoded, The Hobnob Press 2005, Template:ISBN.</ref>
The Industrial Revolution was responsible for an acceleration of Swindon's growth. Construction of the Wilts and Berks Canal in 1810 and the North Wilts Canal in 1819 brought trade to the area, and Swindon's population started to grow.
Railway townEdit
Between 1841 and 1842, Isambard Kingdom Brunel's Swindon Works was built for the repair and maintenance of locomotives on the Great Western Railway (GWR). The GWR built a small railway village to house some of its workers. The Steam Railway Museum and English Heritage, including the English Heritage Archive, now occupy part of the old works. In the village were the GWR Medical Fund Clinic at Park House and its hospital, both on Faringdon Road, and the 1892 health centre in Milton Road, which housed clinics, a pharmacy, laundries, baths, Victorian Turkish baths and swimming pools, was almost opposite.
From 1871, GWR workers had a small amount deducted from their weekly pay and put into a healthcare fund; GWR doctors could prescribe them or their family members medicines or send them for medical treatment. In 1878 the fund began providing artificial limbs made by craftsmen from the carriage and wagon works, and nine years later opened its first dental surgery. In his first few months in post, the dentist extracted more than 2,000 teeth. From the opening in 1892 of the health centre, a doctor could also prescribe a haircut or even a bath. The cradle-to-grave extent of this service was later used as a blueprint for the NHS.<ref name=":2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The Mechanics' Institute, formed in 1844, moved into a building that looked rather like a church and included a covered market, on 1 May 1855. The New Swindon Improvement Company, a co-operative, raised the funds for this programme of self-improvement and paid the GWR £40 a year for its new home on a site at the heart of the railway village. It was a groundbreaking organisation that transformed the railway's workforce into some of the country's best-educated manual workers.<ref>1850–1870 – The Mechanics Institution Trust, Swindon Template:Webarchive. Retrieved on 23 July 2007. Reference updated 12 December 2013</ref>
The Mechanics' Institute had the UK's first lending library,<ref name=":2" /> and a range of improving lectures, access to a theatre and various other activities, such as ambulance classes and xylophone lessons. A former institute secretary formed the New Swindon Co-operative Society in 1853 which, after a schism in the society's membership, spawned the New Swindon Industrial Society, which ran a retail business from a stall in the market at the institute. The institute also nurtured pioneering trades unionists and encouraged local democracy.<ref>This is Our Heritage — 1996 lecture by Swindon labour movement historian Trevor Cockbill Template:Webarchive. Retrieved on 23 July 2007. Reference updated 12 December 2013</ref>
When tuberculosis hit the new town, the Mechanics' Institute persuaded the industrial pioneers of North Wiltshire to agree that the railway's former employees should continue to receive medical attention from the doctors of the GWR Medical Society Fund, which the institute had played a role in establishing and funding.<ref>Background – The Mechanics Institution Trust, Swindon Template:Webarchive. Retrieved 23 July 2007. Reference updated 12 December 2013 {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Swindon's 'other' railway, the Swindon, Marlborough and Andover Railway, merged with the Swindon and Cheltenham Extension Railway to form the Midland & South Western Junction Railway, which set out to join the London & South Western Railway with the Midland Railway at Cheltenham. The Swindon, Marlborough & Andover had planned to tunnel under the hill on which Swindon's Old Town stands but the money ran out and the railway ran into Swindon Town railway station, off Devizes Road in the Old Town, skirting the new town to the west, intersecting with the GWR at Rushey Platt and heading north for Cirencester, Cheltenham and the LMS, whose 'Midland Red' livery the M&SWJR adopted.
During the second half of the 19th century, Swindon New Town grew around the main line between London and Bristol. In 1900, the original market town, Old Swindon, merged with its new neighbour at the bottom of the hill to become a single town.<ref name="Chandler"/>
On 1 July 1923, the GWR took over the largely single-track M&SWJR and the line northwards from Swindon Town was diverted to Swindon Junction station, leaving the Town station with only the line south to Andover and Salisbury.<ref>Swindon's Other Railway — the Swindon, Marlborough & Andover Railway Template:Webarchive. Retrieved on 23 July 2007.</ref><ref>The Midland & South Western Junction Railway, Railspot Reloaded Template:Webarchive.Retrieved on 23 July 2007.</ref><ref>GWR Museum picture gallery Template:Webarchive. Retrieved on 23 July 2007</ref> The last passenger trains on what had been the SM&A ran on 10 September 1961, 80 years after the railway's first stretch opened.
During the first half of the 20th century, the railway works was the town's largest employer and one of the biggest in the country, employing more than 14,500 workers. Alfred Williams<ref>Leonard Clark, Alfred Williams – His Life and Work, David and Charles 1969</ref> (1877–1930) wrote about his life as a hammerman at the works.<ref>Alfred Williams, Life in a railway factory, first published 1915, 2007 edition published by Sutton Publishing Template:ISBN</ref>
The works' decline started in 1960, when it rolled out Evening Star, the last steam engine to be built in the UK.<ref>Evening Star — Steam Locomotive Template:Webarchive, BBC, 29 November 2006. Retrieved on 21 July 2007.</ref> The works lost its locomotive building role and took on rolling stock maintenance for British Rail. In the late 1970s, much of the works closed and the rest followed in 1986.
The community centre in the railway village was originally the barrack accommodation for railway employees of the GWR. The building became the Railway Museum in the 1960s, until the opening of the STEAM Museum in the 2000s.
Modern periodEdit
The Second World War saw an influx of new industries as part of the war effort; Vickers-Armstrong making aircraft at Stratton, and Plessey at Cheney Manor producing electrical components. By 1960, Plessey had become Swindon's biggest employer, with a predominantly female workforce.<ref>The Electronic Age, swindonweb.com, 21 August 2014; retrieved 3 September 2019</ref>
David Murray John, Swindon's town clerk from 1938 to 1974, is seen as a pioneering figure in Swindon's post-war regeneration: his last act before retirement was to sign the contract for Swindon's tallest building, which is now named after him.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Murray John's successor was David Maxwell Kent, appointed by the Swindon/Highworth Joint Committee in 1973: he had worked closely with Murray John and continued similar policies for a further twenty years. The Greater London Council withdrew from the Town Development Agreement and the local council continued the development on its own.
There was the problem of the Western Development and of Lydiard Park being in the new North Wiltshire district, but this was resolved by a boundary change to take in part of North Wiltshire. Another factor limiting local decision-taking was the continuing role of Wiltshire County Council in the administration of Swindon. Together with like-minded councils, a campaign was launched to bring an updated form of county borough status to Swindon. This was successful in 1997 with the formation of Swindon Borough Council, covering the areas of the former Thamesdown and the former Highworth Rural District Council.
In February 2008, The Times named Swindon as one of "The 20 best places to buy a property in Britain".<ref>The 20 best places to buy a property in Britain Template:Webarchive, The Times, Property pages, February 2008</ref> Only Warrington had a lower ratio of house prices to household income in 2007, with the average household income in Swindon among the highest in the country.
In October 2008, Swindon Council made a controversial move to ban fixed point speed cameras. The move was branded as reckless by some,<ref>More councils expected to ban speed cameras Template:Webarchive, The Times, October 2008</ref> but by November 2008 Portsmouth, Walsall, and Birmingham councils<ref>[1] Template:Webarchive</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> were also considering the move.
In 2001, construction began on Priory Vale, the third and final instalment in Swindon's 'Northern Expansion' project, which began with Abbey Meads and continued at St Andrew's Ridge. In 2002, the New Swindon Company was formed with the remit of regenerating the town centre, to improve Swindon's regional status.<ref>New Swindon Template:Webarchive.</ref> The main areas targeted were Union Square, The Promenade, The Hub, Swindon Central, North Star Village, The Campus, and the Public Realm.
In August 2019, a secondary school in the town was at the centre of a 'county lines' drug supply investigation by Wiltshire Police, with 40 pupils suspected of being involved in the supply of cannabis and cocaine, and girls as young as 14 being coerced into sexual activity in exchange for drugs.<ref>'County lines drugs gang recruits 40 pupils in one school-one for each class' report by Charles Hymas, Home Affairs Editor, The Daily Telegraph 23 August 2019 page 11.</ref>
GovernanceEdit
The local council was created in 1974 as the Borough of Thamesdown, out of the areas of Swindon Borough and Highworth Rural District. It was not initially called Swindon, because the borough covers a larger area than the town; it was renamed as the Borough of Swindon in 1997. The borough became a unitary authority on 1 April 1997,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> following a review by the Local Government Commission for England. The town is therefore no longer under the auspices of Wiltshire Council.
Council elections are held in three out of every four years, with one-third of the seats up for election in each of those years; beginning in 2026, the whole council will be elected every four years.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Labour gained control of the council from the Conservatives at the 2023 election, and increased their majority in 2024.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Swindon is represented in the national parliament by two MPs. Heidi Alexander (Labour) was elected for the Swindon South seat in July 2024 with a 16% swing from the Conservatives.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Will Stone, also Labour, represents Swindon North – which covers the whole of the north of the borough, including Blunsdon and Highworth<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> – after a 19% swing at the same election.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Prior to 1997 there was a single seat for Swindon, although much of what is now in Swindon was then part of the Devizes seat.
GeographyEdit
Swindon is a town in northeast Wiltshire, Template:Convert west-northwest of Reading and the same distance east-northeast of Bristol 'as the crow flies'.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The town is also Template:Convert southwest of Oxford, Template:Convert south-southeast of Birmingham, Template:Convert west of London and Template:Convert east of Cardiff. Swindon town centre is also equidistant from the county boundaries of Berkshire and Gloucestershire, both being Template:Convert away. The border with Oxfordshire is slightly closer, being around Template:Convert away.
Swindon is within a landlocked county and is a considerable distance from any coastline. The nearest section of coast on the English Channel is near Christchurch, Template:Convert due south. Meanwhile, the eastern limit of the Bristol Channel, just north of Weston-super-mare, lies Template:Convert to the west.
The landscape is dominated by the chalk hills of the Wiltshire Downs to the south and east. The Old Town stands on a hill of Purbeck and Portland stone; this was quarried from Roman times until the 1950s. The area that was known as New Swindon is made up of mostly Kimmeridge clay with outcrops of Corrallian clay in the areas of Penhill and Pinehurst. Oxford clay makes up the rest of the borough.<ref name="geology">Template:Cite book</ref> The River Ray rises at Wroughton and forms much of the borough's western boundary, joining the Thames which defines the northern boundary, and the source of which is located in nearby Kemble, Gloucestershire. The River Cole and its tributaries flow northeastward from the town and form the northeastern boundary.
- Nearby towns: Calne, Chippenham, Royal Wootton Bassett, Cirencester, Cricklade, Devizes, Highworth, Marlborough, Witney and Malmesbury
- Nearby villages: Badbury, Blunsdon, Broad Hinton, Chiseldon, Hook, Liddington, Lydiard Millicent, Lyneham, Minety, Purton, South Marston, Wanborough, Wroughton
- Nearby places of interest: Avebury, Barbury Castle, Crofton Pumping Station, Lydiard Country Park, Silbury Hill, Stonehenge, Uffington White Horse
- Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Swindon include Coate Water, Great Quarry, Haydon Meadow, Okus Quarry and Old Town Railway Cutting
ClimateEdit
Swindon has an oceanic climate (Cfb in the Köppen climate classification), like the vast majority of the British Isles, with cool winters and warm summers. The nearest official weather station is RAF Lyneham, about Template:Convert west southwest of Swindon town centre. The weather station's elevation is Template:Convert in a rural setting, compared to the typical Template:Convert encountered around Swindon town centre, so is likely marginally cooler throughout the year.
The absolute maximum is Template:Convert,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> recorded during August 1990. In an average year the warmest day should reach Template:Convert<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and 10.3 days<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> should register a temperature of Template:Convert or above.
The absolute minimum is Template:Convert,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> recorded in January 1982, and in an average year 45.2 nights of air frost can be expected.
Sunshine, at 1,565 hours a year, is typical for inland parts of Southern England, although significantly higher than most areas further north.
Annual rainfall averages slightly under Template:Convert per year, with 123 days reporting over Template:Convert of rain.
DemographyEdit
The 2011 census recorded a population of 209,156 people in the Swindon unitary authority area (including the town's urban area, Highworth, and other nearby parishes), with a 50/50 balance of males and females.<ref name="auto">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> By mid-2019, the estimated population of the unitary authority area was 222,193.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In 2011, 57.5% of Swindonians identified themselves as Christians, a reduction from 70% in 2001. This was followed by those of no religion (31%), Muslims (1.7%), Sikhs (0.6%), Hindus (1.2%), other (0.5%) and Judaism (0.1%).<ref name="auto"/>
As of 2021, 46.6% of Swindonians identify themselves as Christians. This is followed by those of no religion (40.5%), Muslims (2.7%), Sikhs (0.6%), Hindus (2.5%), other (0.6%) and Judaism (0.1%).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In 2015, Public Health England found that 70.4% of the population was either overweight or obese with a BMI greater than 25.<ref name=bbc_4Feb2014>Template:Cite news</ref>
In 2011, the area of the town was Template:Convert<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and there were Template:Convert.
| Ethnic Groups | Swindon Town 2011 | Borough of Swindon 2011 | Borough of Swindon 2021 |
|---|---|---|---|
| White British | 83.3% | 84.6% | 74.2% |
| Asian | 7.0% | 6.4% | 11.6% |
| Black | 1.5% | 1.4% | 2.6% |
In 2011, 16.7% of the population of Swindon were non-White British compared with 15.4% in the surrounding borough. There was also little difference between the percentages of Black and Asian residents. Swindon is one of the most ethnically diverse towns in South West England: 4.6% of the population registered themselves as 'Other White' and 2.5% of the population was either mixed race or of another ethnicity.
There are several definitions of the town for statistical purposes.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The smallest extent is the former unparished area, now covered by the parishes of West Swindon, Central Swindon North, South Swindon, and Nythe, Eldene and Liden; thus it omits suburbs to the east and north, namely the parishes of Covingham, Stratton St Margaret and Haydon Wick. At the 2011 census, the population of the unparished area was 122,642.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The 2011 census also recognised a Built Up Area Subdivision with a population of 182,441.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
At the 2021 census, the only area covering most of the town was the Built Up Area, which had a population of 183,638.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Excluded from this were the parts of Wichelstowe lying in Wroughton parish, the whole of Stratton St Margaret parish, and northern parts of St Andrews parish.
St Helena communityEdit
By 2018, Swindon had a concentration of people originating from Saint Helena.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Polish communityEdit
After the end of World War II, Polish refugees were temporarily housed in barracks at RAF Fairford, about Template:Convert to the north. Around 1950, some settled in Scotland and others in Swindon<ref>Community celebrates its golden anniversary, Swindon Advertiser, 31 May 2000 Template:Webarchive.Retrieved on 23 July 2007.</ref> rather than stay in the barracks or hostels they were offered.<ref name=":1">Polish club closes doors for last time – Swindon Advertiser, 1 April 2007 Template:Webarchive. Retrieved on 24 July 2007</ref>
The 2001 UK Census found that most of the Polish-born people had stayed or returned after serving with British forces during World War II. Swindon and Nottingham were parts of this settlement.<ref>Born Abroad, BBC News Template:Webarchive.Retrieved on 23 July 2007.</ref> Data from that census showed that 566 Swindonians were Polish-born.<ref>– Polish Community Focus Multicultural Matters Template:Webarchive.Retrieved on 23 July 2007</ref> Notes to those data read: "The Polish Resettlement Act of 1947, which was designed to provide help and support to people who wished to settle here, covered about 190,000 people ... at the time Britain did not recognise many of the professional [qualifications] gained overseas ... [but] many did find work after the war; some went down the mines, some worked on the land or in steelworks. Housing was more of a problem and many Poles were forced to live in barracks previously used for POWs ... The first generation took pains to ensure that their children grew up with a strong sense of Polish identity".
NHS planners devising services for senior citizens estimated in 1994 that 5% of Swindon's population were not 'ethnically British',<ref>Modernising Services for Older People in Swindon– Avon & Wiltshire Mental Health Partnership NHS Trust, Swindon Primary Care Trust and Swindon Borough Council Template:Webarchive.Retrieved on 24 July 2007.</ref> and most of those were culturally Polish.
The town's Polish ex-servicemen's club, which had run a football team for 45 years, closed in 2012. Barman Jerzy Trojan blamed the decline of both club and team on the children and grandchildren of the original refugees losing their Polish identity.<ref name=":1" />
Goan communityEdit
Swindon has a large community of Goan people. Estimates for the total number of Goans in Swindon range from 8,000<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> to 25,000;<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> in 1999 there were estimated to be only 40 Goan people in the town.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2013, Swindon was reported to have the highest concentration of Goans anywhere in the world outside of Goa.<ref name=":7">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The Goan population is concentrated in Swindon's New Town area, around Manchester Road.<ref name=":7" /> Most of the Goan community are Goan Catholics and have Portuguese nationality due to their ancestry in Portuguese Goa.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Catholic community is served by Holy Rood Catholic Church in the town centre and St Peter's Church in West Swindon, and supported by the Goan Chaplaincy.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Services are regularly carried out in Konkani.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Anglican St Luke's Church also carries out Mass in Konkani, believed to be the only Mass regularly carried out in this language in the Church of England.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The Goa Swindon Association supports members of the community. It is involved in promoting and introducing Goan culture, such as tiatrs (Konkani theatre), the annual Goan Summer Festival, and Konkani musical shows, among others.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Among the notable Goans based in Swindon is Imtiyaz Shaikh, who has served as Mayor of Swindon since 2024. He is a two-term Eastcott councillor on Swindon Borough Council.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Places of worshipEdit
There are numerous places of worship in Swindon, some of which are listed buildings.<ref>Swindon Template:Webarchive from British Listed Buildings, retrieved 9 January 2016</ref> Until 1845, the only church in Swindon was the Holy Rood Church, a Grade II listed building.<ref name=bho>Swindon: Churches Template:Webarchive in A History of the County of Wiltshire: Volume 9 from British History Online (London: Victoria County History, 1970), 144–159.</ref> That year, St Mark's Church was built. In 1851, Christ Church was built. Later in the year, the first Roman Catholic chapel was opened in the town and was also named Holy Rood. In 1866, Cambria Baptist Chapel was built. In the 1880s, Bath Road Methodist Chapel was built. In 1885, St Barnabas Church was built followed by the Baptists Tabernacle (1886–1978). In 1907, St Augustine's Church in Even Swindon was built. Various churches and places of worship were built in the town by other denominations and faiths.<ref>Places of Worship Template:Webarchive from Total Swindon, retrieved 9 January 2016</ref> Pattern Church was launched on Christmas 2018, on the site of the former Pattern Store.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
EconomyEdit
Major employers in the town include BMW/Mini (formerly Pressed Steel Fisher) in Stratton, Dolby Labs, international engineering consultancy firm Halcrow, and retailer W H Smith's distribution centre and headquarters. Electronics company Intel, insurance and financial services companies such as Nationwide Building Society and Zurich Financial Services, the energy companies RWE Generation UK plc and Npower (a company of the Innogy group), the fleet management company Arval, pharmaceutical companies such as Canada's Patheon and the United States–based Catalent Pharma Solutions and French medical supplies manufacturer Vygon (UK) have their UK divisions headquartered in the town.
Swindon also has the head office of the National Trust and the head office of the UK Space Agency. Other employers include all of the national Research Councils, the British Computer Society, and TE Connectivity.
From 1985 to 2021, Japanese car manufacturer Honda had its sole UK plant at South Marston, just outside Swindon.<ref name=":3">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In March 2021, it was announced that logistics firm Panattoni would move to the former Honda site.
Swindon was for a time a centre of excellence for 3G and 4G mobile telecommunications research and development for Motorola, Lucent Technologies (later Alcatel-Lucent), Nokia Siemens Networks and Cisco.Template:Cn The factory built in 1998 for Motorola's GSM division at Groundwell, north Swindon, has been described as "striking and futuristic".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
TransportEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}
RailwayEdit
Swindon is an important railway town. Swindon railway station opened in 1842 as Swindon Junction and, until 1895, every train stopped for at least ten minutes to change locomotives. As a result, the station hosted the first recorded railway refreshment rooms.<ref>LTC Rolt, Isambard Kingdom Brumel, Penguin 1957.</ref>
The station is served by frequent inter-city trains to London Paddington eastbound, and westbound to Template:Rws, Template:Rws and Template:Rws, along the Great Western Main Line and Golden Valley line. There is also a local service to Template:Stnlnk, via the Wessex Main Line. All services at Swindon are operated by Great Western Railway.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
On 8 October 2019, GWR posted a modern speed record when an Intercity Express Train took 44 minutes to travel from Swindon to London Paddington.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
RoadEdit
Located at the junction of two Roman roads, the town has developed into a transport hub over the centuries. It is accessed by two junctions (15 and 16) on the M4 motorway.
The town's Magic Roundabout, at the junction of five roads, contains five mini-roundabouts and has a contra-rotational hub at its centre.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It is built on the site of Swindon Wharf on the abandoned Wilts & Berks Canal, near the County Ground. The official name was County Islands, although it was known colloquially as the Magic Roundabout and the official name was changed to match its nickname.
Bus and coachEdit
Swindon bus operators are Swindon's Bus Company (formerly Thamesdown) and Stagecoach West. Key routes link the town with Cheltenham, Chippenham, Cirencester, Devizes and Trowbridge.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> National Express coaches use the bus station in the town centre.
Stagecoach's former bus depot on Eastcott Road was approved for development as a housing site in 2018.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
CyclingEdit
National Cycle Network Route 45 runs through the town.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Tourism and recreationEdit
EventsEdit
_-_geograph.org.uk_-_508277.jpg){kind=link}
Annual events in Swindon include:
- The Swindon Festival of Literature, held over two weeks in May.
- The Swindon Mela, an all-day celebration of South Indian arts and culture in the Town Gardens, which attracts up to 10,000 visitors each year.<ref name=":6">Template:Usurped.</ref>
- The Children's Fete, a town-wide event in celebration of Swindon's children, community, culture, and heritage, is usually held the first Saturday in July in the GWR Park on Faringdon Road, with 8,000 attending in 2016.Template:Cn
- The Summer Breeze Festival has been held annually in the town since 2007<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> with headliners including Toploader<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and KT Tunstall.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The family-friendly music event is run by volunteers on a non-profit basis with any funds raised going to charity.
- An annual Gay Pride Parade called Swindon And Wiltshire Pride is held in the town. The parade has been held in the Town Gardens since 2007. Swedish DJ Basshunter performed in the 2012 celebrations, with around 8,000 people attending.Template:Cn
- The Swindon Beer Festival, Organised by the local branch of the Campaign for Real Ale (CAMRA), is held at the STEAM museum in October each year.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref> There is also an Old Town Beer Festival held in Christ Church.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Swindon Open Studios, held over two weekends every September; local artists open their studios to visitors or take part in group exhibitions around the town.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- The Swindon Half Marathon is held in September.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Arts venuesEdit
- The Shoebox Theatre is a fringe theatre and producing house with a focus on contemporary performance and new work.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Live music venues such as The High Street Club, The Kings Arms, The Castle, The Beehive, Level III, and The Victoria attract local acts as well as touring national acts; collectively they host an annual music festival, the Swindon Shuffle.<ref name="shuffle07">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref> The County Ground is used for some major events. MECA is a 2,000-capacity music venue in the former Mecca bingo hall.
- The Arts Centre is a theatre in Old Town which seats 200 and has music, professional and amateur theatre, comedians, films, children's events, and one-man shows.
- The Wyvern Theatre has film, comedy, and music.
- In 2012, Swindon: The Opera was performed at the STEAM Museum in Swindon by the Janice Thompson Performance Trust,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref> after a successful 2011 Jubilee People's Millions Lottery bid. It charted Swindon's history since 1952 until the present day. The musical was written by Matt Fox, with music by composer Betty Roe.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- The Oasis Leisure Centre was used for events until its closure in 2020. Its name was claimed by some to be the inspiration for the name of the Manchester band.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
ShoppingEdit
- Swindon Designer Outlet (opened in 1997) is an indoor shopping mall for reduced-price goods, mainly clothing, on the site of the former railway works. The outlet is adjacent to the Steam Museum (opened in 2000) and the National Trust headquarters (since 2005). The mall has around 100 retailers and restaurants, and once held the record of biggest covered designer outlet centre in Europe.<ref name=":4">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref> It was enlarged in the mid-2010s.
- The Brunel Centre (opened in 1978) and The Parade (opened in 1967) are the two shopping complexes in the town centre, built along the line of the filled-in Wilts & Berks Canal (a canal milepost can still be seen). The Brunel Centre opened a food court called The Crossing in 2018.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Greenbridge Retail and Leisure Park (Stratton St. Margaret (opened in 1964)), Orbital Shopping Park (Haydon Wick (opened in 2003)), and the West Swindon Shopping Centre / Shaw Ridge Leisure Park (opened in 1975) are the three major out-of-town facilities. There is also the Bridgemead Retail Park and Mannington Retail Park, both in West Swindon, in close proximity to each other.
- Regent Circus opened in October 2014 on the site of the former Swindon College building. As of October 2024, most units have now closed, leaving only Nando's, Boom Battle Bar and a PrideHub shop selling LGBTQ paraphernalia that only trades on Saturdays.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Former
- Swindon Tented Market, in the Town Centre close to the Brunel Centre, was built in 1994. It reopened in October 2009, having been closed for two years, but closed again for good in August 2017. Demolition date is still to be confirmed.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Green spacesEdit
Public parks include Lydiard Country Park, Shaw Forest Country Park, The Lawns, Stanton Park, Queens Park, GWR Park, Town Gardens, Pembroke Gardens and Coate Water.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Fishing for the Moon is a small urban sensory garden created in 1990 by Thamesdown Borough Council and renovated by South Swindon Parish Council in 2021. Its central feature is an artwork by Michael Farrell.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
MediaEdit
OnlineEdit
Swindon has many online media outlets with the largest being The Swindon Advertiser. SwindonWeb was the first website dedicated to Swindon in 1997 followed by SwindonLink and The Swindonian with many other sites now available, including Total Swindon and The Swindon Post.
PrintEdit
Newspapers and magazinesEdit
Swindon has a daily newspaper, the Swindon Advertiser, with daily circulation of about 4,000 with an estimated readership of 21,000. Other newspapers covering the area include Bristol's daily Western Daily Press and the Swindon Advertisers weekly, the Gazette and Herald; the Wiltshire Ocelot (a free listings magazine), The Swindonian Monthly Magazine Swindon Star, Hungry Monkeys (a comic), Stratton Outlook, Frequency (an arts and cultural magazine), Great Swindon Magazine, Swindon Business News, Swindon Link and Highworth Link.
LiteratureEdit
Swindon is the setting for the Thursday Next series of novels by Jasper Fforde<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time by Mark Haddon.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
RadioEdit
The first commercial radio station launched in Swindon was Wiltshire Radio in 1982, with BBC Wiltshire Sound launched in 1989. Wiltshire Radio later changed to GWR FM, then to Heart Wiltshire, and is now Heart West, broadcasting from studios in Bristol.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> An alternative commercial radio station, Brunel FM, was launched in 2006 and replaced in turn by Total Star Swindon, More Radio, Jack FM and Sam FM; the frequency is now used by Greatest Hits Radio Swindon.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Another independent station called Swindon FM was also on the air between 2001 and 2006.
Since 2008, the town has had its own 24-hour community radio station, Swindon 105.5, which was given the Queen's Award for Voluntary Service in 2014, the highest award which can be given to a voluntary group.Template:Cn In regards to the wider Wiltshire county, the public-sector station BBC Radio Wiltshire remains based in Swindon.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
TelevisionEdit
The Swindon area is in the overlap between TV transmitters from two regions, Oxford (Thames Valley) and Mendip, supplemented by a local relay transmitter in the town <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> (West of England). ITV regional news programmes come from ITV News Meridian (with offices at Abingdon) and ITV West Country (Bristol). On BBC One, the area is served by both South Today (from Southampton) and Points West (Bristol).
Between 1973 and 1982, the town had its own cable television channel called Swindon Viewpoint. This was a community television project run mainly by enthusiasts from studios in Victoria Hill, and later by Media Arts at the Town Hall Studios. It was followed by the more commercial Swindon's Local Channel, which included pay-per-view films.<ref>Swindon Cable — Swindon View Point — The Local Channel, Swindoncable.co.uk Template:Webarchive. Retrieved on 21 July 2007.</ref> NTL (later Virgin Media) took over the channel's parent company, ComTel, and closed the station.
EducationEdit
The borough of Swindon has many primary schools, 12 secondary schools, and two purpose-built sixth-form colleges. Three secondary schools also have sixth forms. There is one independent school, Maranatha Christian School at Sevenhampton.
Secondary schoolsEdit
The secondary schools in the Borough of Swindon are:
- Abbey Park School (formerly Isambard School (ages 11–16))
- Commonweal School (11–18)
- Crowdy's Hill School (?–19)
- The Deanery CE Academy (11–15)
- The Dorcan Academy (11–16)
- Great Western Academy (11–18)
- Highworth Warneford School (11–16)
- The Kingfisher CE Academy (15–19)
- Kingsdown School (11–16)
- Lawn Manor Academy (11–16)
- Lydiard Park Academy (11–18)
- Nova Hreod Academy (11–16)
- The Ridgeway School and Sixth Form College (11–18)
- St Joseph's Catholic College (11–16)
- Swindon Academy (3–19 which is a post-nursery, primary and secondary school within Swindon)
- Uplands School (11–19)
- UTC Swindon (14–19)
Bradon Forest School (ages 11–18) is at Purton, near the west side of Swindon.
Further educationEdit
New College and Swindon College cater for the town's further education and higher education requirements, mainly for 16 to 22-year-olds. Swindon College is one of the largest FE-HE colleges in southwestern England, at a purpose-built campus in North Star, Swindon.
Higher educationEdit
Swindon is the UK's largest centre of population without its own university (by comparison, there are two universities in nearby Bath, which is half Swindon's size). In March 2008, a proposal was made by former Swindon MP, Anne Snelgrove, for a university-level institution to be established in the town within a decade, culminating in a future 'University of Swindon' (with someTemplate:Who touting the future institution to be entitled 'The Murray John University, Swindon', after the town's most distinguished post-war civic leader).Template:Cn
Oxford Brookes University has had a campus in Swindon since 1999. The campus offers degrees in Adult Nursing and Operating Department Practice (ODP).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Joel Joffe Building<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> opened in August 2016 and was officially opened<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> in February 2017 by Lord Joel Joffe, a long-time Swindon resident and former human rights lawyer. From 1999 to 2016 the Ferndale Campus was based in north-central Swindon. The main OBU campus is about Template:Convert northeast of Swindon. The university also sponsors UTC Swindon, which opened in 2014 for students aged 14–19.
Between 2000 and 2008 the University of Bath had a campus in Walcot, east Swindon.
The Royal Agricultural University has its Cultural Heritage Institute in the former railway carriage works.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Museums and cultural institutionsEdit
- The Richard Jefferies Museum, near Coate Water Country Park, is dedicated to the memory of one of England's most individual writers on nature and the countryside.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- STEAM – Museum of the Great Western Railway is on part of the site of the former railway works.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Lydiard House, at the centre of Lydiard Country Park, is a Palladian house with staterooms containing collections of furniture and art.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- The Local Studies Collection at Swindon Central Library is an extensive local studies and family history archive.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Swindon Arts Centre is a 212-seat entertainment venue in the Old Town.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- The Wyvern Theatre is the town's principal stage venue.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Museum & Art Swindon has collections related to local history, archaeology and natural history, as well as an important collection of modern British art and studio ceramics.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- The Museum of Computing was the first computer museum in the UK.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- The Science Museum's National Collections Centre is nearby at Wroughton.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- The Bodleian Library's Book Storage Facility is at South Marston on the edge of Swindon.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
SportEdit
FootballEdit
Swindon Town are based at the County Ground near the town centre.<ref name=":5">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> They play in League Two, the fourth-highest tier of the English football league system, after being relegated from League One in 2021.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The affiliated club, Swindon Town Women, play in Division One South West of the FA Women's National League;<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> their first team play home games outside the town at Fairford Town's Cinder Lane ground.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The town also has a non-league club, Swindon Supermarine, playing in the Premier South division of the Southern League<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> at their South Marston ground. New College Swindon run a football academy for both sexes, usually alongside academic courses;<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> until the summer of 2020 they fielded a football team, which played in Division One of the Hellenic League and was based at Supermarine's ground.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
RugbyEdit
Swindon has three rugby union teams, Swindon Rugby Football Club, Swindon College Old Boys Rugby Football Club, who play at Nationwide Pavillion[sic], and Supermarine Rugby Football Club.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Swindon St George are a rugby league team playing in the West of England Rugby League. The kit consists of black and red shirts with black shorts and socks. It was founded in 2007.
English Rugby player Jonny May lived in Chiseldon and attended The Ridgeway School & Sixth Form College located in Wroughton, both nearby villages to Swindon.
Ice hockeyEdit
The Swindon Wildcats play in the second-tier English Premier Ice Hockey League. Since their inception in 1986, the Wildcats have played their home games at the 2,800-capacity Link Centre in West Swindon.
Motor sportsEdit
Swindon Robins is a speedway team competing in the top national division, the SGB Premiership, where they were champions in the 2017 and 2019 seasons. The team was based at the Abbey Stadium, Blunsdon from 1949, but has not been able to race there since the end of the 2019 season.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Foxhill motocross circuit is Template:Convert southeast of the town and has staged Grand Prix events.
AthleticsEdit
Swindon has two athletics clubs affiliated to England Athletics, Swindon Harriers (running, track and field)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Swindon Striders (running).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> There is also a group called Swindon Shin Splints.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Two Hash House Harrier running groups are centred on Swindon, North Wilts Hash House Harriers (who run every Sunday) and the Moonrakers Hash House Harriers (who run every other Wednesday evening).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> There is a parkrun held every Saturday at Lydiard Country Park.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
ClimbingEdit
Swindon Mountaineering Club is affiliated to the British Mountaineering Council and organise meets for walking, rock climbing and mountaineering in the UK and abroad. Members train on an indoor climbing wall at the Rockstar Climbing Centre in Swindon.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Notable residentsEdit
- Dean Ashton, former England international footballer<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Julian Clary, stand-up comedian who lived in Rodbourne<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Rick Davies, vocalist and keyboardist from the rock band Supertramp<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Diana Dors, actor<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Mehdi Hasan, British-American political journalist of Indian-origin<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Justin Hayward, lead singer and guitarist in the band The Moody Blues<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Nick Hewer, businessman and TV presenter<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Mark Lamarr, comedian, TV presenter and radio host<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Electronic music group Meat Beat Manifesto, originally formed in 1987 in Swindon<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Melinda Messenger, TV presenter and former glamour model<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Edith New, suffragette
- Rachel Shelley, actor
- Gilbert O'Sullivan, Irish-born singer-songwriter who grew up in Swindon<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Billie Piper, actor<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Jon Richardson, stand-up comedian who used to live in the town<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Ben Thatcher, former Premier League footballer who played internationally for Wales<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Post-punk band XTC was formed in Swindon in 1972. Three of the band's singles reached the UK top 20, gaining them a cult following.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Max Cook, motorcycle racer<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Fraser Rogers, motorcycle racer<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Twin townsEdit
- Salzgitter, Germany
- Ocotal, Nicaragua
- Toruń, Poland
- Disney World, United States<ref name="disney">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
See alsoEdit
- History of Swindon
- History of local government in Swindon
- List of people from Swindon
- List of schools in Swindon
- Transport in Swindon
- Swindon Civic Trust
- Economy of Wiltshire
- Healthcare in Wiltshire
NotesEdit
ReferencesEdit
Further readingEdit
- Swindon in 50 Buildings, Angela Atkinson, Amberley Publishing, 2019, paperback, 96 pages, Template:ISBN (print), Template:ISBN (ebook)
- Secret Swindon, Angela Atkinson, Amberley Publishing, 2018, paperback, 96 pages, Template:ISBN
- Swindon, Mark Child, Breedon Books, 2002, hardcover, 159 pages, Template:ISBN
- Francis Frith's Swindon Living Memories (Photographic Memories S.), Francis Frith and Brian Bridgeman, The Frith Book Company Ltd, 2003, Paperback, 96 pages, Template:ISBN
- An Awkward Size for a Town, Kenneth Hudson, 1967, David & Charles Publishers (no ISBN)