Template:Short description {{#invoke:other uses|otheruses}} Template:Distinguish Template:Use dmy dates
A Template:Nihongo is a door, window or room divider used in traditional Japanese architecture, consisting of translucent (or transparent) sheets on a lattice frame. Where light transmission is not needed, the similar but opaque fusuma is used<ref name=fusuma>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> (Template:Transliteration/closet doors, for instance<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>). Shoji usually slide, but may occasionally be hung or hinged, especially in more rustic styles.<ref>see kake- and hiraki-shōji below</ref>
Shoji are very lightweight, so they are easily slid aside, or taken off their tracks and stored in a closet, opening the room to other rooms or the outside.<ref name=objects>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=sukiya>Sukiya Living Magazine article about shoji screens</ref><ref name=JAANUS>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Fully traditional buildings may have only one large room, under a roof supported by a post-and-lintel frame, with few or no permanent interior or exterior walls; the space is flexibly subdivided as needed by the removable sliding wall panels.<ref name=what/> The posts are generally placed one tatami-length (about Template:Convert) apart, and the shoji slide in two parallel wood-groove tracks between them.<ref name=work>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In modern construction, the shoji often do not form the exterior surface of the building; they sit inside a sliding glass door or window.<ref name=sukiya/>
Shoji are valued for not setting a sharp barrier between the interior and the exterior; outside influences such as the swaying silhouettes of trees, or the chorus of frogs, can be appreciated from inside the house.<ref name=sf/> As exterior walls, shoji diffuse sunlight into the house; as interior partitions between rooms, they allow natural light deep into the interior. While shoji block wind, they do allow air to diffuse through,<ref name=sf/> important when buildings were heated with charcoal.<ref name=sukiya/> Like curtains, shoji give visual privacy,<ref name=objects /><ref name=what/> but they do not block sounds.<ref name=objects /><ref name=live /> Shoji are also thought to encourage a home's inhabitants to speak and move softly, calmly, and gracefully, an important part of the ethos behind sukiya-zukuri architecture.<ref name=sf>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Sliding doors cannot traditionally be locked.<ref name=live />
Shoji rose in popularity as an integral element of the shoin-zukuri style, which developed in the Kamakura Period (1123–1333), as loss of income forced aristocrats into more modest and restrained architecture.<ref name=britannica_shoin>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> This style was simplified in teahouse-influenced sukiya-zukuri architecture,<ref name=JAANUS_sukiya>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and spread to the homes of commoners in the Edo Period (1603–1868), since which shoji have been largely unchanged.<ref name=objects /> Shoji are used in both traditional-style Japanese houses and in Western-style housing, especially in the washitsu (traditional Japanese-style room).<ref name=work/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The traditional wood-and-paper construction is highly flammable.<ref name=edo-tokyo/>
ConstructionEdit
FrameEdit
The shoji frame is a panel called a Template:Nihongo.<ref name=koshi-do /> It is assembled from interlocking laths of wood or bamboo called kumiko.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> "Template:Transliteration" literally means "woven"; the halved joints alternate in direction so that the laths are interwoven. The interweaving is structural, and the paper (which is tensioned by spraying it with water<ref name=glue/>) further strengthens the finished panel.<ref name=what/> Frames can easily be broken by stepping on them when they are dismounted and stripped for re-papering.<ref name=nagano /> No fasteners are traditionally used to hold the frame together. Rice glue can also be used in the frame joints.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Coniferous wood is preferred for its fine, straight grain.<ref name="sora">Template:Cite news</ref> Shoji with kōshi made of split bamboo are called take-shōji ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}).<ref name=JAANUS /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Kōshi are sometimes made of aluminium, shaped to resemble wood.<ref name=koshi-do />
Most shoji lattices are rectangular.<ref name=objects /> However, about 200 traditional patterns are used; each has a symbolism, associated with the natural pattern it stylistically represents.<ref name=sora /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Patterns may also be combined.<ref name=kumiko /> While these are traditionally used for shoji, they are increasingly used for other woodwork items, in and outside Japan.<ref name=sora /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Patterns can be classified according to jigumi, the foundational grid; this may be square,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> diamond-shaped,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> or hexagonal.<ref name=hexagonal/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Rectangular shoji may skew, in which case bent springs of bamboo are inserted into the short diagonal to push them back square.Template:Refn There can be substantial artistry in frame design.<ref name=objects />
The kumiko are the fine wooden laths of the screen, and the tsukeko are the heavier members (usually around the edge). The tsukeko are joined with mortise-and-tenon joints, with either a jaguchi joint or a more complex mitered joint.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The jigumi kumiko are generally joined with simple halved joints,<ref name=Masu-Tsunagi>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> but where jigumi kumiko cross at a non-right-angle, or three cross at the same point (mitsu-kude<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>), the angles can become complicated,<ref name=hexagonal>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and specialized tools are used to cut them rapidly.<ref name="Ha-ganna">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Small kumiko may simply be friction-fitted and glued.<ref name=Masu-Tsunagi />
While frames can be produced with minimal hand tools, specialized hand tools, power tools, and jigs for cutting identical lengths and angles speed the process.<ref name=kumiko>Specialized hand tool for making grooves to take shoji screens, and very elaborate kumiko: {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=BSjigs>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}, {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}, {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> These tools are often homemade; as shoji-making is highly competitive, these give kumiko craftspeople a critical competitive advantage.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> While frames are handcrafted, there is also industrial mass-production.<ref name=objects />
Some simple kumiko types include:
- mabarasan shoji ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}})<ref name=JAANUS/> or aragumi shoji have large squarish openings, and are quick to assemble. This is the standard pattern used in most shoji.<ref name="wasou">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- yokoshigesan shoji ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}})<ref name=JAANUS/> or yokoshige shoji have rectangles that are longer in the horizontal direction; they are more common in the east of Japan.<ref name=wasou />
- tatehonshigesan shoji ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}})<ref name=JAANUS/> or tateshige shoji have rectangles that are longer in the vertical direction; they are more common in the west of Japan.<ref name=wasou />
Koshi (dado)Edit
The lowest portions of the shoji, which are the most likely to get wet<ref name=Amashouji>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> or kicked,<ref name="wasou" /> might be filled with a solid wood-panel dado, called a koshi ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}; literally, waist or hip; not to be confused with kōshi, above).<ref name=finishing>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Such a shoji is called a koshizuke shoji.<ref name="wasou" />
If the panel is over 60 cm high, or around a third of the height of the whole shoji, the shoji may be called a koshi-daka-shōji ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}; literally, high-koshi shoji).<ref name=koshi-do /><ref name=JAANUS_koshidaka>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> These are somewhat archaic, as they were designed to protect against rain. Now that shoji are rarely exposed to rain (due to being behind glass), the form in common use has a much lower panel, and is called koshi-tsuki-shōji ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}).<ref name=JAANUS/> Manaka koshishōji ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) have a central koshi.<ref name=JAANUS/>
The wood panels were often quite elaborately ornamented, from the late 1500s onwards.<ref name=JAANUS_koshidaka/> The outside of the koshi may covered with wickerwork, or the inside papered.<ref name=JAANUS_koshidaka/> Pictures on paper were sometimes pasted onto the koshi board (haritsuke-e, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}); pasted-on pictures are characteristic of the Shoin style.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The koshi boards may be fastened to straight vertical or horizontal rails, which stand proud of the planks; older rails are thicker and often chamfered. The rails are often grouped in clusters; this clustering is called fukiyose ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}).<ref name=JAANUS_koshidaka/>
FillingEdit
Open and semi-openEdit
- 大溪公學校校長宿舍欄間.jpg
CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Kurashiki Ohashi House02n4592.jpg
A kōshi door in a historic house, unfilled.
- Soba restaurant by Shadowgate in Higashi-Ueno, Tokyo.jpg
A kōshi door on a soba shop, filled with glass; left, simple kōshi window.
- Jingoji Kyoto Kyoto35n4592.jpg
These sliding kōshi have been inconspicuously glazed, and are less sheltered than usual.
- JapanHomes104 REED-SCREEN.jpg
Reed shoji; koshi with cut-out bats, top section unfilled.
- 蟹仙洞 旧長谷川家住宅主屋（部屋） (cropped to sudare-shoji).jpg
Sudare-shōji; beyond, a sudare byōbu and kami (paper-filled) shoji.
The spaces between the kumiko are sometimes left open, and the kōshi panel used as an open lattice,<ref name=kyo>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> especially in summer, for more air circulation.<ref name=objects /> Kōshi may be made into windows (kōshi-mado, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) or doors (kōshi-do, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}). Kōshi that are traditionally left open are now often filled with glass; this does not require much change to their appearance or structure, and glazed kōshi are still considered kōshi.<ref name=koshi-do /> Some lattice patterns have heraldic meanings, identifying the trade of a shopowner, for instance.<ref name=kyo />
Frames may also be backed with wire mesh, for ventilation without insects.<ref name=finishing/> Sudare-shōji ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}; also called sudo, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) are filled with Phragmites reed, cat-tail stalks, pampas grass, or fine bamboo, held together by a few rows of thread woven around the stems.<ref name=JAANUS_akarishouji>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Natsushouji">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> These provide more shade and ventilation than paper-backed shoji, and are also called natsu-shōji ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, "summer shoji"),<ref name="JAANUS_akarishouji"/><ref name="Natsushouji"/> as they may be used seasonally. For instance, in Kyoto, both paper shoji and fusuma will be removed and replaced with sudo doors and sudare blinds; this is usually done towards the end of June, before the rainy season ends and the Gion Festival begins.<ref name=kyo_fixtures>Template:Cite book A translation of a couple of illustration-heavy sections from a book published in Japanese.</ref>
Cloth and paperEdit
Shoji are most commonly filled with a single sheet of paper, pasted across the back of the frame (on the outer side). Shoji may also be papered on both sides, which increases thermal insulation and sound absorption; the frame is still visible in silhouette.<ref name=kitote>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- futsū ("common") shoji ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) have a frame on one side, paper on the other<ref name=JAANUS/>
- mizugoshi shoji ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) have a frame sandwiched between two papers.<ref name=JAANUS/> Also called taiko shoji.<ref name=wasou />
- ryōmen shoji ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) have paper sandwiched between two frames<ref name=JAANUS/>
Shoji are not made with rice paper, though this is commonly asserted outside of Japan,<ref name=sukiya /> possibly simply because "rice paper" sounds oriental.<ref name=what />
Cloth, usually a fine silk, has traditionally been used, but usage declined with improvements in the quality of washi (a specialized paper which diffuses light particularly well, and excludes wind).<ref name=JAANUS /> Washi is traditionally made from kōzo (mulberry, Broussonetia papyrifera), mitsumata (Edgeworthia papyrifera) or gampi (Wikstroemia canescens), or hemp fibers<ref name=JAANUS_washi>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=what/> and it is sold in a broad range of types. Washi was formerly made in narrower strips, which were overlapped by a few millimeters as they were glued on; it now comes in wider widths, and in rolls or lengths the height of a short Japanese door. Bright white paper is most popular in Japan; off-whites are also available, but darker colours are avoided, as they would not transmit light. Washi began to be mass-produced in the 1800s, making it much more affordable.<ref name=what>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Synthetic fibers were first used in washi paper in the 1960s (mid Shōwa period).<ref name=objects /><ref name=what /> A small proportion of synthetic fibers may be used to increase tear strength.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The optical characteristics of washi, such as its reflectance and scatter, are selected by the maker.<ref name=sukiya/>
Paper is decoratively patched if torn,<ref name=sukiya/><ref name=objects /><ref name=nagano /> and, traditionally, replaced once a year in late December (sometimes less frequently, such as every two years<ref name=nagano />). The rice glue used to hold it to the kumiko is water-soluble<ref name=sokui>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=glue>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> (wheatpaste is also sometimes used<ref name=nagano>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and double-sided tape may also be used, especially for laminated paper<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>).
Laminated papers, coated in vinyl, last longer and are sufficiently waterproof to be wiped clean, but the thicker the plastic film, the harder it is to install.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> After glue is dry (~6 hours<ref name=sf/>), non-laminated paper can be sprayed with water to tauten it (removing small wrinkles), but laminated paper cannot.<ref name=glue/> Shoji paper cannot be used in places where it will get wet, like a bathroom; even laminated paper will be affected, as water bleeds in from the edges.<ref name=washi_choice>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Traditionally, abura-shōji ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}: "oil-shoji"), also called ama-shōji ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}: "rain-shoji"), used paper (generally nishi-no-uchigami, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) that was glued on with vinegar-based paste and then oiled. This made them water-resistant, so they were used where rain might reach under the eaves.<ref name=Amashouji/> Oiled-paper windows were common in Europe, as European-style shallow eaves exposed the windows to precipitation. In Japan, deep eaves were conventional, and oiled-paper windows were rare.<ref name="koshi-do">Template:Cite magazine
PDF, with additional images of process and tools, 3D drawings for a kōshi (lattice) door</ref>
The smooth sheet of paper covering the back of a shoji can make it difficult to grip and slide the shoji from the outside. To solve this, a single square in the frame may be papered only on the opposite side,<ref name=Morse_Ch3/> and/or a groove may be cut in the outside of the frame (see image). This doorpull is called a hikite.<ref name=Morse_Ch3/>
While washi paper blocks wind, it does allow air to diffuse through, allowing air circulation.<ref name=sukiya/><ref name=sf/> This is particularly important in traditional buildings, in which charcoal is burned,<ref name=sukiya/> and damp evaporates from the ground in the crawlspace under the raised wooden floor.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Ranma (transom/fanlight panels above the sliding panels and kamoi) may have openings to further encourage breezes to pass through the building.<ref name=live />
Plastic sheets and synthetic fibersEdit
Less traditionally, rigid light-diffusing panels of plastics are also used,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> such as approximately 2 mm-thick<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> acrylic<ref name=warlon>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> or polycarbonate<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> which can be frosted or bonded to a printed film.<ref name=warlon /> Fiberglass-reinforced acrylic is also used.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Rigid translucent panels cannot readily be spliced; one continuous sheet must usually be used per frame.<ref name=washi_choice/> Plastic panels are waterproof, and some may be used outdoors year-round.<ref name=waterproof />
Paperlike sheets of plastic nonwoven fabrics may also be used, including polypropylene (like that used in surgical masks and other disposable clothing).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A peel-and-stick film made of epoxy and white non-woven fiberglass is also used.Template:Refn Nonwoven sheets of composite plastic (vinyl-coated polyester) fibers are also used,<ref name="felibendy">Template:Cite journal</ref> and may be attached with removable fasteners rather than glue, although they are still single-use.<ref name=kitote/>
GlassEdit
- Yukimi shōji 02.jpg
Yukimi shoji (snow-watching shoji) have glass panes. They allow a view of the outside in cold weather. These are jika glass shoji.<ref name="wasou" />
- 雪見障子 (14247536929).jpg
CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="wasou" />
- 秋田県 角館町 (41580325682).jpg
Another style of yukimi shoji, yokogaku shoji: full-width glass, surrounded by lightweight panes.<ref name="wasou" />
- Okochi Denjiro garden tea house (7123924157).jpg
Another style of yukimi shoji, katagaku shoji: one central glass pane, surrounded by regular lightweight material.<ref name="wasou" />
- Japanese old style house interior design 2 和室 (わしつ) の内装 (ないそう).jpg
Paper-coated nekoma shoji (with sliding sub-panel for view) inside the engawa, and all-glass garasu-do outside.
Nekoma shoji ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, also called mago shoji, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) have a horizontally-sliding translucent sub-panel (or two, for Osaka nekoma shoji), which can be opened from inside to give a view outwards. Until the late 1800s, these small panels were the only use of glass in shoji;<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> blown plate glass was expensive and available in small panes.
Cheaper plate glass was introduced to Japan circa the late 1800s. It was widely applied to traditional kōshi doors, without much change to the traditional form and structure.<ref name=koshi-do /> The oiled paper in ama-shōji was also replaced with glass.<ref name=Amashouji/><ref name=koshi-do />
Yukimi shoji ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, snow-watching shoji) have a larger full-width section of glass, at seated-eye level, affording a view of the outside in cold weather. Glass can be used in large sheets or in small panes (the kumiko becoming muntins). Yukimi shoji also contain non-transparent translucent sections, for privacy. In suriage shoji, there is a vertically-sliding translucent section; the translucent sections are divided horizontally like a sash windows.<ref name="wasou" /> When closed, these then look much like standard shoji (see images). Peel-and-stick films that give glass some of the appearance of washi are also sold.<ref name=waterproof>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Sukimi shoji ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, moon-watching shoji)<ref name=JAANUS/> are similar; they have upper panels that give a view, while the lower ones are translucent.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Better source needed
FittingEdit
- Edo-Tokyo Museum - miniature model of Hokusai's studio 01 (15585495469).jpg
Shoji as usually mounted with two sliding panels in an opening. If the full opening is wanted, panels are removed. 2×2.5 ken house.
- Gs01-rinsyun.jpg
Four-panel opening at Sankeien, open. The innermost doors and outermost doors overlap fully; note that in the single-layer ranma above, the light is brighter, and the silhouette of the visitor stooping for her bag sharper.
- Kaisuian Interior window crop.jpg
Top: katabiki shoji, on interior rails, slides in front of the wall. Lower right: a katabiki shoji which cannot slide fully open.
- JapanHomes151 SHŌJI FOR WINDOW.jpg
Kake-shōji hang from hooks; they are used for small windows in opaque walls.
- 松風荘 茶室 (3).jpg
lang}}: "wickerwork") on a cupboard door.<ref name=JAANUS />
Shoji doors are often designed to slide open, (and thus conserve space that would be required by a swinging door<ref name=fusuma />); they may also be hung or fixed.<ref name=JAANUS />
Most commonly, a shoji panel slides in a grooved wooden track. The upper groove is substantially deeper than the lower groove.<ref name=what/><ref name=work/><ref name=kona/> The lower groove is cut in the shikii, or threshold beam ("the shikii is high" means "it is difficult to visit the place", or expresses self-consciousness). The upper groove is cut in the kamoi, a lintel between adjacent posts.<ref name=live>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The traditional wooden track requires precise fitting,<ref name=sukiya /> and the wood may wear with use, or warp due to changes in humidity.<ref name=wasou/> A well-made traditional groove system is light enough that the door can be slid with one finger.<ref name=what/><ref name=objects/><ref name=sf/> Traditionally, grooves were waxed; more modernly, grooves may be lined with low-friction plastic.<ref name=sf/>
Shoji are often mounted in pairs, with two panels and two grooves in each opening.<ref name=work /> When closed, adjacent sliding shoji overlap by the width of the wooden frame edge.<ref name=work/> Shoji are also mounted four panels to the opening. In this case, the innermost pair are generally mounted on the same track, and the outermost pair on a different track;<ref name=work /> A rounded tongue and groove are cut so that the innermost pair interlock.<ref name="D&Mkanna">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The double parallel grooves allow the shoji to be slid so that they occupy nearly half of their closed width;<ref name=work/> if a larger opening is needed, the shoji must be removed.<ref name=sukiya/> As the panels are usually slightly different, it is important to put them back in the same order, without swapping them around, so that they will continue to slide easily.<ref name=sukiya/> This type of mounting, where the panels overlap by a stile-width when closed, is called hiki-chigai ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}).<ref name=JAANUS_hikichigai>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Hiki-chigai came to be used in minka (commoners' homes) in the mid-Edo Period (c. 1700s).<ref name=JAANUS_minka>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Katabiki shoji ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) are single panels sliding in a single groove. They slide on rails mounted on a solid wall, and when open partly or fully overlap the wall. They are used for smaller windows in opaque walls; this is common in chashitsu (see image).<ref name=JAANUS_katabikido/><ref name=JAANUS_katabikishoji>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Small windows and katabiki mounting were used in minka until the mid-Edo period, but were then replaced by larger openings with sliding panels.<ref name=JAANUS_minka/> Full-height shoji set up so that they can be slid in front of an opaque wall are not common in modern Japan.<ref name=work/> Washi-on-frame panels can also be used to diffuse an artificial light source; in Japanese lampshades, this use is both common and traditional in Japan.<ref name=sukiya/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Less traditionally, hiki ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) shoji (sliding panels) can be hung on rollers, which run on metal rails mounted on the side of the kamoi. This avoids fit problems caused by humidity-related changes in the dimensions of wood.<ref name=wasou/> Such rail-mount shoji require an anti-sway pin, but may otherwise have a smooth, unobstructed threshold.<ref name=hawaii>Shoji Hawaii, gallery</ref> Such shoji are also fairly easy to remove.<ref name=kona>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Shoji may also be installed as pocket doors between rooms, called hikikomi ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) shoji.<ref name="JAANUS_katabikido">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> This is a historical practice, but it is no longer common in Japan, though it is sometimes used in western-style homes.<ref name="work" /> Shoji in Europe are commonly suspended on panel-blind track, by 'touch-and-close' fastener such as Velcro. No bottom channel is required or used – panels are typically 16–17 mm thick made from Obeche timber rather than traditional conifer wood. This method has the advantage of being less likely to break but can move in strong draughts.Template:Cn
Other suspension methods are sometimes used.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Kake-shōji (hanging shoji) are mostly used in traditionally rustic chashitsu (tea rooms). They are commonly hung over small windows in opaque walls of mud plaster; they hang from bent-nail hooks, one on either side of the top of the window, and the topmost frame member is extended into two horizontal projections that rest in the hooks (see photo above).<ref name=wasou/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Like katabiki shoji,<ref name=JAANUS_katabikido/> kake shoji may be placed on the inside or the outside of the wall, depending on what suits the window.<ref name=Morse_Ch3/>
Hiraki shoji are mounted on hinges in a doorframe, and open like a standard western door. Some are single doors, some double doors.<ref name=JAANUS_hiraki>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Double doors, whether bifold doors or not, are termed ryōbiraki shoji ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Tsukuritsuke shoji ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, "fixed shoji"), are often horizontal strips.<ref name=JAANUS/>
Development and useEdit
Hashira-ma equipmentEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Traditional Japanese buildings are post-and-lintel structures. They are built around vertical posts, connected by horizontal beams (rafters were traditionally the only structural member that was neither horizontal nor vertical). The rest of the structure is non-load-bearing.<ref name=Morse_Ch1>Template:Cite book</ref>
The roof completed, all but the cheapest buildings also added a raised plank floor (except in the kitchen).<ref name=Morse>Template:Cite book</ref> The remaining question was what to do with the space between the pillars, the hashira-ma ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}).<ref name=hashirama>Template:Cite AV media</ref>
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The hashira-ma might be filled with fixed walls, in cheaper Japanese homes. For example, there might be lath-and-plaster walls, or in colder areas thatch walls; these are still used in rustic teahouses and historic buildings (see images). Bark-and-bamboo walls, clapboard, and board-and-batten walls were also used.<ref name=Morse_Ch1/> Where affordable, though, the tendency was against permanent walls. Instead, openable or removable screens were used, and their type, number, and position adjusted according to the weather without and the activities within. These items can collectively be termed hashira-ma equipment.<ref name=hashirama/>
The technology of hashira-ma equipment has developed over time, and shoji were among those developments. Shoji have imposed constraints on other types of hashira-ma equipment: being translucent, non-waterproof, light, and fragile, they need protection, but they also need access to light.
HistoryEdit
Literally, shoji means "small obstructing thing" ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}; it might be translated as "screen"), and though this use is now obsolete,<ref name=objects /> shoji was originally used for a variety of sight-obstructing panels, screens, or curtains,<ref name=objects /> many portable,<ref name=curator>Formal Audience Hall (Shoin) Template:Webarchive. Interview with Matthew Welch, Curator of Japanese and Korean Art</ref> either free-standing or hung from lintels,<ref name=JAANUS_shinden-zukuri/> used to divide the interior space of buildings (see List of partitions of traditional Japanese architecture). While shoji now exclusively means a translucent framework screen, and "fusuma" an opaque one,<ref name=objects /> historic terminology is less clear-cut.
Cloth-covered frame panels that fit between pillars (but did not yet slide in grooves) were invented in the 600s. They were used to screen bedrooms (like the curtains on a canopy bed), and called fusuma shoji<ref name=matcha/> (there were also bedclothes called "fusuma"<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>). When paper came to be used instead of cloth, fusuma shoji were also called karakami shoji.<ref name=matcha>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> From the late 1100s to the early 1200s, translucent cloth and paper shoji were called akari-shōji ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), "illuminating shoji".<ref name=JAANUS/> It is not clear when translucent shoji were first used.<ref name=JAANUS_akarishouji/>
The symmetrical round-pillared shinden style developed in the mid-900s, for the lakeside palaces of aristocrats. The outside could be closed off with heavy wooden shutters called shitomi-do ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}),<ref name=JAANUS_shinden-zukuri>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> which were usually horizontally split and hinged (hajitomi), but were occasionally vertically split and hinged.<ref name=JAANUS_shitomi>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Sliding partitions (hiki-do, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, literally "sliding door") did not come into use until the tail end of the Heian, and the beginning of the Kamakura period.<ref name=JAANUS_fusuma>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Early sliding doors were heavy; some were made of solid wood.<ref name=deforestation/> Initially used in expensive mansions, they eventually came to be used in more ordinary houses as well.<ref name=JAANUS_fusuma/>
- Shutters used with shoji
- G322-HR07-14.jpg
Hajitomi are split, and hinged, horizontally. Here the bottom halves have been lifted out. There are shoji behind the hajitomi.
- Nijo Castle J09 40 (cropped contrast shoin and sukiya).jpg
On the right, three grooves, three panels. The maira-do are open, and the single shoji panel closed; half of the area is still filled with the maira-do. The building to the left is newer; its outer groove runs outside the pillars. The shutters are packed away in the to-bukuros in the corners, and the shoji in the inner two grooves run uninterrupted (close-up).
- Mairado-to-amado, shoin-to-sukiya-style.svg
Plan view of the mairado and amado shutter systems, showing rotator and to-bukuro. Black squares are pillars. Shoji in white, shutters in black, grooves in grey. See also external movie.
- JapanHomes103 SECTION THROUGH VERANDAH AND GUEST-ROOM (SVG).svg
Section through Sukiya-style middle-class home of the early 1880s
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Smooth fitting of panel and groove is critical to allow the panels to move easily,<ref name=sukiya/> and the woodworking of the sliding mechanism developed over time<ref name=JAANUS/> (modern shoji can be moved with one finger).<ref name=sukiya/> Formerly, the grooves were made by dobumizo ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), nailing strips of wood to the kamoi (lintel) and shikii (sill) beams.<ref name=JAANUS/> The grooves were later cut into the beams, using a specialized saw to cut the sides, a chisel to remove the waste, and specialized groove planes to smooth.<ref name=groove_tools>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=plough>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A shakuri kanna (plow plane) was used to smooth the bottom of the groove, and a wakitori kanna for the sides of the groove<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> (these planes also became more elaborate, later adding screw adjustments and other machined-metal refinements).<ref name=plough/> Before hiki-chigai (sliding panels that overlap when closed) became standard in the Muromachi period, hiki-do had a central vertical rail (nakahōdate, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) in the middle of each opening to cover the gap between the panels when they were closed.<ref name=JAANUS/>
In the Muromachi period, hiki-do improved, and the Shoin style of architecture was developed.<ref name=curator/> The rising warrior class seeking to emulate the aristocratic fashions, and the aristocrats, who had lost wealth, could no longer afford Shiden-style palaces.<ref name=britannica_shoin/> Conrad Totman argues that deforestation was a factor in the style changes, including the change from panelled wooden sliding doors to the lightweight covered-frame shoji and fusuma.<ref name=deforestation>Template:Cite book</ref>
A core part of the style was the shoin ("library" or "study"), a room with a desk built into an alcove containing a shoji window, in a monastic style;<ref name=curator/><ref name=encyclopedia>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> this desk alcove developed in the Kamakura period.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Shoin style also made extensive use of sliding doors.<ref name=curator/> In order to fit better against closed hiki-do, support pillars were squared; these were called kaku-bashira ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}).<ref name=curator/> Suspended ceilings were added, and tatami were used wall-to-wall, entirely covering the floorboards. Tatami dimensions were regionally standardized, and the other elements of the room became proportioned to the mats;<ref name=curator/> standardization of building components reduced waste and the need for custom fabrication, and thus cost (standard lumber, for instance, came in exactly the dimensions needed by the carpenter).<ref name=Morse_Ch3>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=Morse_Ch1/> Lower-class buildings adopted some of the cheaper elements of the Shoin style, where the law permitted it (class-based limitations were not lifted until the Meiji Era, in the late 1800s).<ref name=encyclopedia/> Minka (commoner's houses) rarely used sliding mountings at this time, and generally had only small windows.<ref name=JAANUS_minka/>
A variety of specialized hiki-do were developed (along with intermediate forms). Apart from shoji, there were fusuma, similar but with opaque paper, and maira-do, plank-and-batten wooden doors ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}).<ref name=JAANUS_shoin-zukuri>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Maira-do replaced shitomi-do as rain-protection doors. Initially, the beams between the outer support posts were cut with three grooves; the innermost one for the shoji, and the outer two for mairado-do. This meant that the hashira-ma was generally at least half-obscured, although the other half could be open, shoji-filled, or closed.<ref name=hashirama/><ref name=garden/>
In the first half of the 1600s, at the beginning of the Edo period, the outermost groove was moved outside the line of pillars. The wooden shutters placed in this groove interlocked edge-to-edge, and were called ama-do ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, "rain-door"): they were storm shutters, used only at night and in poor weather.<ref name=hashirama/><ref name=JAANUS_amado>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> To open the building in the morning, each ama-do would be slid along (rotating at corners) to the end of groove, where they were stacked in a box<ref name=hashirama/> called a to-bukuro<ref>terminal "-do" and initial "to-" are the same word, see rendaku</ref> ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}: literally, "door-container"). The to-bukuro might be designed to swing out of the way.<ref name=JAANUS_to-bukuro>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=Morse_Ch5>Template:Cite book</ref> The inner two grooves remained as they were, but both could now be filled with shoji, doubling the number of shoji in a building. Lightweight shoji could be lifted out and carried away easily. This new structure allowed the entire side of the building to be opened, giving either twice as much light, from an uninterrupted wall of shoji, or an unobstructed view of the garden; gardens changed accordingly.<ref name=hashirama/><ref name=garden/>
By the mid-1600s, single-track ama-do had spread, and the ama-do might be placed on the outside of the engawa.<ref name=hashirama/><ref name=Morse_Ch5/> The combination of architectural changes marked the end of the shoin style, and the beginning of the sukiya style.<ref name=garden>Template:Cite book</ref>
- Fukagawa Edo Museum on the 30th of october 2010 - 89.jpg
lang}}, row house). Kitchen to left, second door on right; munewari nagaya had only a kitchen door.
- Fukiya katayama house01s3200.jpg
lang}}, atrium/kitchen) enters the lateral tatami rooms.
- Kawasaki Nihon Minkaen 06.jpg
lang}}, farmhouse). The attics were probably once used for sericulture.
- Dejima Nagasaki Japan31s3.jpg
Dutch-Japanese interior from Dejima
Unlike the Shiden and Shoin styles, the Sukiya system was, and still is, used in Japanese buildings of all classes.<ref name=JAANUS_amado/><ref name=Morse_Ch5/> Simple shoji became fairly cheap (standardization has already been mentioned), so they were not restricted to the homes of the rich (see illustrations).
Paper-and-wood construction is very liable to fire; densely-packed nagaya row houses were therefore also known as yakeya ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, burning houses).<ref name=edo-tokyo>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Fires were a major problem in Japanese cities well into the Meiji Period; homes (including their furniture and the standardized architectural modules, such as tatami and hiki-do and even floorboards) were made to be quickly packed up and carried away when fire threatened, leaving only the stripped pillars and roof, which could easily be pulled down by firefighters.<ref name=Morse/>
Plate glass was introduced to Japan in the late 1800s.<ref name=koshi-do /> It was used in yukimi shoji (see above) and in paperless garasu-do ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Dutch loan-word garasu, glass). Some early garasu-do were divided into panes by mullions, like contemporary western windows (see images).
The float glass technique, which made large panes of picture-quality glass cheap, was developed in the 1950s in the UK.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=floatpatent>US patent 2911759 – Manufacture of flat glass</ref> The process was made profitable in 1960, and in the early sixties plants were licensed throughout the world, including in Japan.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Japan had developed substantial domestic float glass production by 1965.<ref>Template:Cite report</ref> As 1960s float glass produced large single-pane picture windows in Western architecture, some influenced by the architecture of Japan,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> it also had an effect on Japanese architecture. Float glass was widely applied to traditional kōshi frames, without much change to the traditional structure or appearance.<ref name=koshi-do />
In modern Japan, it is fairly common to have garasu-do (all-glass sliding doors) on the outside of the engawa (veranda under the eaves), and translucent shoji on the inside, especially in cold climates.<ref name=sukiya /> A layer of paper shoji behind a layer of glass helps to insulate the house.<ref name=nagano /> Ama-do are still used to protect the glass; for instance, glass doors and shoji may get two grooves each, and ama-do a single additional groove just outside the glass.<ref>example</ref> Shoji are common in the washitsu of modern Japanese homes; they may also be used instead of curtains in Western-style rooms.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Yoshimatsu02.jpg
Engawa lined with paper-coated shoji (left, frame on inside) and surrounded by all-glass garasu-do (right). The lower glass is frosted.
- 昭和の暮らし (2910417887).jpg
A mid-20th-century Japanese kitchen, with shoji and half-frosted glass sliding doors.
- Nara Irie KyuKyo BookRoom.jpg
Shoji in an interior with Western-style furniture; note float-glass outer doors.
- Ryokan Koaka - 4 (756346060).jpg
Room with shoji in a ryokan.
Aesthetics and cultureEdit
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The silhouettes cast through shoji, and visible on the darker side, are valued for their aesthetic effects.<ref name=fusuma/> In his book on Japanese aesthetics and architecture, In Praise of Shadows, Jun'ichirō Tanizaki comments on the role of shoji in the interaction of light and shadows.<ref>Jun'ichirō Tanizaki (1933). In Praise of Shadows.</ref> Shoji also filter the outside light. How light is brought inside a traditional building, and what kind of light, is considered an integral part of the livability and aesthetics of an interior space.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
The ability to slide the shoji aside, and take them out and put them in a closet, means that living space is more spacious, open, and more connected to the garden outside.<ref name=sukiya/><ref name=objects/> It also means that rooms can be thrown together for special occasions, so that a small house can host large social gatherings.<ref name=Morse_Ch3/> This attribute has been valued since at least Heian times.<ref name=JAANUS_shinden-zukuri/>
Paper shoji can be painted on.<ref name=objects/> While paint blocks the light, shoji were sometimes used for signage (see images).
Portability has encouraged the use of shoji on ceremonial occasions and in theater.<ref name=objects/> A person being thrown through shoji is an action-movie cliché.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
See alsoEdit
- Anidolic lighting
- Engawa (protective veranda)
- Fusuma (opaque version)
- Higashiyama period
- List of partitions of traditional Japanese architecture
- Muntins (glass pane frames)
- Sudare (bamboo screens or blinds)
ReferencesEdit
Further readingEdit
External linksEdit
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