Tujia language

Template:Short description {{#invoke:Infobox|infobox}}Template:Template otherTemplate:Main other

The Tujia language (Template:Citation needed span; Template:Lang-zh) is a Sino-Tibetan language spoken natively by the Tujia people in Hunan Province, China. It is unclassified within the Sino-Tibetan language family, due to pervasive influence from neighboring languages. There are two mutually unintelligible variants, Northern and Southern. Both variants are tonal languages with the tone contours of {{#invoke:IPA|main}} (55, 53, 35, 21). Northern Tujia has 21 initials, whereas Southern Tujia has 26 (with 5 additional voiced initials). As for the finals, Northern Tujia has 25 and Southern Tujia has 30, 12 of which are used exclusively in loanwords from Chinese. Its verbs make a distinction of active and passive voices. Its pronouns distinguish the singular and plural numbers along with the basic and possessive cases. As of 2005, the number of speakers was estimated at 70,000 for Northern Tujia (of which about 100 are monolingual)<ref name=tji>Tujia, Northern</ref> and 1,500 for Southern Tujia,<ref name=tjs>Tujia, Southern</ref> out of an ethnic population of 8 million.<ref name=tji/><ref name=tjs/>

Names

Tujia autonyms include {{#invoke:IPA|main}} ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}; /{{#invoke:IPA|main}}/ in Ye 1995) and {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.Template:Sfn The Tujia people call their language {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.Template:Sfn

Template:Transliteration ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) literally means 'native people', which is the appellation that the Han Chinese had given to them due to their aboriginal status in the area. The Tujia, on the other hand, call the Han Chinese Template:Transliteration ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), a designation also given to the Hakka people, which means 'guest people'.Template:Sfn Tujia is also called "Bizic" by Yulou Zhou.<ref name="Zhou">Template:Cite thesis (list)</ref>

Classification

Tujia is clearly a Sino-Tibetan language, with a number of scholars consider the Tujia languages as belonging to a separate sub-branch of Tibeto-Burman languages,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> but its position within that family is unclear, due to massive borrowing from other Sino-Tibetan languages, in particular loanwords from Chinese.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref> Although it has been placed with other groups in the past, such as under Nuosu language<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> or belongs to the branch of Qiang language,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> linguists now generally leave it unclassified.

Subdivisions

Tujia can be divided into two different languages: Northern Tujia and Southern Tujia, which have 40% lexical similarity with each other.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Almost all Tujia speakers are located in Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture. The Northern dialect has the vast majority of speakers, while the Southern dialect is spoken in only 3 villages of Tanxi Township ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) in Luxi County.

• Northern (Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}): Baojing County, Longshan County, Guzhang County, Yongshun County
  • Template:Transliteration ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}})
  • Template:Transliteration ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}})
  • Template:Transliteration ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}})
• Southern (Template:Transliteration {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}): Tanxi Township in Luxi County

The Tujia-speaking areas of Longshan County are mostly located around the Xiche River 洗车河. The variety studied by Tian (1986) is that of Dianfang Township 靛房乡, Longshan County. Ye focuses on the Northern variety of Xinghuo Village 星火村, Miao'ertan Township 苗儿滩镇 (formerly Miaoshi 苗市), Longshan County 龙山县.Template:Sfn Peng covers the Northern variety of Yongshun County.Template:Sfn Brassett based their Tujia data primarily on the variety of Tasha Township 他砂乡, Longshan County and also partly from Pojiao Township 坡脚乡 and Dianfang Township 靛房乡.Template:Sfn Dai focuses on the variety of Xianren Township 仙仁乡, Baojing County. Zhang (2006) covers the Northern Tujia dialect of Duogu village 多谷村, Longshan County and the Southern Tujia dialect of Poluozhai 婆落寨, Luxi County.Template:Sfn

Chen (2006)

Chen Kang divides Tujia as follows.Template:Sfn

• Tujia
  • Northern
    • Longshan dialect 龙山土语 (autonym: Template:Tonesup or Bifzivkar) - spoken in:
      • Longshan County: Jiashi 贾市, Zan'guo 咱果, Miaoshi 苗市, Pojiao 坡脚, Mengxi 猛西, Tasha 他砂, Shuiba 水坝, Guanping 官平, Neixi 内溪, Ganxi 干溪, Dianfang 靛房
      • Laifeng County, Hubei: Maodong 卯洞
      • Yongshun County: Shaoha 勺哈, Liexi 列夕, Duishan 对山, Gaoping 高坪, Taiping 太平
      • Guzhang County: Qietong 茄通, Tianjiadong 田家洞
    • Baojing dialect 保靖土语 (autonym: Template:Tonesup or Mifqivkar) - spoken in:
      • Baojing County: Bamao 拔茅, Bi'er 比耳, Mawang 马王, Angdong 昂洞
      • Longshan County: Yanchong 岩冲
  • Southern - spoken in the following villages of Tanxi Township 潭溪乡, Luxi County:<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
    • Xiadu 下都 (Tujia: Template:Tonesup or Cirbur)
    • Puzhu 铺竹 (Tujia: Template:Tonesup or Puzzu)
    • Boluozhai 波洛寨 (Tujia: Template:Tonesup or Bolozaif)
    • Qieji 且己 (Tujia: Template:Tonesup or Ciejif)
    • Xiaqieji 下且己 (Tujia: Template:Tonesup or Ciajifafdif)
    • Daboliu 大波流 (Tujia: Template:Tonesup or Cierduovpor)
    • Xiaolingzhai 小零寨 (Tujia: Template:Tonesup or Ciernifsa)
    • Limuzhai 梨木寨 (Tujia: Template:Tonesup or Livmuvzaif)
    • Tumazhai 土麻寨 (Tujia: Template:Tonesup or Tufmavzaiv)
    • Tanxi Town 潭溪镇 (Tujia: Template:Tonesup or Huduo)

Yang (2011)

Yang Zaibiao reports that Tujia is spoken in over 500 natural villages comprising about 200 administrative villages and 34 townships.Template:Sfn The Northern Tujia autonym is {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, and the Southern Tujia autonym is {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.Template:Sfn Yang covers the two Northern Tujia dialects of Dianfang 靛房 and Xiaolongre 小龙热, and the Southern Tujia dialect of Qieji 且己.

• Longshan County (southeastern; 15 townships): Xichehe 洗车河镇, Longtou 隆头镇, Miao'ertan 苗儿滩镇, Dianfang 靛房镇, Luota 洛塔乡, Ganxi 干溪乡, Mengxi 猛西乡, Fengxi 凤溪镇, Pojiao 坡脚乡, Tasha 他砂乡, Neixi 内溪乡, Jiashi 贾市乡, Yanchong 岩冲乡, Changxi 长潭乡, Liye 里耶镇
• Yongshun County (western; 5 townships): Duishan 对山乡, Heping 和平乡, Xiqi 西歧乡, Shouche 首车镇, Shaoha 勺哈乡
• Baojing County (western and southeastern; 10 townships):
  • Western Baojing County: Longtou 隆头乡, Bi'er 比耳乡, Mawang 马王乡, Bamao 拔茅镇, Purong 普戎镇, Angdong 昂洞乡, Longxi 龙溪乡, Boji 簸箕乡
  • Southeastern Baojing County: Tuzha 涂乍乡, Xianren 仙人乡
• Guzhang County (northwestern; 2 townships): Qietong 茄通 (including in Xiaolongre 小龙热村 {{#invoke:IPA|main}}), Duanlong 断龙乡
• Luxi County (1 township): Tanxi 潭溪镇 (including in Qieji 且己村 {{#invoke:IPA|main}} / {{#invoke:IPA|main}})
• Laifeng County (1 township): Hedong 河东乡

Phonology

Consonants

The following are the consonants in both the Northern and Southern Tujia dialects:Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

		Labial	Alveolar	Post- alveolar	Velar
Plosive	voiceless	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link		Template:IPA link
	aspirated	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link		Template:IPA link
	voicedTemplate:Nobold	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link		Template:IPA link
Affricate	voiceless		Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link
	aspirated		Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link
	voicedTemplate:Nobold		Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link
Fricative	voiceless	Template:IPA link1	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link4
	voiced		Template:IPA link		Template:IPA link
Nasal		Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link2	Template:IPA link3	Template:IPA link
Approximant		Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link2	Template:IPA link

1. Voiced plosives and affricates, and {{#invoke:IPA|main}} occur only in the Southern Tujia dialects.
2. {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and {{#invoke:IPA|main}} are in free variation.
3. {{#invoke:IPA|main}} is an allophone of {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.
4. {{#invoke:IPA|main}} has allophones {{#invoke:IPA|main}} before {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and {{#invoke:IPA|main}} before {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.

Vowels

	Front		Central		Back
Close	main}}	main}}	main}}	main}}	{{#invoke:IPA|main}}
Close-mid	{{#invoke:IPA|main}}				main}}	main}}
Open-mid					{{#invoke:IPA|main}}
Open			{{#invoke:IPA|main}}

Vowels/Combinations in the Tujia dialects

		Oral								Nasal
Medial		∅	i	ʉ	e	a	o	u	coda	∅	e	æ	a	u	n	ŋ	coda
Nucleus	∅											main}}			main}}	main}}
	Vowel	main}}		main}}	main}}	main}}	main}}	main}}	main}}	main}}		main}}	main}}	main}}	main}}	main}}
		main}}	main}}		main}}	main}}					main}}	main}}
		main}}	main}}		main}}			main}}
		main}}
		main}}	main}}	main}}				main}}	main}}	main}}						main}}
		main}}	main}}							main}}
		main}}							main}}							main}}	main}}
		main}}		main}}				main}}	main}}
		main}}
		main}}	main}}		main}}	main}}	main}}		main}}	main}}	main}}	main}}	main}}		main}}		main}}

• Combinations with oral vowels {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and nasal vowel {{#invoke:IPA|main}} occur only in the Southern dialects.
• Combinations with vowels {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and coda {{#invoke:IPA|main}} occur only in the Northern dialects.

Orthography

1983 experiment

One system of writing Tujia in Latin script is based on Hanyu Pinyin and uses letters as tone markers, namely, x, r, v, f. It was used in some schools in the area as an experiment, but withdrawn from them in the mid-1990s when the funding ceased.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Brassett, Brassett, & Lu (2006)

Philip Brassett, Cecilia Brassett and Lu Meiyan have proposed an experimental Pinyin orthography for the Tujia language, as follows:Template:Sfn

Tujia Pinyin Consonants

Symbol	IPA	Symbol	IPA
b	main}}	ng	main}}
c	main}}	p	main}}
d	main}}	q	main}}
g	main}}	r	main}}
h	main}}	s	main}}
hh	main}}	t	main}}
j	main}}	w	main}}
k	main}}	x	main}}
l	main}}	y	main}}
m	main}}	z	main}}
n	main}}

Tujia Pinyin Vowels

Symbol	IPA	Symbol	IPA
a	main}}	ing	main}}
ai	main}}	iong	main}}
an	main}}	iu	main}}
ang	main}}	o	main}}
ao	main}}	ong	main}}
e	main}}	ou	main}}
ei	main}}	u	main}}
eng	main}}	ua	main}}
i	main}}	uai	main}}
ia	main}}	uan	main}}
ian	main}}	ui	main}}
iao	main}}	un	main}}
ie	main}}	uo	main}}

Tujia Pinyin Tones

Symbol	Pitch	Name of tone	Letters
1	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}}	High level	-v
2	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}}	Low rising	-f
3	main}}	Low falling	-r
4	main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}}	High falling	-x

Tujia numerals

Tujia Pinyin Tones

Number	Tujia words (with tone letters)
1	La
2	Niev
3	Sov
4	Riev
5	Uv
6	Wor
7	Nier
8	Yer
9	Kiev
10	Laxiv

Language preservation

Although only a small percentage of Tujia people speak the Tujia language, Tujia language enthusiasts work hard on to preserve it, both in Hunan and Hubei. According to news reports, two Tujia language instruction books have been published and work continues on a Tujia dictionary. The Tujia language scholar Chu Yongming (储永明) works with children at the Baifusi Ethnic Minorities School (百福司民族小学) in Baifusi Town, Laifeng County, Hubei to promote the language use.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} based on Template:Citation</ref>

Bibliography

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External links

• Template:Citation
• Tujia basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database
• ELAR archive of Documentation of the Southern Tujia Language of China
• {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}