Template:Short description {{#invoke:Infobox|infobox}}Template:Template otherTemplate:Main other
,_2021,_01.jpg){kind=link}
Crimean Tatar (Template:Crh), also called Crimean (Template:Crh),<ref name=e25/> is a Turkic language spoken in Crimea and the Crimean Tatar diasporas of Uzbekistan, Turkey and Bulgaria, as well as small communities in the United States and Canada. It should not be confused with Tatar, spoken in Tatarstan and adjacent regions in Russia; Crimean Tatar has been extensively influenced by nearby Oghuz languages and is mutually intelligible with them to varying degrees.
A long-term ban on the study of the Crimean Tatar language following the deportation of the Crimean Tatars by the Soviet government has led to the fact that at the moment UNESCO ranks the Crimean Tatar language among the languages under serious threat of extinction (severely endangered).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> However, according to the Institute of Oriental Studies, due to negative situations, the real degree of the threat has elevated to critically endangered in recent years, which are highly likely to face extinction in the coming generations.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Crimean language is one of the official languages of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Efn (Ukraine), along with Ukrainian and Russian. It is also one of the state languages of the Republic of Crimea (Russian occupation, considered "temporarily occupied territories" by the Ukrainian government), the other ones being Ukrainian and Russian.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>Template:Efn
Number of speakersEdit
Today, more than 260,000 Crimean Tatars live in Crimea. Approximately 120,000 reside in Central Asia (mainly in Uzbekistan), where their ancestors had been deported in 1944 during World War II by the Soviet Union. However, of all these people, mostly the older generations are the only ones still speaking Crimean Tatar.<ref name=e25/> In 2013, the language was estimated to be on the brink of extinction, being taught in only around 15 schools in Crimea.
Turkey has provided support to Ukraine, to aid in bringing the schools teaching in Crimean Tatar to a modern state.<ref>Crimean Tatar language in danger Template:Webarchive, Avrupa Times, 02/19/2013</ref> An estimated 5 million people of Crimean origin live in Turkey, descendants of those who emigrated in the 19th and early 20th centuries.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Smaller Crimean Tatar communities such as (Dobrujan Tatars) are also found in Romania (Template:Sigfig) and Bulgaria (Template:Sigfig).<ref name="e25" />
Crimean Tatar is one of the most seriously endangered languages in Europe.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Almost all Crimean Tatars are bilingual or multilingual, using the dominant languages of their respective home countries, such as Russian, Turkish, Romanian, Uzbek, Bulgarian or Ukrainian.
Classification and dialectsEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}
The Crimean Tatar language consists of three or four dialects. Among them is also the southern dialect, also known as the coastal dialect (yalıboyu, cenübiy), which is in the Oghuz branch of Turkic languages commonly spoken in Turkey, Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
HistoryEdit
Template:See also The formation period of the Crimean Tatar spoken dialects began with the first Turkic invasions of Crimea by Cumans and Pechenegs and ended during the period of the Crimean Khanate. However, the official written languages of the Crimean Khanate were Chagatai and Ottoman Turkish. After Islamization, Crimean Tatars wrote with an Arabic script.
In 1876, the different Turkic Crimean dialects were made into a uniform written language by Ismail Gasprinski. A preference was given to the Oghuz dialect of the Yalıboylus, in order to not break the link between the Crimeans and the Turks of the Ottoman Empire. In 1928, the language was reoriented to the middle dialect spoken by the majority of the people.
In 1928, the alphabet was replaced with the Uniform Turkic Alphabet based on the Latin script. The Uniform Turkic Alphabet was replaced in 1938 by a Cyrillic alphabet. During the 1990s and 2000s, the government of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea under Ukraine encouraged replacing the script with a Latin version again, but the Cyrillic has still been widely used (mainly in published literature, newspapers and education). The current Latin-based Crimean Tatar alphabet is the same as the Turkish alphabet, with two additional characters: Ñ ñ and Q q. In the Russian-annexed "Republic of Crimea" all official communications and education in Crimean Tatar are conducted exclusively in the Cyrillic alphabet.<ref name="LangLaw2017">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
PhonologyEdit
VowelsEdit
The vowel system of Crimean Tatar is similar to some other Turkic languages.<ref name="vowels">Template:Harvnb</ref> Because high vowels in Crimean Tatar are short and reduced, {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and {{#invoke:IPA|main}} are realized close to {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, even though they are phonologically distinct.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
ConsonantsEdit
In addition to these phonemes, Crimean also displays marginal phonemes that occur in borrowed words, especially palatalized consonants.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
The southern (coastal) dialect substitutes Template:IPAslink for Template:IPAslink, e.g. standard qara 'black', southern xara.Template:Sfn At the same time the southern and some central dialects preserve glottal Template:IPAslink which is pronounced Template:IPAslink in the standard language.Template:Sfn The northern dialect on the contrary lacks Template:IPAslink and Template:IPAslink, substituting Template:IPAslink for Template:IPAslink and Template:IPAslink for Template:IPAslink.Template:Sfn The northern Template:IPAslink is usually Template:IPAblink, often in the place of Template:IPAslink, compare standard dağ and northern taw 'mountain' (also in other Oghuz and Kipchak languages, such as Template:Langx and Template:Langx).
Template:IPAslink and Template:IPAslink are usually fronted, close to Template:IPAblink and Template:IPAblink.
GrammarEdit
The grammar of Crimean Tatar, like all Turkic languages, is agglutinating,<ref name="Kavitskaya 2010 33">Template:Harvnb</ref> with the exclusive use of suffixing to express grammatical categories.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> Generally, suffixes are attached to the ends of word stems, although derivational morphology makes uses of compounding as well.<ref name="Kavitskaya 2010 33"/> Overall, the grammatical structure of the language is similar to that of other West Kipchak varieties.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> Crimean Tatar is a pro-drop language<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> with a generally SOV word order.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
MorphophonologyEdit
Crimean Tatar, like most Turkic languages, features pervasive vowel harmony, which results in sound changes when suffixes are added to verb or noun stems.<ref name="Kavitskaya 2010, p.25">Kavitskaya 2010, p.25</ref> Essentially, the vowel in a suffix undergoes assimilation to agree in certain categories with the vowel in the stem.<ref>Kavitskaya 2010, p.26</ref> The two main types of assimilation that characterize this agreement in Crimean Tatar morphophonology are backness harmony and rounding harmony.<ref name="Kavitskaya 2010, p.25"/>
Template:AnchorUsing the transliteration system in Kavitskaya (2010), non-high vowels undergoing backness harmony vary between [a] and [e], and are represented as A. High vowels that undergo both backness and rounding harmony alternate between [i], [y], [ɪ] and [u] and are represented as I. High vowels in suffixes that are never rounded and alternate between [i] and [ɪ] are represented as Y, whereas high vowels in suffixes that are always round and alternate between [u] and [y] are represented as U.<ref>Kavitskaya 2010, p.33</ref>
Some consonants undergo similar harmonizing changes depending on whether the preceding segment is voiced or voiceless, or whether the segment demonstrates backness harmony. Consonants that alternate between [k], [q], [g] and [ɣ] are represented as K, alternating [k] and [g] as G, alternating [t] and [d] by D, and alternating [tʃ] and [dʒ] as Ç.<ref name="Kavitskaya 2010, p.34">Kavitskaya 2010, p.34</ref>
Thus, the suffix -şAr could be rendered as "şar" or "şer" depending on the vowel in the morpheme preceding it.<ref name="Kavitskaya 2010, p.34"/>
VerbsEdit
Crimean Tatar verbal morphology is fairly complex, inflecting for tense, number, person, aspect, mood and voice.<ref name="Kavitskaya 2010, p.61">Kavitskaya 2010, p.61</ref> Verbs are conjugated according to the following paradigm:<ref name="Kavitskaya 2010, p.75">Kavitskaya 2010, p.75</ref>
[STEM] + [reflexive] + [causative] + [passive] + [negation] + [tense/aspect/mood] + [person/number]
It is possible, albeit rare, for a single verb to contain all of these possible components, as in:
For the most part, each type of suffix would only appear once in any given word, although it is possible in some circumstances for causative suffixes to double up.<ref name="Kavitskaya 2010, p.73">Kavitskaya 2010, p.73</ref>
Infinitive verbs take the -mAK suffix and can be negated by the addition of the suffix -mA between the verb stem and the infinitive suffix, creating verb constructions that do not easily mirror English.<ref name="Kavitskaya 2010, p.75">Kavitskaya 2010, p.75</ref>
Verb derivation
Novel verb stems are derived chiefly by applying a verbalizing suffix to a noun or adjective, as demonstrated in the following examples:<ref>Kavitskaya 2010, p.78</ref>
Bare verb stems can also be compounded with noun stems to create new verbs,<ref>Kavitskaya 2010, p.79</ref> as in: Template:Fs interlinear
Person markers
There are two types of person markers for finite verbs, pronominal and possessive. Depending on tense and mood, verbs will take one or the other set of endings.<ref>Kavitskaya 2010, p.62</ref>
Pronominal Singular Plural 1st Person -(I)m -mIz 2nd Person -sIñ -sI(ñI)z 3rd Person Ø -(lAr)
Possessive Singular Plural 1st Person -(I)m -mIz 2nd Person -sIñ -sI(ñI)z 3rd Person Ø -(lAr)
Grammatical person is not marked in third person singular, and the marker is optional in third person plural.<ref name="Kavitskaya 2010, p.63">Kavitskaya 2010, p.63</ref> As shown above, these markers come as the last element in the broader verb complex.
Tense and aspect markers
Grammatical tense and aspect are expressed in combination by the addition of various markers to the verb stem. Some of these markers match with pronominal person markers, while others take possessive person markers. Each tense/aspect has an associated negation marker; most of these are -mA but there is some variation.<ref name="Kavitskaya 2010, p.63"/>
Marker Negation Person Marker Example General Present -A/y -mAy pronominal alam ("I take") Present Progressive -mAKtA -mA pronominal yazmaqtamız ("We are writing.") Future/Present -Ar/Ir -mAz pronominal bağırırım ("I will yell.") Categorical Future -cAK -mAy pronominal alacağım ("I will [probably] take") General Past -DY -mA possessive Qırımğa keldik ("We returned to Crimea.") Evidential Past -KAn -mA pronominal bergenler ("they [apparently] gave") Conditional -sA -mA possessive alsam ("if I take")
A separate set of compound tenses are formed by adding the past tense copula edi- to the derived forms listed above.<ref>Kavitskaya 2010, pp.67-69</ref>
Formed With Negation Example Habitual Past Future/Present -mAz alır edim ("I often used to take") Compound Past General Present -A/y ala edik ("we were taking") Pluperfect Evidential Past -mA alğan edim ("I had taken") Counterfactual Past Categorical Future -mA yazacaq edim ("I would have written") Progressive Past Progressive -mA Ketmekte edim. ("I kept going.") Past Conditional Conditional -mA alsa edim ("if I had taken")
Mood
The imperative is formed using a specific set of person markers, and negated using -mA. In second person imperatives, only the bare verb stem is used. A first person imperative expresses an "I/we should do X" sentiment, whereas third person expresses "let him/her do X," as shown below with unut ("to forget"):<ref>Kavitskaya 2010, p.70</ref>
Singular Plural 1st Person -(A)yIm -(A)yIK 2nd Person Ø -IñIz 3rd Person -sIn -sInlAr
Other moods are constructed similarly to tense/aspect forms.<ref>Kavitskaya 2010, pp.70-71</ref>
Marker Negation Person Marker Example Optative -KAy(dI) -mAy pronominal Aytqaydım ("I wish I had spoken.") Obligative -mAlY -mA possessive Aytmalım ("I have to speak.")
Voice
Grammatical voice is expressed by the addition of suffixes which come in sequence before negation, tense, aspect, mood and person markers.<ref>Kavitskaya 2010, p.74</ref> There are several causative suffixes which vary depending on the ending of the verb stem.<ref name="Kavitskaya 2010, p.73"/>
Voice Marker Example Passive -(I)l aşal ("be eaten") Reflexive -(I)n boğul ("drown oneself") Reciprocal -(I)ş tapış ("find each other")
Causative Marker Added To Example -t polysyllabic stems ending in vowel işlet ("force to work") -It stems ending in -rk, -lk, -k qorqut ("to scare [someone]") -Ir monosyllabic stems ending in -t, -ç, -ş uçur ("allow to fly away") -Ar monosyllabic stems qopar ("break off [something]") -DIrm most remaining stems töktür ("force to spill")
Participles
Past, future and present participles are formed by the addition of suffixes and are negated in the same way as other verbs.<ref>Kavitskaya 2010, pp.76-77</ref>
Marker Negation Past -KAn -mA Future -cAK -mAy Present -r -mAz
Copula
The copula ol ("to be, become, exist") is generally expressed as a predicate suffix in the present tense, closely resembling the pronominal person endings, as displayed below.<ref name="Kavitskaya 2010, p.61"/> The third person endings are frequently deleted in colloquial speech. The copula’s past tense form, edi, is suppletive. Future tense copular forms are constructed by the addition of the categorical future suffix -cAK.<ref name="Kavitskaya 2010, p.61"/>
Singular Plural 1st Person -(I)m -mIz 2nd Person -sIñ -sI(ñI)z 3rd Perso (-dır) (-dır)
<section begin="list-of-glossing-abbreviations"/>
<section end="list-of-glossing-abbreviations"/>
Converbs
Converbs, a characteristic of many Turkic languages,<ref>Johanson 1995, p.314</ref> express sequential or dependent action. Present tense converbs are formed by the addition of the suffixes -A (used after consonants) and -y (used after vowels). In past tense, converbs take the suffix -Ip.<ref>Kavitskaya 2010, p.77</ref> Thus:
NounsEdit
Crimean Tatar noun stems take suffixes which express grammatical number, case and possession. As in all other Turkic languages, there is no grammatical gender in Crimean Tatar.<ref name="Kavitskaya 2010, p.35">Kavitskaya 2010, p.35</ref> Nouns are declined according to the following paradigm:<ref name="Kavitskaya 2010, p.35"/>
[STEM] + [number] + [possession] + [case]
Noun derivation
Noun stems are derived in a number of ways. Most commonly, a bare noun stem can take a denominal suffix which alters its basic meaning.<ref>Kavitskaya 2010, p.39</ref> Similarly, a bare verb stem can take a deverbal suffix that converts it into a noun.<ref>Kavitskaya 2010, p.41</ref> There are many such denominal and deverbal suffixes in Crimean Tatar;<ref>Kavitskaya 2010, pp.39-43</ref> some common suffixes are shown below:
| Marker | Meaning | Example | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|
| -dAş | belonging to group | yaşdaş ("of same age") | age-SUF |
| -kir | association/inclination | işkir ("hard worker") | work-SUF |
| -lIK | abstraction | dostluq ("friendship") | friend-SUF |
| -şınas | performer of act | tilşınas ("linguist") | tongue-SUF |
| -ÇI | performer of act | arabaçı ("driver") | cart-SUF |
| -çYK | diminutive | buzçıq ("piece of ice") | ice-SUF |
Deverbal Marker Meaning Example Gloss -mA result of action aşıqma ("a hurry") hurry-SUF -KI instrument of action bilgi ("knowledge") know-SUF -KIç utility of action tutquç ("holder, handle") hold-SUF -I general noun formation ölü ("dead man") die-SUF -(I)k general noun formation kürek ("shovel") scoop-SUF -(U)v general noun formation quruv ("building") build-SUF
Noun stems can also be reduplicated, which lends a more generalized meaning.<ref>Kavitskaya 2010, p.43</ref> The last method of noun derivation is through the compounding of two noun stems.<ref name="Kavitskaya 2010, p.44">Kavitskaya 2010, p.44</ref> Thus:
Number
Nouns are pluralized by the addition of the suffix -lAr to the noun stem. The vowel in this plural suffix agrees phonetically with the final vowel in the stem.<ref name="Kavitskaya 2010, p.35"/>
Use of the plural can also express respect,<ref name="Kavitskaya 2010, p.36">Kavitskaya 2010, p.36</ref> as in:
Possession
Possession is expressed through person-specific suffixing. As with the plural suffix, possession suffixes harmonize with the preceding vowel in regular ways.<ref name="Kavitskaya 2010, p.36"/>
Singular Plural 1st Person -(I)m -(I)mIz 2nd Person -(I)ñ -(I)ñIz 3rd Person -s(I) -(lar)-(s)I
Case
Crimean Tatar has six grammatical cases.<ref name="Kavitskaya 2010, p.37">Kavitskaya 2010, p.37</ref> The nominative case is unmarked, and the remaining cases are expressed through suffixing. These suffixes come last in a fully declined noun.<ref name="Kavitskaya 2010, p.37"/>
Suffix Example with bala ("child") Nominative Ø bala ("the child" [subject]) Accusative -nY balanı ("the child" [direct object]) Genitive -nYñ balanıñ ("of the child") Dative -KA balağa ("to the child") Locative -DA balada ("at the child") Ablative -Dan baladan ("away from the child")
PronounsEdit
Like nouns, pronouns are inflected for number, person and case but not for gender.<ref name="Kavitskaya 2010, p.44"/>
Singular Plural 1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd Nominative men sen o biz siz olar Accusative meni seni onı bizni sizni olarnı Genitive menim seniñ onıñ bizim siziñ olarnıñ Dative maña saña oña bizge sizge olarǧa Locative mende sende onda bizde sizde olarda Ablative menden senden ondan bizden sizden olardan
The second person plural pronoun can be used to denote formality or respect, even if its referent is a single person.<ref name="Kavitskaya 2010, p.45">Kavitskaya 2010, p.45</ref>
There are two roots, öz- and kendi-, that express reflexivity. Of the two, kendi- is more common in the southern dialect, but both are used throughout the entire area in which Crimean Tatar is spoken.<ref name="Kavitskaya 2010, p.45"/>
Possessive pronouns are formed by adding the suffix -ki to the genitive form of a personal pronoun,<ref>Kavitskaya 2010, p.49</ref> as in:
Singular Plural 1st Person menimki bizimki 2nd Person seniñki siziñki 3rd Person onıñki olarnıñki
AdjectivesEdit
Adjectives in Crimean Tatar precede the nouns they modify. They do not show agreement, and as such do not take any of the case, person or possession suffixes.<ref name="Kavitskaya 2010, p.52">Kavitskaya 2010, p.52</ref>
Adjectives can be derived by the addition of certain suffixes to a noun or verb stem.<ref>Kavitskaya 2010, p.54</ref>
<section begin="list-of-glossing-abbreviations"/>
<section end="list-of-glossing-abbreviations"/>
The comparative and superlative forms of adjectives are expressed, respectively, by the suffix -ÇA and the particle eñ,<ref name="Kavitskaya 2010, p.52"/> as in the following examples:
An idiomatic superlative form using episi ("all") in the ablative case is also possible.<ref name="Kavitskaya 2010, p.52"/>
PostpositionsEdit
Crimean Tatar uses postpositions. Each postposition governs a specific case, either dative, genitive or ablative.<ref>Kavitskaya 2010, pp.81-84</ref> Some common postpositions are shown below:
Postposition English Case' qadar until DAT taba towards DAT zarfında during GEN ile with GEN içün for GEN soñ after ABL sebep due to ABL
Writing systemsEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Crimean Tatar is written in either the Cyrillic or Latin alphabets, both modified to the specific needs of Crimean Tatar, and either used respective to where the language is used.
Historically, the Arabic script was used from the sixteenth century. In the Soviet Union, it was replaced by a Latin alphabet based on Yañalif in 1928, and by a Cyrillic alphabet in 1938.
After Russia's annexation of Crimea in 2014, Cyrillic became the sole script allowed in Russian occupied Crimea because according to the Constitutional Court of Russia decision made in 2004, all languages of Russia must use Cyrillic.<ref name="LangLaw2017" /> However there are some contradictions to the decision: virtually all Finnic languages, including distantly-related Skolt Sámi, spoken in Russia, however, currently use the Latin script as their sister languages Finnish and Estonian do, despite the historical existence of Karelian Cyrillic alphabet.
In 1992, a Latin alphabet based on Common Turkic Alphabet was adopted by the decision of the Qurultay of the Crimean Tatar People, which was formally supported by the Supreme Council of Crimea in 1997 but never implemented officially on practical level. However, in 2021, the Ministry of Reintegration of Temporarily Occupied Territories of Ukraine has announced it begins the implementation of the decision, with vice premier Oleksii Reznikov supporting the transition by stating that Latin corresponds better to Turkic phonetics. The ministry revealed it plans to finish the transition to Latin by 2025, which was supported by the Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People. The alphabet is co-developed by A. Yu. Krymskyi Institute of Oriental Studies, Potebnia Institute of Linguistics, Institute of Philology of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv and Tavrida National V.I. Vernadsky University.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Arabic alphabetEdit
Crimean Tatars used Arabic script from the 16thTemplate:Citation needed century to 1928.
| Contextual forms | Name | Modern Latin form | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Isolated | Final | Medial | Initial | ||
| ﺍ | ﺎ | — | elif | a, â | |
| ﺀ | — | hemze | - | ||
| ﺏ | ﺐ | ﺒ | ﺑ | be | b, p (word-ending) |
| ﭖ | ﭗ | ﭙ | ﭘ | pe | p |
| ﺕ | ﺖ | ﺘ | ﺗ | te | t |
| ﺙ | ﺚ | ﺜ | ﺛ | se | s |
| ﺝ | ﺞ | ﺠ | ﺟ | cim | c |
| ﭺ | ﭻ | ﭽ | ﭼ | çim | ç |
| ﺡ | ﺢ | ﺤ | ﺣ | ha | - |
| ﺥ | ﺦ | ﺨ | ﺧ | hı | h |
| ﺩ | ﺪ | — | dal | d | |
| ﺫ | ﺬ | — | zel | z | |
| ﺭ | ﺮ | — | re | r | |
| ﺯ | ﺰ | — | ze | z | |
| ﮊ | ﮋ | — | je | j | |
| ﺱ | ﺲ | ﺴ | ﺳ | sin | s |
| ﺵ | ﺶ | ﺸ | ﺷ | şin | ş |
| ﺹ | ﺺ | ﺼ | ﺻ | sad | s |
| ﺽ | ﺾ | ﻀ | ﺿ | dad | d, z |
| ﻁ | ﻂ | ﻄ | ﻃ | tı | t |
| ﻅ | ﻆ | ﻈ | ﻇ | zı | z |
| ﻉ | ﻊ | ﻌ | ﻋ | ayn | - |
| ﻍ | ﻎ | ﻐ | ﻏ | ğayn | ğ |
| ﻑ | ﻒ | ﻔ | ﻓ | fe | f |
| ﻕ | ﻖ | ﻘ | ﻗ | qaf | q |
| ﻙ | ﻚ | ﻜ | ﻛ | kef (kef-i arabiy) |
k (g, ñ) 1 |
| ﮒ | ﮓ | ﮕ | ﮔ | gef (kef-i farsiy) |
g |
| ﯓ | ﯔ | ﯖ | ﯕ | nef (kef-i nuniy, sağır kef) |
ñ |
| ﻝ | ﻞ | ﻠ | ﻟ | lâm | l |
| ﻡ | ﻢ | ﻤ | ﻣ | mim | m |
| ﻥ | ﻦ | ﻨ | ﻧ | nun | n |
| ﻭ | ﻮ | — | vav | v, o, ö, u, ü | |
| ﻩ | ﻪ | ﻬ | ﻫ | he | -, e, a |
| ﻻ | ﻼ | — | lâm-elif | la, lâ | |
| ﻯ | ﻰ | ﻴ | ﻳ | ye | y, ı, i |
Note:
- The letter ﻙ (kef) is often used in place of ﮒ and ﯓ.
Latin alphabetEdit
 â is not considered to be a separate letter. Usually it represents the near-open front unrounded vowel, /æ/.
| a | b | c | ç | d | e | f | g | ğ | h | ı | i (ĭ) | j | k | l | m | n | ñ | o | ö | p | q | r | s | ş | t | u | ü | v (w) | y | z |
| main}} | main}} | main}} | main}} | main}} | main}} | main}} | main}} | main}} | main}} | main}} | main}} | main}} | main}} | main}} | main}} | main}} | main}} | main}} | main}} | main}} | main}} | main}} | main}} | main}} | main}} | main}} | main}} | main}} | main}} | main}} |
Cyrillic alphabetEdit
| а | б | в | г | гъ | д | е | ё | ж | з | и | й | к | къ | л | м | н | нъ | о | п | р | с | т | у | ф | х | ц | ч | дж | ш | щ | ъ | ы | ь | э | ю | я |
| main}} | main}} | main}} | main}} | main}} | main}} | main}} | main}} | main}} | main}} | main}} | main}} | main}} | main}} | main}} | main}} | main}} | main}} | main}} | main}} | main}} | main}} | main}} | main}} | main}} | main}} | main}} | main}} | main}} | main}} | main}} | main}} | main}} | main}} | main}} | main}} | main}} |
The digraphs гъ, къ, нъ and дж are separate letters.
SampleEdit
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 1:
Bütün insanlar serbestlik, menlik ve uquqlarda musaviy olıp dünyağa keleler. Olar aqıl ve vicdan saibidirler ve biri-birilerinen qardaşçasına munasebette bulunmalıdırlar.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Legal statusEdit
The Crimean peninsula is internationally recognized as territory of Ukraine, but since the 2014 annexation by the Russian Federation is de facto administered as part of the Russian Federation.
According to Russian law, by the April 2014 constitution of the Republic of Crimea and the 2017 Crimean language law,<ref name="LangLaw2017" /> the Crimean Tatar language is a state language in Crimea alongside Russian and Ukrainian, while Russian is the state language of the Russian Federation, the language of interethnic communication, and required in public postings in the conduct of elections and referendums.<ref name="LangLaw2017" />
In Ukrainian law, according to the constitution of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, as published in Russian by its Verkhovna Rada,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Russian and Crimean Tatar languages enjoy a "protected" (Template:Langx) status; every citizen is entitled, at his request ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), to receive government documents, such as "passport, birth certificate and others" in Crimean Tatar; but Russian is the language of interethnic communication and to be used in public life. According to the constitution of Ukraine, Ukrainian is the state language. Recognition of Russian and Crimean Tatar was a matter of political and legal debate.
Before the Sürgünlik, the 18 May 1944 deportation by the Soviet Union of Crimean Tatars to internal exile in Uzbek SSR, Crimean Tatar had an official language status in the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.
MediaEdit
The first Crimean Tatar newspaper was Terciman published in 1883-1918 by Ismail Gasprinsky. Some other Crimean Tatar media include: ATR, Qırım Aqiqat, Qırım, Meydan, Qırım Alemi, Avdet, Yañı Dünya, Yıldız.
NotesEdit
ReferencesEdit
BibliographyEdit
External linksEdit
- National corpus of Crimean Tatar language
- Linguistic corpus of Crimean Tatar language
- Crimean Tatar internet library
- Automatic Latin–Cyrillic transliterator for Crimean Tatar texts
- Crimean Tatar Online Dictionary
- Grammar about the northern dialect "Crimean Nogai"
- Crimean Tatar language names of places in Crimea
- Crimean Tatar in Omniglot
Template:Crimea topics Template:Turkic languages Template:Languages of Russia Template:Languages of Ukraine Template:Portal bar Template:Authority control