Automat

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File:StollwerckAutomatenrestaurant1896.jpg

The first automat at 13 Leipziger Straße in Berlin, Germany<ref>Bernardo Friese, grandson of Max Sielaff</ref><ref name="Automat-Restaurants" />)

File:Meal ticket - shokkenki - May 13 2022 01-38PM.jpeg

A food ticket machine in Japan in 2022

An automat is a type of fast-food restaurant where food and drink are served through a vending machine, typically without waitstaff. The world's first automat, Quisisana, opened in Berlin, Germany in 1895.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

By countryEdit

GermanyEdit

File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-25350-0001, Berlin, Alexanderplatz, Automatenrestaurant, Nacht.jpg

An automat in East Berlin, 1954

The first documented automat was Quisisana, which opened in 1895 in Berlin, Germany.<ref name="Smith Oliver 2015 p. 24">Template:Cite book</ref> In 1904, a similar restaurant opened in Breslau.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

JapanEdit

In Japan, in addition to vending machines that sell prepared food, many restaurants also use food ticket machines (Template:Langx). This process involves purchasing a meal ticket from a vending machine, which is then presented to a server who prepares and serves the meal.

Kaitenzushi restaurants, which serve sushi on conveyor belts, are also common in Japan.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

NetherlandsEdit

File:Vendingautomaat warme snacks Efteling.jpg

An automat in Efteling

File:Smullers.JPG

A Smullers automat/snack bar at Den Haag Centraal railway station

Automats (Template:Langx) provide a variety of typical Dutch fried fast food, such as frikandellen and croquettes, as well as hamburgers and sandwiches from vending machines which are back-loaded from a kitchen.

FEBO is the best-known chain of Dutch automats, with some outlets open 24 hours a day. <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

United StatesEdit

File:20200729 0818-0820 CHESTNUT.jpg

818 Chestnut St, Philadelphia, the site of the first U.S. Horn & Hardart Automat, pictured with original automat signage in July 2020.

The first automat in the United States was opened by food services company Horn & Hardart on June 12, 1902, at 818 Chestnut St.<ref name="Automat-Restaurants" /> in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.<ref>"Horn & Hardart Automat, 968 6th Ave. between 35th & 36th Sts. (1986)", 36th Street, New York City Signs -- 14th to 42nd Street.</ref> Inspired by Max Sielaff's automat restaurants in Berlin, they were among the first 47 restaurants (and the first outside of Europe) to receive patented vending machines from Sielaff's Berlin factory.<ref name="Automat-Restaurants">Automat-Restaurants – AUTOMAT GmbH, 23 Spenerstrasse, Berlin, N.W. :: Trade Catalogs and Pamphlets - OCLC</ref> The automat spread to New York City<ref name="Automat-Restaurants" /> in 1912,<ref name="thngofpa">Template:Cite news</ref> and gradually became part of popular culture in northern industrial cities.

Originally, the machines in U.S. automats only accepted nickels.<ref name="Lui">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A cashier sat in a change booth in the center of the restaurant, behind a wide marble counter with five to eight rounded depressions. The diner would insert the required number of coins in a machine and then lift a window, hinged at the top, and remove the meal, which was usually wrapped in waxed paper. The kitchen was located behind the machines and used to replenish them from the rear.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Automats were popular with a wide variety of celebrity patrons, including Walter Winchell and Irving Berlin. The New York automats were also popular with unemployed songwriters and actors. Playwright Neil Simon called automats "the Maxim's of the disenfranchised" in 1987.<ref name='Times-1991' />

The automat was threatened by the arrival of fast food restaurants, which served food over the counter with more payment flexibility than traditional automats. By the 1970s, the automats' remaining appeal in their core urban markets was chiefly nostalgic. Another contributing factor to their demise was inflation, which caused an increase in food prices and made the use of coins inconvenient in a time before bill acceptors were common on vending equipment.Template:Citation needed

At one time, there were 40 Horn & Hardart automats in New York City. The last one closed in 1991, when the company had converted most of its New York City locations into Burger King restaurants. At the time, customers had been noticing a decrease in the quality of the food.<ref name='Times-1991'>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name='AP-1991'>Template:Cite news</ref>

2000s US revivalsEdit

In an attempt to revive automats, a company called Bamn! opened a Dutch-style automat store in the East Village in New York City in 2006,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> only to close three years later.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2015, another attempt to open an automat was made by a San Francisco company called Eatsa, which opened six automated restaurants in California, New York, and the District of Columbia, but they all closed by 2019. The company soon rebranded itself as Brightloom, and continue to sell automation technology to restaurants.

The COVID-19 pandemic inspired a new wave of automat revival attempts, aimed to adapt to the social distancing guidelines and the desire for contactless dining. Joe Scutellaro and Bob Baydale opened Automat Kitchen, which specialized in fresh food, in Jersey City's Newport Centre in early 2021;<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> however, it closed after one year of operation because of low foot traffic due to the pandemic.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Another automat chain, the Brooklyn Dumpling Shop, opened in the East Village in 2021;<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> they opened a chain in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in December 2023.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Automat, 977 Eighth Avenue, Manhattan (NYPL b13668355-482752).jpg

An automat in Manhattan, New York City in 1936.
Bamn Automat.png

An automat in Manhattan's East Village, c. 2007.<ref name="Lui" />
Horn & Hardart Automat New York City 57th Street.JPG

An automat at 1165 Sixth Avenue, New York City, in the 1930s.
Horn & Hardart automat.JPG

A Horn & Hardart postcard explaining how food was served in an automat, c. 1930s.
Bamn Automat.jpg

A Bamn! automat, 2006

Rail transportEdit

A form of the automat was used on some passenger trains. The Great Western Railway in the United Kingdom announced plans in December 1945 to introduce an automat on buffet cars.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Plans were delayed by impending nationalisation, but an automat was finally introduced on the Cambrian Coast Express in 1962.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

In the United States, the Pennsylvania Railroad introduced an automat between New York Penn Station, and Washington Union Station, in 1954.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Southern Pacific Railroad introduced automat buffet cars on the Coast Daylight and Sunset Limited in 1962. Amtrak converted four buffet cars to automats in 1985 for use on the Auto Train.

In Switzerland, the Bodensee–Toggenburg Bahn introduced automat buffet cars in 1987.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

With the advent of air travel and other forms of transportation, automats on trains became less popular and were eventually phased out. The last automat in use on a train in the United States was on the short-lived Lake Country Limited in 2001.