Tokugawa shogunate

Template:Short description Template:Use mdy dates {{#invoke:Infobox|infoboxTemplate |templatestyles = Template:Infobox country/styles.css | bodyclass = ib-country vcard | aboveclass = adr | above = {{#if:Tokugawa shogunateTemplate:Ublist

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Tokugawa shogunate

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Shogunate }}{{#if:|

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Heian-kyō (1613–1638)
Edo (1638–1868)|capital

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(Shōgun's residence)
Heian-kyō
(Emperor's palace)
                          | [[Osaka (1600–1613)
Heian-kyō (1613–1638)
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                          | Osaka (1600–1613)
Heian-kyō (1613–1638)
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                          | not capital

}}}}|capital |

and largest city

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Modern Japanese<ref name="Shibatani"/>

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Japanese Buddhism<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Confucianism<ref name="Calabresi2021">Template:Cite book</ref>
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Shinto<ref name="Calabresi2021"/>
Shinbutsu-shūgō<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Japanese Buddhism<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
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Shogunate

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Shogunate|Calling code]]

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Shogunate

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Website
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Shogunate }}{{#if:|

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Template:Aligned table

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Template:Aligned table

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Template:Aligned table

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Capital punishment
Currency
Earthquakes
Economy
Era names
Education
Empire
Foreign relations
Geography
Historiography
Religion
- Buddhism
- Christianity
- Islam
- Judaism
- Shinto
Military
Naval
Politics
Post-war
Science and technology
Sports
World Heritage Sites

Template:Endflatlist

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}} The Tokugawa shogunate,Template:Efn also known as the Template:Nihongo foot was the military government of Japan during the Edo period from 1603 to 1868.<ref name="nussbaum978">Template:Harvnb</ref><ref name="Edo-jidai">Template:Harvnb</ref><ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>

The Tokugawa shogunate was established by Tokugawa Ieyasu after victory at the Battle of Sekigahara, ending the civil wars of the Sengoku period following the collapse of the Ashikaga shogunate. Ieyasu became the shōgun, and the Tokugawa clan governed Japan from Edo Castle in the eastern city of Edo (Tokyo) along with the daimyō lords of the samurai class.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref><ref name="nussbaum976">Template:Harvnb</ref><ref name="Edo-jidai" />

The Tokugawa shogunate organized Japanese society under the strict Tokugawa class system and banned most foreigners under the isolationist policies of Sakoku to promote political stability. The Tokugawa shoguns governed Japan in a feudal system, with each daimyō administering a han (feudal domain), although the country was still nominally organized as imperial provinces. Under the Tokugawa shogunate, Japan experienced rapid economic growth and urbanization, which led to the rise of the merchant class and Ukiyo culture.

The Tokugawa shogunate declined during the Bakumatsu period from 1853 and was overthrown by supporters of the Imperial Court in the Meiji Restoration in 1868. The Empire of Japan was established under the Meiji government, and Tokugawa loyalists continued to fight in the Boshin War until the defeat of the Republic of Ezo at the Battle of Hakodate in June 1869.

HistoryEdit

Template:See also Template:Further Following the Sengoku period ("Warring States period"), the central government had been largely re-established by Oda Nobunaga during the Azuchi–Momoyama period. After the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600, central authority fell to Tokugawa Ieyasu.<ref name="nussbaum978" /> While many daimyos who fought against him were extinguished or had their holdings reduced, Ieyasu was committed to retaining the daimyos and the han (domains) as components under his new shogunate.<ref name="brown 1997">Template:Cite book</ref> Daimyos who sided with Ieyasu were rewarded, and some of Ieyasu's former vassals were made daimyos and were located strategically throughout the country.<ref name="brown 1997" /> The sankin-kotai policy, in an effort to constrain rebellions by the daimyos, mandated the housing of wives and children of the daimyos in the capital as hostages.<ref name="paik steele tanaka 2017" />

In 1616, there was a failed attempt of the invasion of Taiwan by a Shogunate subject named Murayama Tōan.<ref name="Taiwan Government">Taiwan Government Template:Webarchive</ref><ref name="gregorysmits">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

A long period of peace occurred between the Siege of Osaka in 1615 and the Keian Uprising in 1651. This period saw the bakufu (shogunate's administration) prioritise civil administration, while civil society witnessed a surge in trade and industrial activities. Trade under the reign of Ieyasu saw much new wealth created by mining and goods manufacturing, which resulted in a rural population flow to urban areas.<ref name="sansom 1958">Template:Cite book</ref> By the Genroku period (1688–1704) Japan saw a period of material prosperity and the blossoming of the arts, such as the early development of ukiyo-e by Moronobu. The reign of Tokugawa Yoshimune (1716–1745) saw poor harvests and a fall in tax revenue in the early 1720s, as a result he pushed for the Kyoho reforms to repair the finances of the bakufu as he believed the military aristocracy was losing its power against the rich merchants and landowners.<ref name="sansom 1958" />

Society in the Tokugawa period, unlike in previous shogunates, was supposedly based on the strict class hierarchy originally established by Toyotomi Hideyoshi. The daimyō (lords) were at the top, followed by the warrior-caste of samurai, with the farmers, artisans, and traders ranking below. In some parts of the country, particularly smaller regions, daimyō, and samurai were more or less identical, since daimyō might be trained as samurai, and samurai might act as local rulers.Template:Citation needed

The largely inflexible nature of this social stratification system unleashed disruptive forces over time. Taxes on the peasantry were set at fixed amounts that did not account for inflation or other changes in monetary value. As a result, the tax revenues collected by the samurai landowners increasingly declined over time. A 2017 study found that peasant rebellions and desertion lowered tax rates and inhibited state growth in the Tokugawa shogunate.<ref name="paik steele tanaka 2017">Template:Cite journal</ref> By the mid-18th century, both the shogun and daimyos were hampered by financial difficulties, whereas more wealth flowed to the merchant class. Peasant uprisings and samurai discontent became increasingly prevalent. Some reforms were enacted to attend to these issues such as the Kansei reform (1787–1793) by Matsudaira Sadanobu.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> He bolstered the bakufu's rice stockpiles and mandated daimyos to follow suit. He cut down urban spending, allocated reserves for potential famines, and urged city-dwelling peasants to return to rural areas.<ref name="mikiso perez 2015" />

By 1800, Japan included five cities with over 100,000 residents, and three among the world's twenty cities that had more than 300,000 inhabitants. Edo likely claimed the title of the world's most populous city, housing over one million people.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>

Christians under the ShogunateEdit

Followers of Catholic Christians first began appearing in Japan during the 16th century. Oda Nobunaga embraced Christianity and the Western technology that was imported with it, such as the musket. He also saw it as a tool he could use to suppress Buddhist forces.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>

Though Christianity was allowed to grow until the 1610s, Tokugawa Ieyasu soon began to see it as a growing threat to the stability of the shogunate. As Ōgosho ("Cloistered Shōgun"),<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> he influenced the implementation of laws that banned the practice of Christianity. His successors followed suit, compounding upon Ieyasu's laws. The ban of Christianity is often linked with the creation of the Seclusion laws, or Sakoku, in the 1630s.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>

Late Tokugawa shogunate (1853–1867)Edit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

File:Satsuma-samurai-during-boshin-war-period.jpg

Samurai of the Shimazu clan

The late Tokugawa shogunate (Template:Langx Bakumatsu) was the period between 1853 and 1867, during which Japan ended its isolationist foreign policy called sakoku and modernized from a feudal shogunate to the Meiji government. The 1850s saw growing resentment by the tozama daimyōs and anti-Western sentiment following the arrival of a U.S. Navy fleet under the command of Matthew C. Perry (which led to the forced opening of Japan). The major ideological and political factions during this period were divided into the pro-imperialist Ishin Shishi (nationalist patriots) and the shogunate forces; aside from the dominant two groups, other factions attempted to use the chaos of the Bakumatsu era to seize personal power.<ref name="SHINSENGUMI">Template:Cite book</ref>

An alliance of daimyos and the emperor succeeded in overthrowing the shogunate, which came to an official end in 1868 with the resignation of the 15th Tokugawa shogun, Tokugawa Yoshinobu, leading to the "restoration" (王政復古, Ōsei fukko) of imperial rule. Some loyal retainers of the shogun continued to fight during the Boshin War that followed but were eventually defeated in the notable Battle of Toba–Fushimi.<ref name="LS">Template:Cite book</ref>

GovernmentEdit

Shogunate and domainsEdit

The bakuhan system (bakuhan taisei {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) was the feudal political system in the Edo period of Japan.<ref name="britannica">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Template:AnchorBaku is an abbreviation of bakufu, meaning "military government"—that is, the shogunate. The han were the domains headed by daimyō.<ref name="britannica" /> Beginning from Ieyasu's appointment as shogun in 1603, but especially after the Tokugawa victory in Osaka in 1615, various policies were implemented to assert the shogunate's control, which severely curtailed the daimyos' independence.<ref name="brown 1997" /> The number of daimyos varied but stabilized at around 270.<ref name="brown 1997" />

The bakuhan system split feudal power between the shogunate in Edo and the daimyōs with domains throughout Japan.<ref name="perez 2009">Template:Cite book</ref> The shōgun and lords were all daimyōs: feudal lords with their own bureaucracies, policies, and territories.<ref name="perez 2009" /> Provinces had a degree of sovereignty and were allowed an independent administration of the han in exchange for loyalty to the shōgun, who was responsible for foreign relations, national security,<ref name="perez 2009" /> coinage, weights, measures, and transportation.<ref name="brown 1997" />

The shōgun also administered the most powerful han, the hereditary fief of the House of Tokugawa, which also included many gold and silver mines.<ref name="perez 2009" /> Towards the end of the shogunate, the Tokugawa clan held around 7 million koku of land (天領 tenryō), including 2.6–2.7 million koku held by direct vassals, out of 30 million in the country.<ref name="mikiso perez 2015" /> The other 23 million koku were held by other daimyos.<ref name="mikiso perez 2015" />

The number of han (roughly 270) fluctuated throughout the Edo period.<ref name="gregorysmits" /> They were ranked by size, which was measured as the number of koku of rice that the domain produced each year.<ref name="mikiso perez 2015" /> One koku was the amount of rice necessary to feed one adult male for one year. The minimum number for a daimyō was ten thousand koku;<ref name="gregorysmits" /> the largest, apart from the shōgun, was more than a million koku.<ref name="mikiso perez 2015" />

Policies to control the daimyosEdit

The main policies of the shogunate on the daimyos included:

The principle was that each daimyo (including those who were previously independent of the Tokugawa family) submitted to the shogunate, and each han required the shogunate's recognition and was subject to its land redistributions.<ref name="brown 1997" />Template:Rp Daimyos swore allegiance to each shogun and acknowledged the Laws for Warrior Houses or buke shohatto.<ref name="mikiso perez 2015">Template:Cite book</ref>
The sankin-kōtai (参勤交代 "alternate attendance") system, required daimyos to travel to and reside in Edo every other year, and for their families to remain in Edo during their absence.
The ikkoku ichijyō rei (一国一城令), allowed each daimyo's han to retain only one fortification, at the daimyo's residence.<ref name="brown 1997" />Template:Rp
The Laws for the Military Houses (武家諸法度, buke shohatto), the first of which in 1615 forbade the building of new fortifications or repairing existing ones without bakufu approval, admitting fugitives of the shogunate, and arranging marriages of the daimyos' families without official permission.<ref name="brown 1997" /> Additional rules on the samurai were issued over the years.<ref name="brown 1997" /><ref name="mikiso perez 2015" />

Although the shogun issued certain laws, such as the buke shohatto on the daimyōs and the rest of the samurai class, each han administered its autonomous system of laws and taxation.<ref name="perez 2009" /> The shōgun did not interfere in a han's governance unless major incompetence (such as large rebellions) was shown, nor were central taxes issued.<ref name="perez 2009" /> Instead, each han provided feudal duties, such as maintaining roads and official courier stations, building canals and harbors, providing troops, and relieving famines.<ref name="perez 2009" /> Daimyōs were strategically placed to check each other, and the sankin-kōtai system ensured that daimyōs or their family were always in Edo, observed by the shogun.<ref name="perez 2009" />

File:Edo P2.jpg

Edo Castle, 17th century

The shogunate had the power to discard, annex, and transform domains, although they were rarely and carefully exercised after the early years of the shogunate, to prevent daimyōs from banding together.<ref name="perez 2009" /> The sankin-kōtai system of alternative residence required each daimyō to reside in alternate years between the han and the court in Edo.<ref name="perez 2009" /> During their absences from Edo, it was also required that they leave their family as hostages until their return. The hostages and the huge expenditure sankin-kōtai imposed on each han helped to ensure loyalty to the shōgun.<ref name="perez 2009" /> By the 1690s, the vast majority of daimyos would be born in Edo, and most would consider it their homes.<ref name="brown 1997" /> Some daimyos had little interest in their domains and needed to be begged to return "home".<ref name="brown 1997" />

In return for the centralization, peace among the daimyos was maintained; unlike in the Sengoku period, daimyos no longer worried about conflicts with one another.<ref name="brown 1997" /> In addition, hereditary succession was guaranteed as internal usurpations within domains were not recognized by the shogunate.<ref name="brown 1997" />

Classification of daimyosEdit

The Tokugawa clan further ensured loyalty by maintaining a dogmatic insistence on loyalty to the shōgun. Daimyos were classified into three main categories:<ref name="mikiso perez 2015" />

Shinpan ("relatives" 親藩) were six clans established by sons of Ieyasu, as well as certain sons of the 8th and 9th shoguns, who were made daimyos.<ref name="mikiso perez 2015" /> They would provide an heir to the shogunate if the shogun did not have an heir.<ref name="mikiso perez 2015" />
Fudai ("hereditary" 譜代) were mostly vassals of Ieyasu and the Tokugawa clan before the Battle of Sekigahara.<ref name="mikiso perez 2015" /> They ruled their han (estate) and served as high officials in the shogunate, although their han tended to be smaller compared to the tozama domains.<ref name="mikiso perez 2015" />
Tozama ("outsiders" 外様) were around 100 daimyos, most of whom became vassals of the Tokugawa clan after the Battle of Sekigahara. Some fought against Tokugawa forces, although some were neutral or even fought on the side of the Tokugawa clan, as allies rather than vassals.<ref name="mikiso perez 2015" /> The tozama daimyos tend to have the largest han, with 11 of the 16 largest daimyos in this category.<ref name="mikiso perez 2015" />

The tozama daimyos who fought against the Tokugawa clan in the Battle of Sekigahara had their estate reduced substantially.<ref name="mikiso perez 2015" /> They were often placed in mountainous or far away areas, or placed between most trusted daimyos.<ref name="mikiso perez 2015" /> Early in the Edo period, the shogunate viewed the tozama as the least likely to be loyal; over time, strategic marriages and the entrenchment of the system made the tozama less likely to rebel. In the end, however, it was still the great tozama of Satsuma, Chōshū and Tosa, and to a lesser extent Saga, that brought down the shogunate. These four states are called the Four Western Clans, or Satchotohi for short.<ref name="Nussbaum; Satchotohi">Template:Harvnb</ref>

Relations with the EmperorEdit

File:Tokugawa Ieyasu - Directories of Famous Generals of Japan.jpg

An ukiyo-e by Yoshitoshi depicting the scene when Ieyasu had an audience with Emperor Go-Yōzei

Regardless of the political title of the Emperor, the shōguns of the Tokugawa family controlled Japan.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> The shogunate secured a nominal grant of Template:Nihongo by the Imperial Court in Kyoto to the Tokugawa family.<ref name="gregorysmits" /> While the Emperor officially had the prerogative of appointing the shōgun and received generous subsidies, he had virtually no say in state affairs.<ref name="perez 2009" /> The shogunate issued the Laws for the Imperial and Court Officials (kinchu narabini kuge shohatto 禁中並公家諸法度) to set out its relationship with the Imperial family and the kuge (imperial court officials), and specified that the Emperor should dedicate to scholarship and poetry.<ref name="lillehoj 2011">Template:Cite book</ref> The shogunate also appointed a liaison, the Kyoto Shoshidai (Shogun's Representative in Kyoto), to deal with the Emperor, court and nobility.

Towards the end of the shogunate, however, after centuries of the Emperor having very little say in state affairs and being secluded in his Kyoto palace, and in the wake of the reigning shōgun, Tokugawa Iemochi, marrying the sister of Emperor Kōmei (r. 1846–1867), in 1862, the Imperial Court in Kyoto began to enjoy increased political influence.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The Emperor would occasionally be consulted on various policies and the shogun even made a visit to Kyoto to visit the Emperor.Template:Citation needed Government administration would be formally returned from the shogun to the Emperor during the Meiji Restoration in 1868.

Shogun and foreign tradeEdit

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File:Grote partij bij het opperhoofd van Dejima.jpg

Dutch trading post in Dejima, Template:Circa

Foreign affairs and trade were monopolized by the shogunate, yielding a huge profit. Foreign trade was also permitted for the Satsuma and the Tsushima domains. Rice was the main trading product of Japan during this time. Isolationism was the foreign policy of Japan and trade was strictly controlled. Merchants were outsiders to the social hierarchy of Japan and were thought to be greedy.

The visits of the Nanban ships from Portugal were at first the main vector of trade exchanges, followed by the addition of Dutch, English, and sometimes Spanish ships.

From 1603 onward, Japan started to participate actively in foreign trade. In 1615, an embassy and trade mission under Hasekura Tsunenaga was sent across the Pacific to Nueva España (New Spain) on the Japanese-built galleon San Juan Bautista. Until 1635, the Shogun issued numerous permits for the so-called "red seal ships" destined for the Asian trade.

After 1635 and the introduction of seclusion laws (sakoku), inbound ships were only allowed from China, Korea, and the Netherlands.

Government incomeEdit

The primary source of the shogunate's income was the tax (around 40%) levied on harvests in the Tokugawa clan's personal domains (tenryō).<ref name="mikiso perez 2015" /> No taxes were levied on domains of daimyos, who instead provided military duty, public works and corvee.<ref name="mikiso perez 2015" /> The shogunate obtained loans from merchants, which were sometimes seen as forced donations, although commerce was often not taxed.<ref name="mikiso perez 2015" /> Special levies were also imposed for infrastructure-building.<ref name="mikiso perez 2015" />

Shogunate institutionEdit

During the earliest years of the Tokugawa shogunate institution, when Tokugawa Hidetada coronated as the second shogun and Ieyasu retired, they formed a dual governments, where Hidetada controlled the official court with the government central located in Edo city, Ieyasu, who now became the Ōgosho (retired shogun), also control his own informal shadow government which called "Sunpu government" with its center at Sunpu Castle. The membership of the Sunpu government's cabinet was consisted of trusted vassals of Ieyasu which was not included in Hidetada's cabinet. including William Adams (samurai) and Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn, which Ieyasu entrusted with foreign affairs and diplomacy.<ref>Template:Cite book References:

Kitajima Masamoto (ed.), "Everything about Tokugawa Ieyasu" (Shinjinbutsu Oraisha, 1983)
Shinjinbutsu Oraisha, "Tokugawa Ieyasu Reader" (Shinjinbutsu Oraisha, 1992)
Niki Kenichi, "Tokugawa Ieyasu" (Chikuma Shobo, 1998)
Honda Takanari, "The Definitive Edition of Tokugawa Ieyasu" (Yoshikawa Kobunkan, 2010)
Owada Tetsuo, "Detailed Illustrated Ieyasu Chronicle" (Shinjinbutsu Oraisha, 2010)</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The earliest structure of Edo Shogunate organization has Buke Shitsuyaku as the highest rank. the earliest members of this office were Ii Naomasa, Sakakibara Yasumasa, and Honda Tadakatsu.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

The personal vassals of the Tokugawa shoguns were classified into two groups:

the bannermen (hatamoto 旗本) had the privilege to directly approach the shogun;<ref name="mikiso perez 2015" />
the housemen (gokenin 御家人) did not have the privilege of the shogun's audience.<ref name="mikiso perez 2015" />

By the early 18th century, out of around 22,000 personal vassals, most would have received stipends rather than domains.<ref name="mikiso perez 2015" />

Rōjū and wakadoshiyoriEdit

The rōjū ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) were normally the most senior members of the shogunate.<ref name="mikiso perez 2015" /> Normally, four or five men held the office, and one was on duty for a month at a time on a rotating basis.<ref name="mikiso perez 2015" /> They supervised the ōmetsuke (who checked on the daimyos), machi-bugyō (commissioners of administrative and judicial functions in major cities, especially Edo), Template:Ill (遠国奉行, the commissioners of other major cities and shogunate domains) and other officials, oversaw relations with the Imperial Court in Kyoto, kuge (members of the nobility), daimyō, Buddhist temples and Shinto shrines, and attended to matters like divisions of fiefs. Other bugyō (commissioners) in charge of finances, monasteries and shrines also reported to the rōjū.<ref name="mikiso perez 2015" /> The roju conferred on especially important matters. In the administrative reforms of 1867 (Keiō Reforms), the office was eliminated in favor of a bureaucratic system with ministers for the interior, finance, foreign relations, army, and navy.

File:SakuradaGate2.jpg

Sakuradamon Gate of Edo Castle where Ii Naosuke was assassinated in 1860

In principle, the requirements for appointment to the office of rōjū were to be a fudai daimyō and to have a fief assessed at Template:Val koku or more.<ref name="mikiso perez 2015" /> However, there were exceptions to both criteria. Many appointees came from the offices close to the shōgun, such as Template:Ill (側用人), Kyoto Shoshidai, and Osaka-jō dai.

Irregularly, the shōguns appointed a rōjū to the position of tairō (great elder).<ref name="mikiso perez 2015" /> The office was limited to members of the Ii, Sakai, Doi, and Hotta clans, but Yanagisawa Yoshiyasu was given the status of tairō as well. Among the most famous was Ii Naosuke, who was assassinated in 1860 outside the Sakuradamon Gate of Edo Castle (Sakuradamon incident).

Three to five men titled the wakadoshiyori (若年寄) were next in status below the rōjū.<ref name="mikiso perez 2015" /> An outgrowth of the early six-man rokuninshū (六人衆, 1633–1649), the office took its name and final form in 1662. Their primary responsibility was management of the affairs of the hatamoto and gokenin, the direct vassals of the shōgun.<ref name="mikiso perez 2015" /> Under the wakadoshiyori were the metsuke.

Some shōguns appointed a soba yōnin. This person acted as a liaison between the shōgun and the rōjū. The soba yōnin increased in importance during the time of the fifth shōgun Tokugawa Tsunayoshi, when a wakadoshiyori, Inaba Masayasu, assassinated Hotta Masatoshi, the tairō. Fearing for his personal safety, Tsunayoshi moved the rōjū to a more distant part of the castle. Some of the most famous soba yōnin were Yanagisawa Yoshiyasu and Tanuma Okitsugu.

Ōmetsuke and metsukeEdit

The ōmetsuke and metsuke were officials who reported to the rōjū and wakadoshiyori.<ref name="mikiso perez 2015" /> The five ōmetsuke were in charge of monitoring the affairs of the daimyōs, kuge and imperial court. They were in charge of discovering any threat of rebellion. Early in the Edo period, daimyōs such as Yagyū Munefuyu held the office. Soon, however, it fell to hatamoto with rankings of 5,000 koku or more. To give them authority in their dealings with daimyōs, they were often ranked at 10,000 koku and given the title of kami (an ancient title, typically signifying the governor of a province) such as Bizen-no-kami.

As time progressed, the function of the ōmetsuke evolved into one of passing orders from the shogunate to the daimyōs, and of administering to ceremonies within Edo Castle. They also took on additional responsibilities such as supervising religious affairs and controlling firearms. The metsuke, reporting to the wakadoshiyori, oversaw the affairs of the vassals of the shōgun.<ref name="mikiso perez 2015" /> They were the police force for the thousands of hatamoto and gokenin who were concentrated in Edo. Individual han had their own metsuke who similarly policed their samurai.

San-bugyōEdit

The san-bugyō (三奉行 "three administrators") were the jisha, kanjō, and machi-bugyō, which respectively oversaw temples and shrines, accounting, and the cities. The jisha-bugyō had the highest status of the three. They oversaw the administration of Buddhist temples (ji) and Shinto shrines (sha), many of which held fiefs. Also, they heard lawsuits from several land holdings outside the eight Kantō provinces. The appointments normally went to daimyōs; Ōoka Tadasuke was an exception, though he later became a daimyō.Template:Citation needed

The kanjō-bugyō were next in status. The four holders of this office reported to the rōjū. They were responsible for the finances of the shogunate.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>

The machi-bugyō were the chief city administrators of Edo and other cities. Their roles included mayor, chief of the police (and, later, also of the fire department), and judge in criminal and civil matters not involving samurai. Two (briefly, three) men, normally hatamoto, held the office, and alternated by month.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Three Edo machi bugyō have become famous through jidaigeki (period films): Ōoka Tadasuke and Tōyama Kagemoto (Kinshirō) as heroes, and Torii Yōzō (ja:鳥居耀蔵) as a villain.Template:Citation needed

Tenryō, gundai and daikanEdit

The san-bugyō together sat on a council called the hyōjōsho (評定所). In this capacity, they were responsible for administering the tenryō (the shogun's estates), supervising the gundai (郡代), the daikan (代官) and the kura bugyō (蔵奉行), as well as hearing cases involving samurai. The gundai managed Tokugawa domains with incomes greater than 10,000 koku while the daikan managed areas with incomes between 5,000 and 10,000 koku.

The shogun directly held lands in various parts of Japan. These were known as shihaisho (支配所); since the Meiji period, the term tenryō (天領, literally "Emperor's land") has become synonymous, because the shogun's lands were returned to the emperor.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> In addition to the territory that Ieyasu held prior to the Battle of Sekigahara, this included lands he gained in that battle and lands gained as a result of the Summer and Winter Sieges of Osaka. Major cities as Nagasaki and Osaka, and mines, including the Sado gold mine, also fell into this category.

Gaikoku bugyōEdit

The gaikoku bugyō were administrators appointed between 1858 and 1868. They were charged with overseeing trade and diplomatic relations with foreign countries, and were based in the treaty ports of Nagasaki and Kanagawa (Yokohama).Template:Citation needed

List of Tokugawa shōgunEdit

#	Picture	Name (born-died)	Shōgun from	Shōgun until
1	File:Tokugawa Ieyasu2 full.JPG	Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543–1616)	1603	1605
2	File:Hidetada2.jpg	Tokugawa Hidetada (1579–1632)	1605	1623
3	File:Iemitu.jpg	Tokugawa Iemitsu (1604–1651)	1623	1651
4	File:Tokugawa Ietsuna.jpg	Tokugawa Ietsuna (1641–1680)	1651	1680
5	File:Tsunyaoshi.jpg	Tokugawa Tsunayoshi (1646–1709)	1680	1709
6	File:Tokugawa Ienobu.jpg	Tokugawa Ienobu (1662–1712)	1709	1712
7	File:Tokugawa ietsugu.jpg	Tokugawa Ietsugu (1709–1716)	1713	1716
8	File:Tokugawa Yoshimune.jpg	Tokugawa Yoshimune (1684–1751)	1716	1745
9	File:Tokugawa Ieshige.jpg	Tokugawa Ieshige (1712–1761)	1745	1760
10	File:Tokugawa Ieharu.jpg	Tokugawa Ieharu (1737–1786)	1760	1786
11	File:Tokugawa Ienari.jpg	Tokugawa Ienari (1773–1841)	1787	1837
12	File:Tokugawa Ieyoshi.JPG	Tokugawa Ieyoshi (1793–1853)	1837	1853
13	File:Tokugawa Iesada.jpg	Tokugawa Iesada (1824–1858)	1853	1858
14	File:Toku14-2.jpg	Tokugawa Iemochi (1846–1866)	1858	1866
15	File:Tokugawa Yoshinobu by oil painting.jpg	Tokugawa Yoshinobu (1837–1913)	1866	1867

Template:Small

Family TreeEdit

Template:Tokugawa family tree

Over the course of the Edo period, influential relatives of the shogun included:

Tokugawa Mitsukuni of the Mito Domain<ref name="nussbaum p979">Template:Harvnb</ref>
Tokugawa Nariaki of the Mito Domain<ref name="nussbaum p979" />
Tokugawa Mochiharu of the Hitotsubashi branch
Tokugawa Munetake of the Tayasu branch.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
Matsudaira Katamori of the Aizu branch.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
Matsudaira Sadanobu, born into the Tayasu branch, adopted into the Hisamatsu-Matsudaira of Shirakawa.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>

AppendixEdit

External linksEdit

Japan
Tokugawa Political System
SengokuDaimyo.com – the website of Samurai Author and Historian Anthony J. Bryant
Narrative of the Expedition of an American Squadron to the China Seas and Japan, by M.C. Perry, at Internet Archive

Template:Shogunates of Japan Template:Aristocratic family trees Template:Tokugawa chronology (Japan) Template:Tokugawa Organization Chart Template:Tokugawa officials Template:Authority control

Tokugawa shogunate

HistoryEdit

Christians under the ShogunateEdit

Late Tokugawa shogunate (1853–1867)Edit

GovernmentEdit

Shogunate and domainsEdit

Policies to control the daimyosEdit

Classification of daimyosEdit

Relations with the EmperorEdit

Shogun and foreign tradeEdit

Government incomeEdit

Shogunate institutionEdit

Rōjū and wakadoshiyoriEdit

Ōmetsuke and metsukeEdit

San-bugyōEdit

Tenryō, gundai and daikanEdit

Gaikoku bugyōEdit

List of Tokugawa shōgunEdit

Family TreeEdit

AppendixEdit

NotesEdit

ReferencesEdit

BibliographyEdit

External linksEdit