Timeline of glaciation

File:Phanerozoic Climate Change.png

Climate history over the past 500 million years, with the last three major ice ages indicated, Andean-Saharan (450 Ma), Karoo (300 Ma) and Late Cenozoic. A less severe cold period or ice age is shown during the Jurassic-Cretaceous (150 Ma).

There have been five or six major ice ages in the history of Earth over the past 3 billion years. The Late Cenozoic Ice Age began 34 million years ago, its latest phase being the Quaternary glaciation, in progress since 2.58 million years ago.

Within ice ages, there exist periods of more severe glacial conditions and more temperate conditions, referred to as glacial periods and interglacial periods, respectively. The Earth is currently in such an interglacial period of the Quaternary glaciation, with the Last Glacial Period of the Quaternary having ended approximately 11,700 years ago. The current interglacial is known as the Holocene epoch.<ref name="Walker, M. 2009. pp. 3">Walker, M., Johnsen, S., Rasmussen, S. O., Popp, T., Steffensen, J.-P., Gibbard, P., Hoek, W., Lowe, J., Andrews, J., Bjo¨ rck, S., Cwynar, L. C., Hughen, K., Kershaw, P., Kromer, B., Litt, T., Lowe, D. J., Nakagawa, T., Newnham, R., and Schwander, J. 2009. Formal definition and dating of the GSSP (Global Stratotype Section and Point) for the base of the Holocene using the Greenland NGRIP ice core, and selected auxiliary records. J. Quaternary Sci., Vol. 24 pp. 3–17. {{#if:0267-8179|Template:Catalog lookup link{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-smallTemplate:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-smallTemplate:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-smallTemplate:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-smallTemplate:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-smallTemplate:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-smallTemplate:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-smallTemplate:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-smallTemplate:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-smallTemplate:Main other}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}|Template:Error-small}}.</ref> Based on climate proxies, paleoclimatologists study the different climate states originating from glaciation.

Known ice ages

Major known ice ages shown in blue.

Name of ice age	Years BP (Ma)	Geological period	Era
Pongola	2900–2780<ref name="Kopp">Template:Cite journal</ref>		Mesoarchean
Huronian	2400–2100	Siderian Rhyacian	Paleoproterozoic
Sturtian Marinoan Gaskiers Baykonur	715–680 650–635 580 547	Cryogenian Ediacaran	Neoproterozoic
Andean-Saharan (incl. Hirnantian and Late Ordovician glaciation)	450–420	Late Ordovician Silurian	Paleozoic
Karoo	360–289	Carboniferous Permian	Paleozoic
Late Cenozoic Ice Age (incl. Quaternary glaciation)	34–present	Late Paleogene Neogene Quaternary	Cenozoic

Descriptions

Template:Life timeline The third ice age, and possibly most severe, is estimated to have occurred from 720 to 635 Ma (million years) ago,<ref name="SG-20170113">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> in the Neoproterozoic Era, and it has been suggested that it produced a second<ref name="2nd of two">Miracle Planet: Snowball Earth, (2005) documentary, Canadian Film Board, rebroadcast 25 April 2009 on the Science Channel (HD).</ref> "Snowball Earth", i.e. a period during which Earth was completely covered in ice. It has also been suggested that the end of that second cold period<ref name="2nd of two"/> was responsible for the subsequent Cambrian explosion, a time of rapid diversification of multi-cellular life during the Cambrian Period. The hypothesis is still controversial,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> though is gaining credence among researchers, as evidence in its favour has mounted.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

A minor series of glaciations occurred from 460 to 430 Ma, and there were extensive glaciations from 350 to 289 Ma.

The Late Cenozoic Ice Age has seen extensive ice sheets in Antarctica for the last 34 Ma. During the last 3 Ma, ice sheets have also developed on the northern hemisphere. That phase is known as the Quaternary glaciation, and was marked by more or less extensive glaciation. They first appeared with a dominant frequency of 41,000 years, but after the Mid-Pleistocene Transition that changed to high-amplitude cycles, with an average period of 100,000 years.<ref name="Willeit">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Nomenclature of Quaternary glacial cycles

Whereas the first 30 million years of the Late Cenozoic Ice Age mostly involved Antarctica, the Quaternary has seen numerous ice sheets extending over parts of Europe and North America that are currently populated and easily accessible. Early geologists therefore named apparent sequences of glacial and interglacial periods of the Quaternary Ice Age after characteristic geological features, and these names varied from region to region. The marine record preserves all the past glaciations; the land-based evidence is less complete because successive glaciations may wipe out evidence of their predecessors. Ice cores from continental ice accumulations also provide a complete record, but do not go as far back in time as marine data. Pollen data from lakes and bogs as well as loess profiles provided important land-based correlation data.<ref name="Davis">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The names system has mostly been phased out by professionals. It is now more common for researchers to refer to the periods by their marine isotopic stage number.<ref name="Gibbard">Template:Cite book</ref> For example, there are five Pleistocene glacial/interglacial cycles recorded in marine sediments during the last half million years, but only three classic glacials were originally recognized on land during that period (Mindel, Riss and Würm).<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Land-based evidence works acceptably well back as far as MIS 6 (see Marine isotope stages, Stages), but it has been difficult to coordinate stages using just land-based evidence before that. Hence, the "names" system is incomplete and the land-based identifications of ice ages previous to that are somewhat conjectural. Nonetheless, land based data is essentially useful in discussing landforms, and correlating the known marine isotopic stage with them.<ref name="Davis"/>

Historical nomenclature in the Alps

• Biber (2.6–1.8 Ma, Gelasian)
• Biber-Danube interglacial (not in use)
• Danube (1.8–1.0 Ma, Calabrian)
• Danube-Gunz interglacial (not in use)
• Günz (1.0–0.4 Ma, MIS 21 – MIS 11 ?)
• Günz-Haslach interglacial (not in use)
• Haslach (seldom used)
• Haslach-Mindel interglacial (not in use)
• Mindel (MIS 12?, MIS 10)
• Mindel-Riss interglacial (MIS 9)
• Riss (MIS 8-6)
• Riss-Würm interglacial (MIS 5e)
• Würm (MIS 5d-2)

Historical nomenclature in Great Britain and Ireland

• Bramertonian Stage
• Baventian Stage/Pre-Pastonian
• Pastonian Stage
• Beestonian stage
• Cromerian Stage (MIS 21-13 ?)
• Anglian Stage (MIS 12, perhaps also MIS 10 ?)
• Hoxnian Stage (MIS 11, perhaps also MIS 9 ?)
• Wolstonian Stage (MIS 8–6, perhaps also MIS 10–9 ?)
• Ipswichian interglacial (MIS 5e)
• Devensian glaciation (MIS 5d-2)
• Flandrian interglacial (MIS 1)

Historical nomenclature in Northern Europe

• Pre-Tiglian
• Tiglian interglacial
• Eburonian
• Waalian interglacial
• Menapian glacial stage<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• Bavelian
• Cromerian complex (MIS 21-13 ?)
• Elster glaciation (MIS 10, perhaps also MIS 12 ?)
• Holstein interglacial (MIS 9 ?)
• Saale glaciation (ended with MIS 6)
• Eem interglacial (MIS 5e)
• Weichsel glaciation (MIS 5d-2)

Historical nomenclature in North America

• Nebraskan glaciation (replaced by Pre-Illinoian in modern scientific literature)
• Aftonian interglacial (replaced by Pre-Illinoian in modern scientific literature)
• Kansan glaciation (replaced by Pre-Illinoian in modern scientific literature)
• Yarmouthian (stage) (replaced by Pre-Illinoian in modern scientific literature)
• Illinoian stage (MIS 6)
• Sangamonian (MIS 5e, sometimes also 5d-5a)
• Wisconsin glaciation (MIS 4-2, sometimes also 5d-5a)

Historical nomenclature in South America

• Caracoles (Río Frío) glaciation<ref name=Porter81/>
• Río Llico (Colegual) glaciation<ref name=Porter81/>
• Santa María (Casma) glaciation<ref name=Porter81/>
• Valdivia interglacial (MIS 5e)
• Llanquihue glaciation (at least MIS 4-2)

Uncertain correlations

It has proved difficult to correlate the traditional regional names with the global marine and ice core sequences. The indexes of MIS often identify several distinct glaciations that overlap in time with a single traditional regional glaciation. Some modern authors use the traditional regional glacial names to identify such a sequence of glaciations, whereas others replace the word "glaciation" with "complex" to refer to a continuous period of time that also includes warmer stages. As shown in the table below, it is only during the last 200-300 thousand years that the time resolution of the traditional nomenclature allow for clear correspondence with MIS indexes. In particular there has been a lot of controversy regarding the glaciations MIS 10 and MIS 12, and their correspondence to the Elster and Mindel glaciations of Europe.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Marine isotope stage	Time ago (ka) <ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>	Regional names						Global age / epoch
		Alpine region	Great Britain	N. Europe	E. Europe	N. America	S. America
MIS 103-64	2600–1800	Biber<ref name="STD 2016"/>	Pre-Ludham<ref name="Corr 2011"/> Ludham<ref name="Corr 2011"/> Thurnian<ref name="Corr 2011"/> Bramerton<ref name="Corr 2011"/> Bavents<ref name="Corr 2011"/> Paston<ref name="Corr 2011"/>	Pre-Tiglian<ref name="Kasse"/> Tiglian A<ref name="Kasse"/> Tiglian B<ref name="Kasse"/> Tiglian C3<ref name="Kasse"/> Tiglian C4<ref name="Kasse"/> Tiglian C5<ref name="Kasse">Kasse (1993), Periglacial environments and climate development during Early Pleistocene Tiglian stage (Beerse Glacial) in northern Belgium, Geologie en Mijnbouw 72, 107–123, Kluwer</ref>	Verkhodon<ref name="Corr 2011"/> Khapry<ref name="Corr 2011"/>	Pre-illinois K<ref name="Corr 2011"/> Pre-illinois J<ref name="Corr 2011"/>		Gelasian
MIS 63-23	1800–900	Danube<ref name="STD 2016"/>	Beeston<ref name="Corr 2011">Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy, Global chronostratigraphical correlation table for the last 2.7 million years, v. 2011</ref>	Eburon<ref name="STD 2016"/> Waal<ref name="STD 2016"/> Menap<ref name="STD 2016"/> Bavel<ref name="STD 2016"/>	Tolucheevka<ref name="Corr 2011"/> Krinitsa<ref name="Corr 2011"/>	Pre-illinois I<ref name="Corr 2011"/> Pre-illinois H<ref name="Corr 2011"/> Pre-illinois G<ref name="Corr 2011"/>		Calabrian
MIS 22	900–866	Günz	Cromer<ref name="Lee 2011">Lee et al. (2011), The Glacial History of the British Isles during the early and Middle Pleistocene: Implications for the long-term development of the British Ice Sheet, Quaternary Glaciations-Extent and Chronology, pages 59-74, Elsevier.</ref>	Cromer		Pre-illinois F<ref name="Corr 2011"/>
MIS 21	866–814	Günz	Cromer<ref name="Lee 2011"/>	Cromer		Pre-illinois
MIS 20	814–790	Günz	Cromer<ref name="Lee 2011"/>	Cromer		Pre-illinois E ?
MIS 19	790–761	Günz<ref name="STD 2016">German Stratigraphic Commission: Stratigraphische Tabelle von Deutschland 2016</ref>	Cromer<ref name="Lee 2011"/>	Cromer<ref name="STD 2016"/>		Pre-illinois		Chibanian
MIS 18	761-712	Günz<ref name="STD 2016"/>	Cromer<ref name="Lee 2011"/>	Cromer<ref name="STD 2016"/>		Pre-illinois E ?
MIS 17	712-676	Günz<ref name="STD 2016"/>	Cromer<ref name="Lee 2011"/>	Cromer<ref name="STD 2016"/>		Pre-illinois
MIS 16	676–621	Günz<ref name="STD 2016"/>	Cromer<ref name="Lee 2011"/>	Cromer/Don<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Don<ref name="Böse 2012">Template:Cite journal</ref>	Pre-illinois D<ref name="Corr 2011"/>
MIS 15	621–563	Günz<ref name="STD 2016"/>	Cromer<ref name="Lee 2011"/>	Cromer<ref name="STD 2016"/>	Muchkap<ref name="Velichko 2004">Template:Cite book</ref>	Pre-illinois
MIS 14	563–533	Günz<ref name="STD 2016"/>	Cromer<ref name="Lee 2011"/>	Cromer<ref name="STD 2016"/>	Oka?<ref name="Böse 2012"/>	Pre-illinois C<ref name="Corr 2011"/>
MIS 13	533–478	Günz<ref name="STD 2016"/>	Cromer<ref name="Lee 2011"/>	Cromer<ref name="STD 2016"/>	Oka?<ref name="Böse 2012"/>	Pre-illinois
MIS 12	478–424	Günz<ref name="STD 2016"/> Mindel?<ref name="BGR 2016">Stratigraphische Tabellen des Bayerischen Geologischen Landesamtes. Ad hoc AG Geologie der Staatlichen Geologischen Dienste (SGD) and the BGR</ref>	Anglia<ref name="Lee 2011"/>	Elster<ref name="Böse 2012"/> Cromer?<ref name="STD 2016"/>	Oka<ref name="Böse 2012"/>	Pre-illinois B<ref name="Corr 2011"/>	Caracoles<ref name=Porter81/> Río Frío?<ref name=Porter81/>
MIS 11	424–374	Günz?<ref name="STD 2016"/>	Hoxne<ref name="Corr 2011"/>	Holstein<ref name="Corr 2011"/> Cromer/Rhume?<ref name="STD 2016"/>	Likhvin<ref name="Velichko 2005">Template:Cite book</ref>	Pre-illinois
MIS 10	374–337	Mindel?<ref name="STD 2016"/>	Wolston<ref name="Corr 2011"/>	Elster?<ref name="STD 2016"/><ref name="Böse 2012"/>	Likhvin?<ref name="Velichko 2005"/>	Pre-illinois A ?	Río Llico<ref name=Porter81/> Colegual?<ref name=Porter81/>
MIS 9	337–300	Mindel-Riss?<ref name="STD 2016"/>	Wolston<ref name="Corr 2011"/> Purfleet<ref name="Essex">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Holstein?<ref name="STD 2016"/>	Likhvin<ref name="Velichko 2005"/>	Pre-illinois
MIS 8	300–243	Riss<ref name="STD 2016"/>	Wolston<ref name="Corr 2011"/>	Saale/Fuhne<ref name="STD 2016"/>	AC	Pre-illinois A ?
MIS 7	243–191	Riss<ref name="STD 2016"/>	Wolston<ref name="Corr 2011"/> Aveley<ref name="Essex"/>	Saale/Dömnitz<ref name="STD 2016"/> Belvedere<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>	AC	Pre-illinois
MIS 6	191–130	Riss<ref name="STD 2016"/>	Wolston<ref name="Corr 2011"/>	Saale/Drenthe, Warthe<ref name="STD 2016"/>	Dnieper/Moscow<ref name="Velichko 2004"/>	Illinois<ref name="McKay2007">McKay, E.D., 2007, Six Rivers, Five Glaciers, and an Outburst Flood: the Considerable Legacy of the Illinois River. Proceedings of the 2007 Governor's Conference on the Management of the Illinois River System: Our continuing Commitment, 11th Biennial Conference, Oct. 2-4, 2007, 11 p.</ref>	Santa María<ref name=Porter81>Template:Cite journal</ref> Casma?<ref name=Porter81/>
MIS 5e	123 (peak)	Riss-Würm<ref name="STD 2016"/>	Ipswich<ref name="Corr 2011"/>	Eem	Mikulino<ref name="Velichko 2004"/>	Sangamonian	Valdivia	Late Pleistocene ('Tarantian')
MIS 5d	109 (peak)	Würm<ref name="STD 2016"/>	Devens/Early D.<ref name="Delaney">Template:Cite journal</ref>	Weichsel/Herning<ref name="SGU">Template:Cite book</ref>	Valdai<ref name="Velichko 2004"/>	AC	AC
MIS 5c	96 (peak)	Würm<ref name="STD 2016"/>	Devens/Early D.<ref name="Delaney"/>	Weichsel/Brørup<ref name="SGU"/>	Valdai<ref name="Velichko 2004"/>	AC	AC
MIS 5b	87 (peak)	Würm<ref name="STD 2016"/>	Devens/Early D.<ref name="Delaney"/>	Weichsel/Rederstall<ref name="SGU"/>	Valdai<ref name="Velichko 2004"/>	AC	AC
MIS 5a	82 (peak)	Würm<ref name="STD 2016"/>	Devens/Early D.<ref name="Delaney"/>	Weichsel/Odderade<ref name="SGU"/>	Valdai<ref name="Velichko 2004"/>	AC	AC
MIS 4	71–57	Würm<ref name="STD 2016"/>	Devens/Middle D.<ref name="Delaney"/>	Weichsel/Middle W.<ref name="SGU"/>	Valdai<ref name="Velichko 2004"/>	Wisconsin	Llanquihue
MIS 3	57–29	Würm<ref name="STD 2016"/>	Devens/Middle D.<ref name="Delaney"/>	Weichsel/Middle W.<ref name="SGU"/>	Valdai<ref name="Velichko 2004"/>	Wisconsin	Llanquihue
MIS 2	29–14	Würm/LGM	Devens/Dimlington	Weichsel/LGM	Valdai<ref name="Velichko 2004"/>	Wisconsin/Vashon	Llanquihue/LGM
MIS 1	14–present	(Holocene)	Flandria	Flandria (Holocene)		(Holocene)	(Holocene)	Holocene

Table explanation
Extensive interglacial (similar to Holocene)
Moderate interglacial
Intermediate climate
Moderate glaciation
Extensive glaciation (similar to LGM)
AC = Ambiguous correlation

Sources

For sources to the tables, see the individual linked articles.

See also

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External links

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• Template:Cite book 1004 + xv pp. (book downloadable as series of PDF files)
• {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }} (Correlation Chart of European Quaternary and cultural stages and fossils)