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A fritter is a portion of meat, seafood, fruit, vegetables, or other ingredients which have been battered or breaded, or just a portion of dough without further ingredients, that is deep-fried.<ref name="Taylor & Francis US p. 58">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Co. 2009 p. 7">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Gisslen 2004 p. 189">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Shields 2015 p. 158">Template:Cite book</ref> Fritters are prepared in both sweet and savory varieties.<ref name="Shields 2015 p. 158"/>
DefinitionEdit
The 1854 edition of An American Dictionary of the English Language by Noah Webster defines fritter as a transitive verb meaning "to cut meat into small pieces to be fried".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Another definition from 1861 is given as "a pancake cont. chopped fruit, poultry, fish; also a small piece of meat fried".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
VarietiesEdit
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AfricaEdit
West African countries have many variations similar to fritters. The most common process includes the blending of peeled black-eyed peas with peppers and spices to leave a thick texture. A Yoruba version, akara, is a popular street snack and side dish in Nigerian culture. Another popular fritter made by Nigerians is 'puff-puff'. Typically made by deep frying a dough containing flour, yeast, sugar, butter, salt, eggs and water.
South AfricaEdit
Pumpkin fritters (commonly known as Pampoenkoekies, usually served with cinnamon sugar and served at any time of day, are popular in South Africa. Other variations often include banana instead of pumpkin. <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
KenyaEdit
Fritters are commonly referred to as Bhajia or Viazi Karai, which is a popular street snack in Kenya.
AsiaEdit
South AsiaEdit
Fritters are extremely popular roadside snacks all over South Asia and are commonly referred to as pakora (pakoda) or bhaji (bhajia) in local parlance—the onion bhaji also enjoys a high popularity abroad and at home.
India and PakistanEdit
In India and Pakistan, a pakora is a fritter of assorted vegetables and spices.
In the South Indian state of Kerala, banana fritters are extremely popular.
Piyaji is a Bengali dish of fritters with onions.
- Chilli Bites (Bhaji).jpg
Chilli pakoras
- Onion Fritters Peyaji.jpg
Onion fritters (piyaji) is a Bengali dish made with onions.
- The Bajji maker.jpg
A woman making bajjis in Mylapore
- Uggani bajji.jpg
Uggani bajji, rice and fritters, a typical breakfast in Rayalaseema
Southeast AsiaEdit
BruneiEdit
In Brunei, fritters are known as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and they are eaten as snacks. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is also part of local street food and usually sold in street market-style food booth (locally known as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}). They are usually made with fillings which are commonly made with banana, shrimp, yam, sweet potatoes and vegetables (usually sliced cabbages or carrots). Some local fruits, when they are in season, are also made into {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, most commonly durian, breadfruit ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Artocarpus integer) and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Artocarpus odoratissimus).
IndonesiaEdit
In Indonesia, fritters come under the category of gorengan (Template:Langx, from goreng "to fry"), and many varieties are sold on travelling carts or by street vendors throughout Indonesia.<ref name="Street Food">Template:Cite book</ref> Various kinds of ingredients are battered and deep-fried, such as bananas (pisang goreng), tempe mendoan, tahu goreng (fried tofu), oncom, sweet potato, cassava chunk, cassava tapai, cireng (tapioca fritters), bakwan (flour with chopped vegetables), Tahu isi (filled tofu), and breadfruit.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> These are often eaten accompanied by fresh bird's eye chili. The variety known as bakwan commonly contains flour with chopped vegetables such as carrot and cabbage, whereas the fried patties called perkedel typically consist of mashed potatoes or ground corn (perkedel jagung or bakwan jagung).
- Penjual Gorengan.jpg
Gorengan, Indonesian street vendor of assorted fritters
- Perkedel Jagung Jakarta.jpg
Bakwan jagung, Indonesian corn fritter
- Pisang goreng in a basket.jpg
Fritter peddler offering pisang goreng, Indonesian banana fritter
MalaysiaEdit
In Malaysia, it is common for a type of fritter called "cucur"<ref name="Musa 2016 p. 90">Template:Cite book</ref> (such as yam, sweet potato and banana<ref name="Albala 2011">Template:Cite book</ref>) to be fried by the roadside<ref name="Albala 2011"/> in a large wok and sold as snacks.
- Malaysian roadside fritters.jpg
Malaysian roadside yam and sweet potato fritters
MyanmarEdit
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In Burmese cuisine, fritters are called a-kyaw (Template:Langx), while assorted fritters are called a-kyaw-sone (Template:Langx). The most popular a-kyaw is the gourd fritter (ဘူးသီးကြော်). Diced onions, chickpea, potatoes, a variety of leafy vegetables, brown bean paste, Burmese tofu, chayote, banana and crackling are other popular fritter ingredients. Black beans are made into a paste with curry leaves to make bayagyaw<ref name="Marks Thein 1994 p. 35">Template:Cite book</ref>—small fritters similar to falafel. Unlike pisang goreng, Burmese banana fritters are made only with overripe bananas with no sugar or honey added.
The savory fritters are eaten mainly at breakfast or as a snack at tea. Gourd, chickpea and onion fritters are cut into small parts and eaten with Mohinga, Myanmar's national dish. These fritters are also eaten with Kao hnyin baung rice and with Burmese green sauce—called chin-saw-kar or a-chin-yay. Depending on the fritter hawker, the sauce is made from chili sauce diluted with vinegar, water, cilantro, finely diced tomatoes, garlic and onions.
- Myanmar Fried Snack.jpg
Fried snacks of Myanmar
PhilippinesEdit
In the Philippines, egg fritters are called tokneneng (duck) or kwek-kwek (quail), and squid fritters are called kalamares. These, along with shrimp fritters called okoy, and banana fritters called maruya are also sold in travelling cart or street side vendors.
- Kumbo.jpg
Maruya or kumbo, banana fritters
- Ukoy (shrimp fritters) from Vigan, Philippines.jpg
Okoy, shrimp and glutinous rice flour fritters
- Kwek kwek cropped.jpg
Kwek-kwek, quail egg fritters
- Cagayan Pampanguena - Pinakufu.jpg
Pinakufu, glutinous rice flour fritters coated in sugar and coconut
ThailandEdit
- Nam phrik kapi 02.jpg
Nam phrik kapi served with vegetable fritters; a common dish in Thai cuisine
East AsiaEdit
ChinaEdit
Throughout China, fritters are sold at roadsides. They may contain pork, but are commonly vegetarian.
- Fritters in Hainan - 03.ogv
A couple making fritters in Hainan, China. Each contains some fermented beans, chopped spring onion, and a small cube of pork meat. These sell for 5 mao (jiao), equivalent to around 8 US cents.
JapanEdit
In Japanese cuisine, takoyaki is a type of ball-shaped fritter made with a wheat batter, minced octopus, ginger and tempura scraps.<ref name="SN24">Template:Cite news</ref> Tempura is vegetable or seafood dipped and fried in a light crispy batter and served as a common accompaniment to meals.
- Takoyaki at the Richmond Night Market by SqueakyMarmot.jpg
Takoyaki being prepared
- Tempurainjapan-ikebukuro-dec312007.jpg
KoreaEdit
{{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B= {{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B= Template:Ambox }} }} In Korean cuisine, deep-fried foods are known as twigim ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}). Twigim are often battered and breaded, but there are varieties without breading, as well as varieties without breading and batter. Popular twigim dishes include dak-twigim (fried chicken), gim-mari-twigim (fried seaweed roll), goguma-twigim (fried sweet potato), gul-twigim (fried oyster), ojingeo-twigim (fried squid), and saeu-twigim (fried shrimp).
Traditional vegetarian deep-fried foods associated with Korean temple cuisine include twigak and bugak.<ref name="Koehler">Template:Cite book</ref> Twigak are made from vegetables such as dasima (kelp) and bamboo shoot, without breading or batter. Bugak are made from vegetables such as dasima, perilla leaves, and chili peppers, which are coated with glutinous rice paste and dried thoroughly.
- Gim Rolls Salat Dukki Berlin.jpg
Gim-mari-twigim
IranEdit
The Iranian variety is called Kuku which come in different versions like the ones with potatoes or the ones with herbs. This type of fritter resembles a crustless quiche.
- Kookoo-sabzi-3.JPG
Kuku-sabzi
New ZealandEdit
Whitebait fritters are popular in New Zealand.<ref name="Bloom Wechter 2010 p. 53">Template:Cite book</ref>
- Whitebait Fritter.JPG
New Zealand whitebait fritters
EuropeEdit
PortugalEdit
Peixinhos da horta is a traditional dish in Portuguese cuisine. The name of the dish is literally translated as "Little Fish from the Vegetable Garden", as it resembles small pieces of colorful fish.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Its preparation involves coating green beans, bell peppers, squash, or other vegetables in a wheat flour batter and deep frying them.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> It was introduced to Japan by Portuguese sailors in the sixteenth century, where it eventually developed into tempura.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="tempura origins">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
United KingdomEdit
In British fish and chip shops, the fish and chips can be accompanied by "fritters", which means a food item, such as a slice of potato, a pineapple ring, an apple ring<ref name="Raffald 1808 p. 118">Template:Cite book</ref> or chunks, or mushy peas fried in batter. Hence: "potato fritter", "pineapple fritter", "apple fritter", "pea fritter", etc. At home and at school, fritters are also sometimes made with meat, especially Spam and corned beef. A fritter roll or roll and fritter is a potato fritter inside a bread roll, served with salt and vinegar.<ref name="Culture">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
North AmericaEdit
Canada and the United StatesEdit
The apple fritter is a fried pastry popular within Canada and the United States. Early versions of apple fritters appear in Martha Washington’s Booke of Cookery, a manuscript dating to the 17th century, which includes various fritter recipes common in colonial American kitchens.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> An apple fritter recipe typically includes a batter made from flour, sugar, baking powder, salt, milk, eggs, and a bit of oil. Fresh apples are peeled, cored, and chopped, then folded into the batter. The fritters are deep-fried in vegetable oil and, once golden, are coated in cinnamon-sugar for a sweet finish.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In Canada, the apple fritter remains especially popular; Tim Hortons, a leading Canadian coffee and doughnut chain, reported that the apple fritter became their top-selling doughnut in 2023.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
CaribbeanEdit
Conch fritters are commonly prepared in The Bahamas.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
MexicoEdit
Tortitas are golden-brown fritters made in Mexico from Mexican cuisine.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> One variant is the tortita de papa (potato fritter). This dish consists in boiled potato dough fried in oil. The first written recipes for tortitas can be found in Mexican cookbooks from the 19th century.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
See alsoEdit
- Acarajé – Deep fried bean cake.
- Arancini – Italian snack food.
- Beignet – Deep fried pastry.
- Boortsog – Traditional fried dough of Central Asian and Middle Eastern cuisines.
- Buñuelo – Fried dough ball.
- Banana fritter
- Carimañola – South American meat-pie in a burrito-shaped yuca fritter.
- Crab cake – American crab dish.
- Croquette – Small breaded, deep-fried food.
- Cuchifritos – Various fried foods prepared principally of pork.
- Corn fritter
- Fishcake – Fried minced or ground seafood.
- Fried dough foods
- Kevum
- List of doughnut varieties
- List of bread dishes
- List of deep fried foods
- Mandazi – Fried bread.
- Mücver – Turkish fritter or pancake, made from grated zucchini.
- Pholourie – Fried, spiced dough balls.
- Potato pancake – Shallow-fried pancakes of grated or ground potato.
- Vada – Category of savoury fried snacks from India.
- Pakora – Spiced fritter originally from the Indian subcontinent.
- Zalabiyeh – Deep-fried pastry common to West Asia and Indian subcontinent.