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The khopesh ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}; also vocalized khepesh) is an Egyptian sickle-shaped sword that developed from battle axes.<ref name=Wise-1981-AncArmys/><ref name=Hamblin-2006-Warfare/> The sword style originated in Western Asia during the Bronze Age<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and was introduced in the Second Intermediate Period.<ref name=":0">Lloyd, Alan B. A Companion to Ancient Egypt. Spalinger, Anothony J. Ch 23. "Military Institutions and Warfare: Pharaonic". Newark, United Kingdom: John Wiley & Sons, 2010.</ref><ref name=":1">Van De Mieroop, Marc. A History of Ancient Egypt. John Wiley & Sons, 2021. p. 126.</ref> The khopesh became more common in the New Kingdom, and is often depicted with kings in statues and murals.
EtymologyEdit
The word khopesh may have been derived from "leg", as in "leg of beef", because of their similarity in shape. The hieroglyph for ḫpš ('leg') is found as early as during the time of the Coffin Texts (the First Intermediate Period).<ref name=":2">Coffin Texts: Template:Nobr</ref> However, on the 196 BC Rosetta Stone, it is referenced as the "sword" determinative in a hieroglyph block, with the spelled letters of kh, p, and sh to say:
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DescriptionEdit
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A typical khopesh is Template:Convert in length, though smaller examples also exist. The inside curve of the weapon could be used to trap an opponent's arm, or to pull an opponent's shield out of the way. These weapons changed from bronze to iron in the New Kingdom period.<ref name=Howard-2011-Brnz/> The blade is only sharpened on the outside portion of the curved end. Examples have been found with dull edges, most likely indicating they were of ceremonial purpose. The khopesh evolved from the epsilon or similar crescent-shaped axes that were used in warfare.<ref name="Hamblin-2006-Warfare" /> The khopesh also evolved from the crescent-shaped swords that came with settlers to the delta region from Western Asia.<ref name=":12">Mieroop, Marc Van De. A History of Ancient Egypt. John Wiley & Sons, 2021. pg 126</ref> The khopesh was also a ceremonial object shown alongside depictions of kings and represents a symbol of power and conquest.
HistoryEdit
The khopesh did not originate in Egypt and was a foreign technology that was introduced to Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period when the Hyksos ruled Lower Egypt.<ref name=":13">Mieroop, Marc Van De. A History of Ancient Egypt. John Wiley & Sons, 2021. pg 126</ref> The Hyksos most likely originated from the Levant and brought new technological advances to Egypt. The Hyksos brought new techniques in pottery, bronze working, and weaving, they also brought new weapons like composite bows, chariots, and curved swords that were the precursors to the khopesh<ref name=":02">Lloyd, Alan B. A Companion to Ancient Egypt. Spalinger, Anothony J. Ch 23. Military Institutions and Warfare: Pharaonic. Newark, UNITED KINGDOM: John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, 2010.</ref><ref name=":13" />. The earliest known depiction of a khopesh is from the Stele of the Vultures, depicting King Eannatum of Lagash wielding the weapon; this would date the khopesh to at least 2500 BC.<ref name="Loades-2010-Swords" />
The height of the use of the khopesh was during the New Kingdom Dynasties in which warfare and imperial conquest were key features of the New Kingdoms.<ref name=":14">Mieroop, Marc Van De. A History of Ancient Egypt. John Wiley & Sons, 2021. pg 126</ref> The khopesh fell out of use around 1300 BC.<ref name=":2" /> Ancient Egyptian soldiers carried the khopesh with various weapons such as axes, spears, maces, daggers, bows, and war chariots.<ref name=":03">Lloyd, Alan B. A Companion to Ancient Egypt. Spalinger, Anothony J. Ch 23. Military Institutions and Warfare: Pharaonic. Newark, UNITED KINGDOM: John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, 2010.</ref> Outside of active warfare, the khopesh is often featured alongside depictions of Kings as a symbol of power and conquest.
Although some examples have clearly sharpened edges, many examples have dull edges that apparently were never intended to be sharp. It may therefore be possible that some khopeshes found in high-status graves were ceremonial variants.<ref name="Loades-2010-Swords" /> Various pharaohs are depicted with a khopesh, and some have been found in royal graves, such as the two examples found with Tutankhamun.<ref name="Loades-2010-Swords" />
Examples in ArtEdit
Depictions of the khopesh are also common in carvings from the New Kingdom Period. Carvings typically show the khopesh being wielded by a King in battle or while in a ceremonial setting. This use of the khopesh is used to associate kings with concepts of power and conquest.
- In an ostracon from the New Kingdom, a depiction of Ramesses IV is shown wielding a khopesh used to smite his enemies. The ostracon came from the reign of Ramesses IV putting its creation around 1153–1147 B.C. It is currently in possession of the MFA Boston.
- A plaster relief on the exterior of the Hypostyle Hall at Karnack shows a depiction of Seti I from the 19th dynasty in a battle scene with a war chariot and a raised khopesh. In the scene, Seti I is trampling a group of enemies who are depicted as Libyans.
The Merneptah Stele from the New Kingdom depicts Merneptah, the fourth king of the 19th dynasty being given a khopesh from the God Amun after his victory over the Libyans in the north.
Examples in ArcheologyEdit
Archeological examples of the khopesh have been found in tombs with both dull and sharpened edges. This points to the khopesh being used as a ceremonial object as well as a weapon. Archeological examples of the khopesh are most prevalent in the New Kingdom period after their introduction during the second intermediate period.
- A bronze khopesh found in the region of Palestine was found with an engraving of Ramses II. Louvre. E 25689.
- Two examples of a khopesh were found in the tomb of King Tutankhamun. These swords were ornately carved and with a dull edge, indicating these swords were largely ceremonial in purpose. JE 61588
See alsoEdit
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