Mount Meru

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File:Bhutanese thanka of Mt. Meru and the Buddhist Universe.jpg

Bhutanese thangka of Mt. Meru and the Buddhist universe (19th cent., Trongsa Dzong, Trongsa, Bhutan).

Mount Meru (Sanskrit/Pali: मेरु)—also known as Sumeru, Sineru or Mahāmeru—is a sacred, five-peaked mountain present within Hindu, Jain and Buddhist cosmologies, revered as the centre of all physical, metaphysical and spiritual universes.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> It is professed to be located at the junction of the four great cosmic continents—Pubbavideha Dīpa, Uttarakuru Dīpa, Amaragoyāna Dīpa and Jambu Dīpa. Despite not having a clearly identified or known geophysical location, Mount Meru is, nevertheless, always thought of as being either in the Himalayan Mountains or the Aravalli Range (in western India). Mount Meru is also mentioned in scriptures of other, external religions to India, such as Taoism—which was influenced, itself, by the arrival of Buddhism in China.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Many Hindu, Jain and Buddhist temples have been built as symbolic representations of Mount Meru. The "Sumeru Throne" (zh:须弥座; xūmízuò) style is a common feature of Chinese pagodas.Template:Cn The highest point (the finial bud) on the pyatthat, a Burmese-style multi-tiered roof, represents Mount Meru.

EtymologyEdit

Etymologically, 'meru' in Sanskrit means "high." The proper name of the mountain is Meru (Sanskrit: Meruparvata), to which the approbatory prefix su- is added, resulting in the meaning "excellent Mount Meru" or "sublime Mount Meru".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Meru is also the name of the central bead in a mālā.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

GeographyEdit

The dimensions attributed to Mount Meru — which all refer to it as a part of the Cosmic Ocean, along with several other statements that describe it in geographically vague terms (for example, "the Sun along with all the planets circle the mountain") — make the determination of its location most difficult, according to most scholars.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Several researchers identify Mount Meru or Sumeru with the Pamirs, northwest of Kashmir.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

The Suryasiddhanta mentions that Mt. Meru lies at the centre of the Earth ("bhuva-madhya") in the land of the Jambunad (Jambudvīpa). Narapatijayacharyasvarodaya,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> a ninth-century text, based on mostly unpublished texts of Yāmal Tantr, mentions:

"Template:IAST Prithvī-madhye shrūyate drishyate na tu"

(Sumeru is heard to be at the centre of the Earth, but is not seen there).<ref>cf. second verse of Koorma-chakra in the book Narpatijayacharyā</ref>

Several versions of cosmology can be found in existing Hindu texts. In all of them, cosmologically, the Meru mountain was also described as being surrounded by Mandrachala Mountain to the east, Suparshva Mountain to the west, Kumuda Mountain to the north, and Kailasha to the south.<ref name="autogenerated3">Template:Cite book</ref>

In BuddhismEdit

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According to Buddhist cosmology, Mount Meru is at the centre of the world,<ref name="Beer">Template:Cite book</ref> and Jambūdvīpa is south of it.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite journal</ref> It is 80,000 yojanas wide and 80,000 yojanas high according to the Abhidharmakośabhāṣyam<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and 84,000 yojanas high according to the Long Āgama Sutra.<ref name="Nichiren">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> At the peak of Mount Meru is Trāyastriṃśa, the realm where the ruler Śakra resides.<ref name=":0" /> The Sun and the Moon revolve around Mount Meru, and as the Sun passes behind it, it becomes nighttime. The mountain has four faces — each one made of a different material; the northern face is made of gold, the eastern one is made of crystal, the southern one is made of lapis lazuli, and the western one is made of ruby.<ref name="Beer" />

In Vajrayāna, maṇḍala offerings often include Mount Meru, as they in part represent the entire universe.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It is also believed that Mount Meru is the home of the Buddha Cakrasaṃvara.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In HinduismEdit

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File:The cosmic tortoise, and Mount Meru.jpg

The cosmic tortoise, and Mount Meru

Hindus believe Mount Meru to be a stairway to Svarga, a heaven where the devas reside.<ref name="Allen">Template:Cite book</ref> Meru is considered as the center of the universe and is described as 84,000 yojanas high, about Template:Cvt, which would be 85 times the Earth's diameter. One yojana can be taken to mean about 11.5 km (9 miles), though its magnitude seems to differ over periods — for example, the Earth's circumference is 3,200 yojanas according to Varahamihira and slightly less so in the Aryabhatiya, but is said to be 5,026.5 yojanas in the Suryasiddhānta. The Matsya Purana and the Bhagavata Purana, along with some other Hindu texts, consistently give the height of 84,000 yojanas to Mount Meru, which translates into 672,000 miles or 1,082,000 kilometers. The Sun and Moon along with all the planets revolve around Mount Meru which connects the earth with the under world and heaven with Shiva residing on top of the mountain at Kailasha.<ref name="Chamaria">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Gods and devas are described as frequenting Mount Meru.<ref>Template:Cite book </ref>

According to the Mahabharata, Meru is located amidst the Himavat range between Malayavat and Gandhamadhana mountains. Some scriptures indicate that Shiva resides in a horn of the mountains called as Saivatra.<ref name="Chamaria" /> Mahabharata further states that the mountain gleans of gold when the rays of the sun fall on it and is said to contain lovely woods, lakes, rivers adorned with fruit trees, precious stones and life saving herbs. It also describes Meru as the means to reach heaven and only a being without any sins would be able to scale it.<ref name="Chamaria" /> Meru is also said to be the residence of Kubera who lives near a golden gate with a lake called Alaka adorned with golden lotuses and sweet tasting water from which Mandakini river arises.<ref name="Chamaria" /> As per the Mahabharata, the Pandavas along with their wife Draupadi, traveled towards the summit of the mountain as a means to reach the heaven but only Yudhishthira who was accompanied by a dog, was able to make it.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

The Hindu epic Ramayana describes Kailash and Lake Manasarovar located in the Mount Meru as places unlike anywhere in the world.<ref name="Chamaria" /> Mount Meru is also said to be kingdom of King Kesari, father of Lord Hanuman.

Vishnu Purana states that Meru is a pillar of the world, located at the heart of six mountain ranges symbolizing a lotus. It also states that the four faces of Mount Kailash are made of crystal, ruby, gold, and lapis lazuli.<ref name="Allen" /> It further talks about Shiva sitting in a lotus position, engaged in deep meditation within the confines of the mountain.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The mountain is home to four lakes, whose water is shared by the gods and four rivers that originate from the Ganges and flow to the earth. The Vayu Purana describes similarly with the mountain located close to a lake consisting of clear water with lotuses and lilies decked with water birds.<ref name="Chamaria" /> Bhagavata Purana places Kailash as located south of Mount Meru. Skanda Purana mentions that the mountain is located amongst the highest peaks, perpetually covered with snow.<ref name="Chamaria" /> Mount Meru was said to be the residence of King Padmaja Brahma in antiquity.<ref name="autogenerated3" />

This mythical mountain of gods was mentioned in the Tantu Pagelaran, an Old Javanese manuscript written in the 15th-century Majapahit period. The manuscript describes the mythical origin of the island of Java, as well as the legendary movement of portions of Mount Meru to Java. The manuscript explains that Batara Guru (Shiva) ordered the gods Brahma and Vishnu to fill Java with human beings. However, at that time, Java island was floating freely on the ocean, always tumbling and shaking. To stop the island's movement, the gods decided to nail it to the Earth by moving the part of Mahameru in Jambudvipa (India) and attaching it to Java.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The resulting mountain is Mount Semeru, the tallest mountain in Java.

In JainismEdit

File:Mount Meru.jpg

Painting of Mount Meru from Jain cosmology from the Samghayanarayana

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According to Jain cosmology, Mount Meru (or Sumeru) is at the centre of the world surrounded by Jambūdvīpa,Template:Sfn in the form of a circle forming a diameter of 100,000 yojanas.<ref>Template:Citation</ref><ref name="Schubring, Walther 1995 pp. 204–246">Schubring, Walther (1995), pp. 204–246</ref> There are two sets of sun, moon, and stars revolving around Mount Meru; while one set works, the other set rests behind Mount Meru.<ref>Template:Citation</ref><ref>Template:Citation</ref><ref>Template:Citation</ref>

Every Tirthankara is taken to the summit of Meru by Indra shortly after his birth, after putting the Tirthankara child's mother into a deep slumber. There, he is bathed and anointed with precious unctions.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Indra and other Devas celebrate his birth.

ArchitectureEdit

The concept of a holy mountain surrounded by various circles was incorporated into ancient Hindu temple architecture with a Shikhara (Śikhara) — a Sanskrit word translating literally to "peak" or "summit". Early examples of this style can be found at the Harshat Mata Temple and Harshnath Temple from the 8th century CE in Rajasthan, Western India. This concept also continued outside India, such as in Bali, where temples feature Meru towers.

In Buddhist temples, the Mahabodhi Temple in Bodh Gaya is the earliest example of the 5th- to 6th-century depiction. Many other Buddhist temples took on this form, such as the Wat Arun in Thailand and the Hsinbyume Pagoda in Myanmar.

Angkor Wat-108-Spiegelung-2007-gje.jpg

The five central towers of Angkor Wat, before a Hindu and later a Buddhist temple in Siem Reap, Cambodia, symbolize the peaks of Mount Meru
Sunset at Wat Chaiwatthanaram, Ayutthaya, Thailand.jpg

Prang of Wat Chaiwatthanaram, a Buddhist temple in Ayutthaya, Thailand, representing Mount Meru
วัดแจ้ง2.jpg

A Buddhist prang in Wat Arun, Bangkok, representing Mount Sumeru
Min Kun, Myanmar (Burma) - panoramio (23).jpg

Hsinbyume Pagoda in Mandalay, Myanmar, representing Mount Sumeru
Pura Ulun Danu Bratan, 2022.jpg

The meru of Pura Ulun Danu Bratan is dedicated to Shiva and his consort Parvathi
Jambudweep Rachna.jpg

Depiction of Mount Meru at Jambudweep, a Jain temple in Uttar Pradesh

In other languagesEdit

In other languages, Mount Meru is pronounced:

Assamese: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Meru Pôrbôt)
Bengali: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Meru Porbot)
Burmese: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ({{#invoke:IPA|main}})
Cebuano: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
Chinese: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Xūmíshān)
Gujarati: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Meru Parvat)
Ilocano: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
Japanese: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Shumisen)<ref name="Nichiren" />
Javanese: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Semeru)
Kannada: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Meru Parvata)
Khmer: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Phnom Preah Someru) or (Phnom Preah Somae)
Korean: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Sumisan)
Malayalam: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Mahameru Parvatham)
Mongolian: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Sümber Uul)
Nepali: सुमेरु पर्वत (Sumeru Parwat)
Odia: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (“Meru Pôrbôtô”)
Old Maldivian: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "Sumēru-Mandara" (sometimes spelt as Ṣumeru-Mandara)
Pāli: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
Punjabi: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Meru Parbat)
Sanskrit, Marathi, Hindi: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Meru Parvat)
Tagalog: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
Tamil: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Maha Meru Malai)
Telugu: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Meru Parvatham)
Sinhala: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Maha Meru Parvathaya)
Tibetan: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Wylie: ri gyal po ri rab)
Thai: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Khao phra sumen)
Vietnamese: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}

The mountain is also mentioned by Diodorus Siculus as Mēros ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) and ascribes to Dionysus events related in Indian mythology, trying to use this as explanation as to why the Greeks had come to say Dionysus was born out of a thigh (whose word in Ancient Greek is indeed {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}).<ref>https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/2B*.html#ref11</ref>