Kingston-class coastal defence vessel

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The Kingston class consists of 12 coastal defence vessels operated by the Royal Canadian Navy. The class is the name for the Maritime Coastal Defence Vessel Project (MCDV). These multi-role vessels were built and launched from the mid- to late-1990s and are crewed by a combination of Naval Reserve and Regular Force personnel. The main missions of the vessels are reservist training, coastal patrol, minesweeping, law enforcement, pollution surveillance and search and rescue. The multi-purpose nature of the vessels led to their mixed construction between commercial and naval standards. The Kingston class is split between the east and west coasts of Canada and regularly deploy overseas to West Africa, Europe, Central America and the Caribbean.

In August 2023 it was reported that the Canadian Department of National Defence had "initiated the project to inform timely governmental decision-making about a potential replacement for the Kingston-class."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

BackgroundEdit

The Kingston class was the result of the Maritime Coastal Defence Vessel Project (MCDV) in the late 1980s. The project came about due to four influences, along with restrictions. The vessels in use by the Canadian Forces Naval Reserve were ageing and needed replacement. At the time, the Maritime Command was using old Template:Sclasss, Template:Sclass2s and Template:Sclass2s to train reservists, with the vast majority of the ships having begun service in the 1950s and early 1960s. The navy lacked a mine warfare capability. Furthermore, the new Template:Sclasss were not capable of inshore and restricted area patrol and finally, the government sought to keep the shipbuilding efforts ongoing, as the frigate program was already well underway.Template:Sfn

The MCDV project was also the culmination of a series of political promises offered by then Minister of National Defence Gilles Lamontagne. The government sought to move the National Reserve Headquarters from Halifax, Nova Scotia, to Quebec City, Quebec, as part of their effort to increase French representation in the armed forces. The move was to provide a site where French-Canadians could live and work in their native language. Lamontagne faced opposition within the Forces due to Quebec City being far from the existing naval bases and the waters around it freezing during winter months. Lamontagne promised to replace the ships for naval reserve training in order to move the project forward.Template:Sfn The program began in the 1987 National Defence White Paper under the concept of "Total Force". This was intended to mask reductions in the regular force by increasing the capabilities of the reserve forces. This led the navy to add minesweeping and coastal patrol duties to the reserve force's list of duties.Template:Sfn

Design and descriptionEdit

There were five main criteria for the design. The ships had to be built in Canada, they had to be inexpensive to build, they had to be operable by naval reservists, the design had to have role flexibility included, and they had to be inexpensive to operate. This was exemplified by the Royal Navy's Template:Sclass2 which was operated by the Royal Navy Reserve.Template:Sfn The design originally called for steel-hulled mine countermeasures vessels and training ships. The Kingston class was built to naval standards in stability and maneuverability, and in the magazines; but otherwise only to commercial standards, to reduce costs.Template:Sfn The ships' mixed construction is visible in their two square, separated funnels, which were cheaper to manufacture, and their poor seakeeping and large radar signature.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn The vessels were re-designated MCDV from MM (General Mine Warfare Vessel) when two follow-on programmes of purely minesweeper/hunters were cancelled, denoting their mixed duties.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

File:HMCS Brandon (MM 710) bridge 1.JPG

HMCS BrandonTemplate:'s bridge, with the ship's sensors and radar placed on top of it

The ships have a standard displacement of Template:Convert light and Template:Cvt fully loaded. During sea trials, the vessels were found to be top heavy and a further Template:Cvt of permanent ballast was added. The Kingston class measure Template:Convert long overall and Template:Cvt between perpendiculars with a beam of Template:Cvt and a draught of Template:Cvt. The vessels have a maximum crew of 47, with crew sizes changing depending on the vessel's task.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn The crew is a mix of reservists and regular force personnel, with the regular force personnel assigned to engine room and electronics tasks.Template:Sfn The Kingston class are equipped with Kelvin Hughes Nucleus S-band surface search radar.Template:Sfn

File:WartsilaV12.jpg

Wärtsilä diesel engine aboard HMCS Yellowknife Template:Circa

The Kingston class use an electric drive system that is powered by four Wärtsilä UD 23V12 diesel engines which are coupled to four Jeumont ANR 53-50-4 alternators, creating 715 kilowatts each. Two Jeumont C1 560 L electric motors provide power to the two LIPS FS-100 Z-drive azimuth thrusters which are fitted with fixed-pitch reversing propellers. In total the system creates Template:Convert and a maximum speed of Template:Convert. When minesweeping, the vessels have a maximum speed of Template:Convert. The Kingston class have a range of Template:Convert at Template:Convert and have an endurance of 18 days.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn

File:HMCS Brandon (MM 710) Bofors 40 mm.JPG

A Bofors 40 mm L/60 gun aboard HMCS Brandon

The Kingston class were initially armed with a single [[Bofors 40 mm Automatic Gun L/60|Bofors Template:Convert/60 calibre]]Template:Efn Mk 1N/1 anti-aircraft gun mounted in a Mk 5C Boffin mount and two single Template:Cvt Browning M2 machine guns. The Bofors guns were refurbished World War II models that had been previously used by the Canadian Army for air defence in Europe.Template:Sfn The Bofors gun was mounted on the forecastle deck until their removal in 2014. The machine guns are mounted on either side at the front of the bridge deck.<ref name=Laffont>Template:Cite news</ref> The 40 mm guns were used as monuments after being dismounted.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In October 2006, Maritime Command experimented with mounting a remote controlled heavy machine gun station, the OTO Melara 12.7 mm RCHMG, in place of the 40 mm Bofors cannon aboard Template:HMCS.<ref name=CasrRCHMGP>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=TridentNews20062237>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Nanuk .50 calibre RCWS from Rheinmetall was trialled as a replacement aboard Template:HMCS in 2018.<ref name=Laffont/> All twelve ships have degaussing coil arrays fitted, but only the first three ships have the control system, with it situated between the two funnels.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn

Modular payloadEdit

On the aft sweep deck, there are three positions that can receive a variety of mission payloads in the form of Template:Convert ISO containers. The Royal Canadian Navy has a limited number of each mission payload;Template:Sfn

Two Indal Technologies AN/SLQ-38 deep mechanical minesweeping systems
Four MDA Ltd. AN/SQS-511 heavyweight high-definition Route Survey System
One ISE Ltd. Trailblazer bottom object inspection vehicle
One ISE Ltd. HYSUB 50 deep seabed intervention system
Fullerton and Sherwood Ltd. six-man, two-compartment containerised diving systems
MDA Ltd. Interim Remote Minehunting and Disposal System control van

Furthermore, the vessels have additional systems not in an ISO container format that can be fitted, including;Template:Sfn

Two L3/Klein K 5500 high definition side scan sonars
Four L3/Klein K 3000 dual frequency side scan sonars
Two Deep Ocean Engineering Inc. Phantom 4 remotely operated vehicles (ROV)

The modules are split between the naval bases on each coast. The Trailblazer module is based at CFB Esquimalt, there are two route survey modules per coast, and the two minesweeping modules are located at CFB Halifax. In November 2009, the Boeing Insitu ScanEagle unmanned aerial vehicle was successfully trialled aboard a Kingston-class vessel.Template:Sfn

ModernisationEdit

The Royal Canadian Navy discarded a $100-million mid-life refit plan for the twelve vessels in this class.<ref name=CasrMCDVMidlife1>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It was intended to retain the "mid-lifed" vessels through 2045–2055. While the RCN concluded that the money would be better spent in acquiring a new platform, the Liberal Government's 2017 defence policy statement, Strong, Secure and Engaged, did not reference replacing these vessels. The RCN review listed low speed and small size as reasons for the MCDV being inadequate for patrol duties (both are factors of the original specification). Notwithstanding the success of the ships in their deployment, critics suggest that patrol and training were tacked onto the mine-countermeasures role and that the platform lacks serious armament for a sovereignty enforcement role.<ref name=CasrMCDVMidlife1/>

In October 2011, L-3 MAPPS was awarded a contract to supply degaussing systems for the Kingston-class ships. The advanced degaussing systems were to be delivered and supported locally in collaboration with SAM Electronics.<ref name=Techno3>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In November 2012 MacDonald, Dettwiler and Associates was awarded a two-year $13.4 million contract to repair and upgrade the deployable sonar systems.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In 2018 the Royal Canadian Navy acquired the UAV AeroVironment Puma II AE with Mantis i45 Sensor for use on the Kingston class.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Construction and careerEdit

In May 1992, a $650 million contract was awarded to Halifax Shipyards of Halifax, Nova Scotia, to construct twelve ships of the class. The vessels would be tasked with coastal patrol, minesweeping, law enforcement, pollution surveillance and search and rescue duties. Steel cutting for the first ship begin in December 1993, and by July 1999 all twelve Kingston-class ships were in service.Template:Sfn

File:HMCS Yellowknife (MM 706), HMCS Saskatoon (MM 709), USCGC Osprey (WPB-87307) and USCGC Blue Shark (WPB-87360) underway on 17 February 2022 (220217-G-SG988-0985).JPG

HMCS Yellowknife, HMCS Saskatoon with two US Coast Guard patrol boats during a counter-narcotics naval operations, February 2022

The ships are evenly distributed between the east and west coasts. One vessel on each coast is maintained for rapid deployment: this responsibility is rotated amongst the ships.Template:Sfn The Kingston-class ships deploy regularly as part of Operation Caribbe in the Caribbean Sea and the Central American Pacific coast.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The ships also deploy to the Arctic as part of Operation Nanook,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and in naval exercises off the west coast of Africa<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and in the Baltic Sea among others.Template:Sfn On 13 May 2010, it was announced that six of the twelve MCDVs would be placed in extended readiness due to lack of funds and the inability of the Naval Reserve to provide sufficient personnel to man the ships. However, on 14 May that order was rescinded.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Ships in classEdit

Kingston class construction dataTemplate:Sfn Template:Sfn
Pennant	Name	Builder	Laid down	Launched	Commissioned	Homeport	Status	Image
MM 700	Template:HMCS	Halifax Shipyards, Halifax, Nova Scotia	12 December 1994	12 August 1995	21 September 1996	CFB Halifax	Active	File:NCSM KINGSTON (MM 700) 1.jpg
MM 701	Template:HMCS		28 April 1995	22 January 1996	26 October 1996	CFB Halifax	Active	File:HMCS Glace Bay (MM 701).jpg
MM 702	Template:HMCS		11 August 1995	17 May 1996	10 May 1997	CFB Esquimalt	Active	File:Nanaimo Canada Day 09.jpg
MM 703	Template:HMCS		8 December 1995	31 October 1996	21 June 1997	CFB Esquimalt	Active	File:HMCS Edmonton Portland Fleet Week 2017 1.jpg
MM 704	Template:HMCS		26 April 1996	15 November 1996	14 June 1997	CFB Halifax	Active	File:(MM 704)NCSM Shawinigan.jpg
MM 705	Template:HMCS		26 July 1996	24 February 1997	17 April 1998	CFB Esquimalt	Active	File:HMCS WHITEHORSE.JPG
MM 706	Template:HMCS		7 November 1996	5 June 1997	18 April 1998	CFB Esquimalt	Active	File:HMCS Yellowknife 2 (cropped).jpg
MM 707	Template:HMCS		22 February 1997	4 September 1997	26 July 1998	CFB Halifax	Active	File:HMCS Goose Bay moored at the future site of the Nanisivik Naval Facility, during Operation Nanook, 2010-08-20.jpg
MM 708	Template:HMCS		31 May 1997	5 December 1997	12 July 1998	CFB Halifax	Active	File:HMCS Moncton - IFR 2010.jpg
MM 709	Template:HMCS		5 September 1997	30 March 1998	5 December 1998	CFB Esquimalt	Active	File:HMCS Saskatoon 2007.jpg
MM 710	Template:HMCS		6 December 1997	10 July 1998	5 June 1999	CFB Esquimalt	Active	File:HMCS Brandon.jpg
MM 711	Template:HMCS		28 March 1998	26 September 1998	18 July 1999	CFB Halifax	Active	File:HMCS Summerside.jpg