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Streamline Moderne

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Streamline Moderne is an international style of Art Deco architecture and design that emerged in the 1930s. Inspired by aerodynamic design, it emphasized curving forms, long horizontal lines, and sometimes nautical elements. In industrial design, it was used in railroad locomotives, telephones, buses, appliances, and other devices to give the impression of sleekness and modernity.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In France, it was called the style paquebot, or "ocean liner style", and was influenced by the design of the luxury ocean liner SS Normandie, launched in 1932.

Influences and originsEdit

{{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B= {{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B= Template:Ambox }} }} As the Great Depression of the 1930s progressed, Americans saw a new aspect of Art Deco, i.e., streamlining, a concept first conceived by industrial designers who stripped Art Deco design of its ornament in favor of the aerodynamic pure-line concept of motion and speed developed from scientific thinking. The cylindrical forms and long horizontal windowing in architecture may also have been influenced by the New Objectivity artists — a movement connected to the German Werkbund — and by Futurist architecture of the early 20th century. Examples of this style include the 1923 Mossehaus, the reconstruction of the corner of a Berlin office building in 1923 by Erich Mendelsohn and Richard Neutra. The Streamline Moderne was sometimes a reflection of the austere economic times; sharp angles were replaced with simple, aerodynamic curves, and ornament was replaced with smooth concrete and glass.

The style was the first to incorporate electric light into architectural structure. In the first-class dining room of the SS Normandie, fitted out 1933–35, twelve tall pillars of Lalique glass, and 38 columns lit from within illuminated the room. The Strand Palace Hotel foyer (1930), preserved from demolition by the Victoria and Albert Museum during 1969, was one of the first uses of internally lit architectural glass, and coincidentally was the first Moderne interior preserved in a museum.

ArchitectureEdit

{{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B= {{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B= Template:Ambox }} }} Streamline Moderne appeared most often in buildings related to transportation and movement, such as bus and train stations, airport terminals, roadside cafes, and port buildings.<ref>Bridge, Nicole. Architecture 101, Simon & Schuster, New York, (2015), page 203.</ref> It had characteristics common with modern architecture, including a horizontal orientation, rounded corners, the use of glass brick walls or porthole windows, flat roofs, chrome-plated hardware, and horizontal grooves or lines in the walls. They were frequently white or in subdued pastel colors.

An example of this style is the Aquatic Park Bathhouse in the Aquatic Park Historic District, in San Francisco. Built beginning in 1936 by the Works Progress Administration, it features the distinctive horizontal lines, classic rounded corners railing and windows of the style, resembling the elements of ship. The interior preserves much of the original decoration and detail, including murals by artist and color theoretician Hilaire Hiler. The architects were William Mooser Jr. and William Mooser III. It is now the administrative center of Aquatic Park Historic District.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The Normandie Hotel in San Juan, Puerto Rico, which opened during 1942, is built in the stylized shape of the ocean liner SS Normandie, and displays the ship's original sign. The Sterling Streamliner Diners in New England were diners designed like streamlined trains.

Another example is Hollywood, California's Julian Medical Building, which has been described as a "landmark",<ref name=NRHP_hollywood>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> "an architectural masterpiece",<ref name="sociallandmarks">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and "one of the crowning achievements of Streamline Moderne."<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The building's distinctive features include a rounded Moderne corner, windswept tower, and pylon-separated horizontally-reinforced windows.<ref name=NRHP_hollywood/><ref name="hmdb">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Although Streamline Moderne houses are less common than streamline commercial buildings, residences do exist. The Lydecker House in Los Angeles, built by Howard Lydecker, is an example of Streamline Moderne design in residential architecture. In tract development, elements of the style were sometimes used as a variation in postwar row housing in San Francisco's Sunset District.

Paquebot styleEdit

In France, the style was called Paquebot, meaning ocean liner. The French version was inspired by the launch of the ocean liner Normandie in 1935, which featured an Art Deco dining room with columns of Lalique crystal. Buildings using variants of the style appeared in Belgium and in Paris, notably in a building at 3 boulevard Victor in the 15th arrondissement, by the architect Pierre Patout. He was one of the founders of the Art Deco style. He designed the entrance to the Pavilion of a Collector at the 1925 Exposition of Decorative Arts, the birthplace of the style. He was also the designer of the interiors of three ocean liners, the Ile-de-France (1926), the L'Atlantique (1930), and the Normandie (1935).<ref>Oudin, Bernard. Dictionnaire des Architectes, Sechiers, Paris, (1994), (in French), page 372.</ref> Patout's building on Avenue Victor lacked the curving lines of the American version of the style, but it had a narrow "bow" at one end, where the site was narrow, long balconies like the decks of a ship, and a row of projections like smokestacks on the roof. Another 1935 Paris apartment building at 1 Avenue Paul Doumer in the 16th arrondissement had a series of terraces modelled after the decks of an ocean liner.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>

The Flagey Building was built on the Place Eugène Flagey in Ixelles (Brussels), Belgium, in 1938, in the paquebot style,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and has been nicknamed "Packet Boat"<ref name=svr>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> or "paquebot".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It was designed by Template:Ill, and selected as the winning design in an architectural competition<ref name=flageybuilding>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> to create a building to house the former headquarters of the Belgian National Institute of Radio Broadcasting (INR/NIR).<ref name=jazz>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The building was extensively renovated, and in 2002, it reopened as a cultural centre known as Le Flagey.<ref name=flageybuilding/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • SS Normandie (ship, 1935) interior.jpg

    Main dining room of the ocean liner S.S. Normandie by Pierre Patout (1935)

  • Immeuble de Pierre Patout Bd Victor Paris XV.jpg

    Paquebot building at 3 boulevard Victor, 15th arrondissement, Paris by Patout (1935)

  • Ancien Institut national de Radiodiffusion - vue d'ensemble.JPG

    Flagey Building (or Radio House), Ixelles (Brussels), Belgium (1938)

AutomobilesEdit

Template:Further The defining event for streamline moderne design in the United States was the 1933–34 Chicago World's Fair, which introduced the style to the general public. The new automobiles adapted the smooth lines of ocean liners and airships, giving the impression of efficiency, dynamism, and speed. The grills and windshields tilted backwards, cars sat lower and wider, and they featured smooth curves and horizontal speed lines. Examples include the 1934 Chrysler Airflow and the 1934 Studebaker Land Cruiser. The cars also featured new materials, including bakelite plastic, formica, Vitrolight opaque glass, stainless steel, and enamel, which gave the appearance of newness and sleekness.<ref>McCourt, Mark, "When Art Deco is Really Streamline Moderne", Hemmings Daily, 29 May 2014</ref>

Other later examples include the 1950 Nash Ambassador "Airflyte" sedan with its distinctive low fender lines, as well as Hudson's postwar cars, such as the Commodore,<ref name="Hudson Commodore">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> that "were distinctive streamliners—ponderous, massive automobiles with a style all their own".<ref>Template:Reed-Streamline era</ref>

  • Rumpler (31713119053).jpg

    The Rumpler Tropfenwagen (1921) was designed by Edmund Rumpler, who was initially an aircraft designer

  • Sportovní vůz Supersport.gif

    The 1931 WIKOV Supersport, Prostějov Moravia was one of the first produced truly aerodynamically designed automobiles.

  • 1933 Pierce-Arrow Silver Arrow V-12 (9513966700).jpg

    The 1933 Pierce Silver Arrow

  • Tatra 77A dutch licence registration AM-44-01 pic10.JPG

    The 1934 Tatra 77 was one of the first serial-produced truly aerodynamically designed automobiles.

  • 1934ChryslerAirflow.jpg

    1934 Chrysler Airflow

  • 1934 Studebaker Commander Land Cruiser Sedan (4000265550).jpg

    Studebaker Land Cruiser (1934)

  • Stout Scarab 2.jpg

    Stout Scarab (1935) on display at Houston Fine Arts Museum

  • Bugatti Aérolithe AV.jpg

    Bugatti Aérolithe (1936)

  • Cord 812 1937.jpg

    1937 Cord Automobile

  • 1938 Talbot Teardrop SS 150 (7412440580).jpg

    Talbot Teardrop SS 150 (1938)

  • Schlörwagen without the Russian aircraft power unit.jpg

    1939 Schlörwagen - Subsequent wind tunnel tests yielded a drag coefficient of 0.113

  • 1939 Dodge TE32 table top (6333330869).jpg

    1939 Dodge 'Job Rated' streamline model truck

  • 1946 Chevrolet DP ½-ton truck, front left.jpg

    1946 Chevrolet DP ½-ton 'Art Deco' pickup

  • T603 MockUp.jpg

    1955 Tatra 603 The last prototype in Kopřivnice Moravia

Planes, boats and trainsEdit

Template:Further Streamlining became a widespread design practice for aircraft, railroad locomotives, and ships.

Industrial designEdit

Streamline style can be contrasted with functionalism, which was a leading design style in Europe at the same time. One reason for the simple designs in functionalism was to lower the production costs of the items, making them affordable to the large European working class.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Streamlining and functionalism represent two different schools in modernistic industrial design.

  • Ericsson bakelittelefon 1931.jpg

    The first bakelite telephone (1931)

  • Philips 930.jpg

    Philips Art Deco radio set (1931)

  • Lurelle Guild. Vacuum Cleaner, ca. 1937..jpg

    Electrolux Vacuum cleaner (1937)

  • Toaster1.jpg

    Streamlined toaster

  • Crosley radio.jpg

    Streamlined Bakelite radio (1952)

Other notable examplesEdit

File:1-й жилой дом врача 1.jpg
Doctor's Building, Kyiv, Ukraine, 1928
File:Casa e jardins de Serralves 5.jpg
Serralves House, Porto, Portugal, 1931–1944
File:Express Building Manchester.jpg
Daily Express Building, Manchester, UK, 1939
File:Gdynia- Dom Żeglarza Polskiego (4).JPG
Gdynia Maritime University, Poland, 1937
File:Club Moderne, Anaconda, Montana.jpg
Club Moderne in Anaconda, Montana
File:Tsim Sha Tsui Star Ferry Pier.jpg
Star Ferry Pier in Tsim Sha Tsui, Hong Kong
File:Clock Tower, Star Ferry Pier in Central.jpg
Former Star Ferry Pier in Central, Hong Kong, now demolished
File:Earls Court One - geograph.org.uk - 164611.jpg
Howard Crane's Earls Court Exhibition Centre (1937), West Brompton, London approach, now demolished
File:Knapps Building.jpg
J. W. Knapp Company Building (1937), Lansing, Michigan
File:HamiltonHydroElectric.JPG
Hamilton Hydro-Electric System Building (1935), Hamilton, Ontario

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In motion picturesEdit

See alsoEdit

ReferencesEdit

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BibliographyEdit

Template:History of architecture Template:Modern architecture Template:Architecture in the United States

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