Incubator escapee wiki

Saxifraga

Article Discussion
Revision as of 16:51, 25 May 2025 by imported>OAbot (Open access bot: url-access updated in citation with #oabot.)
(diff) ← Previous revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)

Template:Short description Template:About Template:Automatic taxobox

Saxifraga is the largest genus in the family Saxifragaceae, containing about 473 species of holarctic perennial plants, known as saxifrages<ref name = powo/><ref name="Cam">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> or rockfoils.<ref>Roger Spencer, ed. Horticultural Flora of South-Eastern Australia. UNSW Press, 2002. p. 81. Template:ISBN</ref> The Latin word saxifraga means literally "stone-breaker", from Latin {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("rock" or "stone") + {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("to break"). It is usually thought to indicate a medicinal use for treatment of urinary calculi (known as kidney or bladder stones), rather than breaking rocks apart.<ref name="Cam"/><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

DescriptionEdit

Most saxifrages are small perennial, biennial (e.g. S. adscendens) or annual (e.g. S. tridactylites) herbaceous plants whose basal or cauline leaves grow close to the ground, often in a rosette. The leaves typically have a more or less incised margin; they may be succulent, needle-like and/or hairy, reducing evaporation.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn<ref name="RHSAZ"/>

The inflorescence or single flower clusters rise above the main plant body on naked stalks. The small actinomorphic hermaphrodite flowers have five petals and sepals and are usually white, but red to yellow in some species. Stamens, usually 10, rarely 8, insert at the junction of the floral tube and ovary wall, with filaments subulate or clavate. As in other primitive eudicots, some of the 5 or 10 stamens may appear petal-like.Template:Citation needed It lives in tundral ecosystems.Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn

TaxonomyEdit

A genus of about 473 species.<ref name = powo/> The former monotypic genus Saxifragella has been submersed within Saxifraga, the largest genus in Saxifragaceae, as Saxifraga bicuspidata.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Also, the genus Saxifragopsis (strawberry saxifrage) was previously included in Saxifraga.<ref name = usda2005>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

SubdivisionEdit

Based on morphological criteria, up to 15 sections were recognised.Template:Sfn Subsequent molecular phylogenetic studies reduced this to 13 sections with 9 subsections. The former sections Micranthes and Merkianae are more closely related to the Boykinia and Heuchera clades.Template:Sfn Modern floras separate these groups as the genus Micranthes.<ref>Flora of China</ref>Template:Sfn

The thirteen sections (with subsections) are:Template:Sfn

  • Irregulares
  • Saxifragella
  • Pseudocymbalaria
  • Bronchiales
  • Ciliatae
  • Cymbalaria
  • Cotylea
  • Gymnopera
  • Mesogyne
  • Trachyphyllum
  • Ligulatae
  • Porphyrion
    • Squarrosae
    • Mutatae
    • Oppositifoliae
    • Florulentae
    • Kabschia
  • Saxifraga
    • Tridactylites
    • Androsaceae
    • Arachnoideae
    • Saxifraga

Selected speciesEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:Div col

Template:Div col end

Formerly placed hereEdit

Plants formerly placed in Saxifraga are mainly but not exclusively Saxifragaceae. They include:Template:Citation needed

Other "saxifragous" plantsEdit

Several plant genera have names referring to saxifrages, although they might not be close relatives of Saxifraga. They include:Template:Citation needed

  • Golden-saxifrages, Chrysosplenium
  • Burnet-saxifrages, Pimpinella
  • Pepper-saxifrage, Silaum silaus. The name "silaum" comes from the Latin word sil, which means yellow ochre. This refers to the sulphurous yellow colour of the flowers.<ref>Reader's Digest Nature Lover's Library Wild Flowers of Britain, page 192, published 1988</ref>

Some plants refer to Saxifraga in their generic names or specific epithets, either because they are also "rock-breaking" or because they resemble members of the saxifrage genus:Template:Citation needed

EcologyEdit

Template:More citations needed section

File:Saxifraga rotundifolia a1.jpg
Round-leaved saxifrage (S. rotundifolia), whose sticky leaves seem to catch small invertebrates

Saxifrages are typical inhabitants of Arctic–alpine ecosystems, and are hardly ever found outside the temperate parts of the Northern Hemisphere; most members of this genus are found in subarctic climates. A good number of species grow in glacial habitats, such as S. biflora which can be found some Template:Cvt above sea level in the Alps, or the East Greenland saxifrage (S. nathorstii). The genus is also abundant in the Eastern and Western Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows. Though the archetypal saxifrage is a small plant huddling between rocks high up on a mountain, many species do not occur in such a habitat and are larger (though still rather delicate) plants found on wet meadows.

Various Saxifraga species are used as food plants by the caterpillars of some butterflies and moths, such as the Phoebus Apollo (Parnassius phoebus).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Charles Darwin – erroneously believing Saxifraga to be allied to the sundew family (Droseraceae) – suspected the sticky-leaved round-leaved saxifrage (S. rotundifolia), rue-leaved saxifrage (S. tridactylites) and Pyrenean saxifrage (S. umbrosa) to be protocarnivorous plants, and conducted some experiments whose results supported his observations,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> but the matter has apparently not been studied since his time.

CultivationEdit

File:Saxifraga urumoffii, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Scotland, GB, IMG 3765 edit.jpg
Saxifraga urumoffii at the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh.

Numerous species and cultivars of saxifrage are cultivated as ornamental garden plants, valued particularly as groundcover or as cushion plants in rock gardens and alpine gardens. Many require alkaline or neutral soil to thrive.<ref name=RHSAZ>Template:Cite book</ref>

S. × urbium (London pride), a hybrid between Pyrenean saxifrage (S. umbrosa) and St. Patrick's cabbage (S. spathularis), is commonly grown as an ornamental plant.<ref name="Cam"/> Another horticultural hybrid is Robertsoniana saxifrage (S. × geum), derived from kidney saxifrage (S. hirsuta) and Pyrenean saxifrage.Template:Citation needed Some wild species are also used in gardening. Cambridge University Botanic Garden hosts the United Kingdom's national collection of saxifrages.<ref name="Cam"/>

Award of Garden MeritEdit

The following species and cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:-<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Template:Div col

  • 'Angelina Johnson' (fortunei)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • 'Blackberry and Apple Pie' (fortunei)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • S. callosa (limestone saxifrage)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • 'Conwy Snow' (fortunei)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • 'Coolock Kate'<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • 'Cumulus'<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • 'Gregor Mendel' (× apiculata)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • 'Lagraveana' (paniculata)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • 'Lutea'<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • 'Minor'<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • 'Moe' (fortunei)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • 'Monarch'<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • 'Mount Nachi' (fortunei)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • 'Reginald Farrer' (Silver Farreri Group)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • 'Rokujo' (fortunei)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • 'Rosea'<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • 'Shiranami' (fortunei)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • 'Slack's Ruby Southside' (Southside Seedling Group)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • 'Snowflake' (Silver Farreri Group)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • 'Southside Star' (Southside Seedling Group)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • S. stolonifera (strawberry saxifrage)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • 'Sue Drew' (fortunei)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • Template:Tdes='Toujya' (fortunei)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • 'Theoden'<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • 'Tumbling Waters' <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • S. × urbium (London pride)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • 'Venetia' (paniculata)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • 'Whitehill'<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> Template:Div col end

UsesEdit

The leaves of some saxifrage species, such as creeping saxifrage (S. stolonifera) and S. pensylvanica,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> are edible. The former is a food in Korea<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and Japan.Template:Citation needed The flowers of purple saxifrage (S. oppositifolia) are eaten in Nunavut, Canada and the leaves and stems brewed as a tea.<ref name="nunavut">Official Flower of Nunavut, Nunavut, Canada</ref>

Species are also used in traditional medicine, such as creeping saxifrage in East Asia<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and round-leaved saxifrage (S. rotundifolia) in Europe.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Two species—purple saxifrage and creeping saxifrage—are popular floral emblems. They are official flowers for:

  • Nunavut, Canada - purple saxifrage<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

ReferencesEdit

Template:Reflist

BibliographyEdit

Template:Refbegin

Books
Articles
Websites
  • {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}

  • {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}

  • {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}

Floras
  • {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}, in Flora of China online vol. 8 see also PDF

  • {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }} Template:Refend

External linksEdit

Template:Sister project Template:Sister project

Template:Taxonbar Template:Authority control

Retrieved from "https://zalansite.site/mediawiki/index.php?title=Saxifraga&oldid=698867"