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Template:Islam in Pakistan Template:Islam by country
Islam is the largest and the state religion of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Pakistan has over 231.69 million adherents of Islam(excluding the administrative territory of Azad Kashmir<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Gilgit Baltistan<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>) making it the second-largest Muslim population.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="2023census">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> As much as 85-90% of the population follows Sunni Islam.<ref name="Oxford" /> Most Pakistani Sunni Muslims belong to the Hanafi school of jurisprudence, which is represented by the Barelvi and Deobandi traditions.
About 97% of Pakistanis are Muslims.<ref name="Oxford">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The majority are Sunni (85-90%)<ref name="LoC2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="CIA">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="PRC">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="PRCPDF">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="State">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> while Shias make up around 10-15%.<ref name="LoC22">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="CIA"/><ref name="LoC3">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=":122">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="dawn.com">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Oxford Presss">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Hanbali school has gained popularity recently due to Ahl-i Hadith and also Wahabbi influence from the Middle East.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Smaller minority Muslim populations in Pakistan include Quranists, nondenominational Muslims.<ref name="seyed"/> There are also two Mahdi'ist based creeds practised in Pakistan, namely Mahdavia and Ahmadiyya,<ref name="samira">Sheikh, Samira. "Aurangzeb as seen from Gujarat: Shi ‘i and Millenarian Challenges to Mughal Sovereignty." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 28.3 (2018): 557–581.</ref> the latter of whom are considered by the constitution of Pakistan to be non-Muslims; they jointly constitute less than 1% of the population.<ref name="ahmadi">The 1998 Pakistani census states that there are 291,000 (0.22%) Ahmadis in Pakistan. However, the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community has boycotted the census since 1974 which renders official Pakistani figures to be inaccurate. Independent groups have estimated the Pakistani Ahmadiyya population to be somewhere between 2 million and 3 million Ahmadis. However, the 2 million figure is the most quoted figure and is approximately 1% of the country. See:
- over 2 million: {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}
- 3 million: International Federation for Human Rights: International Fact-Finding Mission. Freedoms of Expression, of Association and of Assembly in Pakistan. Ausgabe 408/2, Januar 2005, S. 61 (PDF)
- 3–4 million: Commission on International Religious Freedom: Annual Report of the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom. 2005, S. 130
- 4.910.000: James Minahan: Encyclopedia of the stateless nations. Ethnic and national groups around the world. Greenwood Press. Westport 2002, page 52
- {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref> Pakistan has the world's largest Muslim majority city (Karachi).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
HistoryEdit
Before independenceEdit
Islam had reached the Indian subcontinent during the lifetime of Muhammad. According to a tradition, Baba Ratan Hindi was a trader from Punjab who was one of the non-Arab companions of Muhammad.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In 644 AD, the Rashidun caliphate conquered Makran after defeating the kingdom of Sindh in the battle of Rasil. According to Derryl N. Maclean, a link between Sindh and early partisans of Ali or proto-Shi'ites can be traced to Hakim ibn Jabalah al-Abdi who traveled across Sind to Makran in the year 649 AD and presented a report on the area to the Caliph.<ref>M. Ishaq, "Hakim Bin Jabala – An Heroic Personality of Early Islam", Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society, pp. 145–50, (April 1955).</ref> During the Caliphate of Ali, many Hindus of Sindh had come under influence of Islam and some even participated in the Battle of Camel. In 712 CE, a young Arab general Muhammad bin Qasim conquered most of the Indus region for the Caliphal empire, to be made the "As-Sindh" province with its capital at Al-Mansurah.<ref name="Information of Pakistan">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Pakistan government's official chronology claims this as the time when the foundation of Pakistan was laid.<ref name="Information of Pakistan"/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> By the end of the 10th century CE, the region was ruled by several Hindu Shahi kings who would be subdued by the Ghaznavids.
The early medieval period (642–1219 CE) witnessed the spread of Islam in the region. During this period, Sufi missionaries played a pivotal role in converting a majority of the regional Buddhist and Hindu population to Islam.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> These developments set the stage for the rule of several successive Muslim empires in the region, including the Ghaznavid Empire (975–1187 CE), the Ghorid Kingdom, and the Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526 CE). The Lodi dynasty, the last of the Delhi Sultanate, was replaced by the Mughal Empire (1526–1857 CE).
In independent PakistanEdit
Nature of stateEdit
The Muslim League leadership, ulama (Islamic clergy) and Jinnah had articulated their vision of Pakistan in terms of an Islamic state.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Muhammad Ali Jinnah had developed a close association with the ulama.<ref name=":42">Template:Cite book</ref> When Jinnah died, Islamic scholar Maulana Shabbir Ahmad Usmani described Jinnah as the greatest Muslim after the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb and also compared Jinnah's death to the Muhammad's passing.<ref name=":42" /> Usmani asked Pakistanis to remember Jinnah's message of Unity, Faith and Discipline and work to fulfil his dream:
to create a solid bloc of all Muslim states from Karachi to Ankara, from Pakistan to Morocco. He [Jinnah] wanted to see the Muslims of the world united under the banner of Islam as an effective check against the aggressive designs of their enemies.<ref name=":42" />
The first formal step taken to transform Pakistan into an ideological Islamic state was in March 1949 when the country's first Prime Minister, Liaquat Ali Khan, introduced the Objectives Resolution in the Constituent Assembly.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The Objectives Resolution declared that sovereignty over the entire universe belongs to God.<ref name=":13">Template:Cite book</ref> The president of the Muslim League, Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman, announced that Pakistan would bring together all Muslim countries into Islamistan-a pan-Islamic entity.<ref name=":62">Template:Cite book</ref> Khaliq believed that Pakistan was only a Muslim state and was not yet an Islamic state, but that it could certainly become an Islamic state after bringing all believers of Islam into a single political unit.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Keith Callard, one of the earliest scholars on Pakistani politics, observed that Pakistanis believed in the essential unity of purpose and outlook in the Muslim world:
Pakistan was founded to advance the cause of Muslims. Other Muslims might have been expected to be sympathetic, even enthusiastic. But this assumed that other Muslim states would take the same view of the relation between religion and nationality.<ref name=":62" />
However, Pakistan's pan-Islamist sentiments were not shared by other Muslim governments at the time. Nationalism in other parts of the Muslim world was based on ethnicity, language and culture.<ref name=":62" /> Although Muslim governments were unsympathetic with Pakistan's pan-Islamic aspirations, Islamists from all over the world were drawn to Pakistan. Figures such as the Grand Mufti of Palestine, Al-Haj Amin al-Husseini, and leaders of Islamist political movements, such as the Muslim Brotherhood, became frequent visitors to the country.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> After General Zia-ul-Haq took power in a military coup, Hizb ut-Tahrir (an Islamist group calling for the establishment of a Caliphate) expanded its organisational network and activities in Pakistan. Its founder, Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani, would maintain regular correspondence with Abul A’la Maududi, the founder of Jamaat-e-Islami (JI), and he also urged Dr. Israr Ahmed to continue his work in Pakistan for the establishment of a global caliphate.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Social scientist Nasim Ahmad Jawed conducted a survey in 1969 in pre-divided Pakistan on the type of national identity that was used by educated professional people. He found that over 60% of people in East Pakistan (modern day Bangladesh) professed to have a secular national identity. However, in West Pakistan (current day Pakistan) the same figure professed to have an Islamic and not a secular identity. Furthermore, the same figure in East Pakistan defined their identity in terms of their ethnicity and not Islam. It was the opposite in West Pakistan, where Islam was stated to be more important than ethnicity.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
After Pakistan's first ever general elections the 1973 Constitution was created by an elected Parliament.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The Constitution declared Pakistan an Islamic Republic and Islam as the state religion. It also stated that all laws would have to be brought into accordance with the injunctions of Islam as laid down in the Quran and Sunnah and that no law repugnant to such injunctions could be enacted.<ref name=":82">Template:Cite book</ref> The 1973 Constitution also created certain institutions such as the Shariat Court and the Council of Islamic Ideology to channel the interpretation and application of Islam.<ref name=":92">Template:Cite book</ref>
Zia ul Haq's IslamizationEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} On 5 July 1977, General Zia-ul-Haq led a coup d'état.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In the year or two before Zia-ul-Haq's coup, his predecessor, leftist Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, had faced vigorous opposition which was united under the revivalist banner of Nizam-e-Mustafa<ref name="nasr-453">Template:Cite book</ref> ("Rule of the prophet"). According to supporters of the movement, establishing an Islamic state based on sharia law would mean a return to the justice and success of the early days of Islam when Muhammad ruled the Muslims.<ref name="Kepel-10022">Template:Cite book</ref> In an effort to stem the tide of street Islamisation, Bhutto had also called for it and banned the drinking and selling of wine by Muslims, nightclubs and horse racing.<ref name="Kepel-10022" /><ref name="World Scientific22">Template:Cite book</ref>
"Islamisation" was the "primary" policy,<ref name="Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (July 2005)">Template:Cite book</ref> or "centerpiece"<ref name=jones-16-centre>Template:Cite book</ref> of his government. Zia-ul-Haq committed himself to establishing an Islamic state and enforcing sharia law.<ref name="Kepel-10022" /> Zia established separate Shariat judicial courts<ref name=":92" /> and court benches<ref name="HRWdouble-192">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="United Book Press2">Template:Cite book</ref> to judge legal cases using Islamic doctrine.<ref name="wynbr-20092">Template:Cite book</ref> New criminal offences (of adultery, fornication, and types of blasphemy), and new punishments (of whipping, amputation, and stoning to death), were added to Pakistani law. Interest payments for bank accounts were replaced by "profit and loss" payments. Zakat charitable donations became a 2.5% annual tax. School textbooks and libraries were overhauled to remove un-Islamic material.<ref name="jones-16-72">Template:Cite book</ref> Offices, schools, and factories were required to offer praying space.<ref name="Paracha-20092">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Zia bolstered the influence of the ulama (Islamic clergy) and the Islamic parties,<ref name="wynbr-20092" /> whilst conservative scholars became fixtures on television.<ref name="Paracha-20092" /> 10,000s of activists from the Jamaat-e-Islami party were appointed to government posts to ensure the continuation of his agenda after his passing.<ref name="Kepel-10022" /><ref name="wynbr-20092" /><ref name="jones-162">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="nasr-952">Template:Cite book</ref> Conservative ulama (Islamic scholars) were added to the Council of Islamic Ideology.<ref name="HRWdouble-192" /> Separate electorates for Hindus and Christians were established in 1985 even though Christian and Hindu leaders complained that they felt excluded from the county's political process.<ref name="OBJ-312">Template:Cite book</ref>
Zia's state sponsored Islamization increased sectarian divisions in Pakistan between Sunnis and Shias and between Deobandis and Barelvis.<ref name="talbot-251-islamization2">Template:Cite book</ref> A solid majority of Barelvis had supported the creation of Pakistan,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and Barelvi ulama had also issued fatwas in support of the Pakistan Movement during the 1946 elections,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> but ironically Islamic state politics in Pakistan was mostly in favour of Deobandi (and later Ahl-e-Hadith/Salafi) institutions.<ref name=":102">Template:Cite book</ref> This was despite the fact that only a few (although influential) Deobandi clerics had supported the Pakistan Movement.<ref name=":102" /> Zia-ul-Haq forged a strong alliance between the military and Deobandi institutions.<ref name=":102" /> In Pakistan, actors who have been identified by the state as moderate Sufis—such as the Barelwis, a movement founded in the 19th century in response to conservative reformers such as the Deobandis—mobilized after the government's call from 2009 onwards to save the soul of Pakistan from creeping “Talibanization.”<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Possible motivations for the Islamization programme included Zia's personal piety (most accounts agree that he came from a religious family),<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> desire to gain political allies, to "fulfill Pakistan's raison d'être" as a Muslim state, and/or the political need to legitimise what was seen by some Pakistanis as his "repressive, un-representative martial law regime".<ref name="talbot-2862">Template:Cite book</ref>
Until the government of General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, "Islamic activists" were frustrated by the lack of "teeth" to enforce Islamic law in Pakistan's constitution. For example, in the 1956 constitution, the state did not enforce "Islamic moral standards" but "endeavor[ed]" to make them compulsory and to "prevent" prostitution, gambling, consumption of alcoholic liquor, etc. Interest was to be eliminated "as soon as possible".<ref>quoting article 25, 28, 29, 198 of the 1956 Constitution of Pakistan</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
According to Shajeel Zaidi a million people attended Zia ul Haq's funeral because he had given them what they wanted: more religion.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> A PEW opinion poll found that 84% of Pakistanis favoured making Sharia the official law of the land.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> According to the 2013 Pew Research Center report, the majority of Pakistani Muslims also support the death penalty for those who leave Islam (62%). In contrast, support for the death penalty for those who leave Islam was only 36% in fellow South Asian Muslim country Bangladesh (which shared heritage with Pakistan).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> A 2010 opinion poll by PEW Research Centre also found that 87% of Pakistanis considered themselves 'Muslims first' rather than a member of their nationality. This was the highest figure amongst all Muslim populations surveyed. In contrast only 67% in Jordan, 59% in Egypt, 51% in Turkey, 36% in Indonesia and 71% in Nigeria considered themselves as 'Muslim first' rather than a member of their own nationality.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
"Islamic activists" such as much or the ulama (Islamic clerics) and Jamaat-e-Islami (Islamist party), support the expansion of "Islamic law and Islamic practices". "Islamic Modernists" are lukewarm to this expansion and "some may even advocate development along the secularist lines of the West."<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Islamic way of lifeEdit
The mosque is an important religious as well as social institution in Pakistan.<ref>Malik, Jamal. Islam in South Asia: A Short History. Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2008.</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Many rituals and ceremonies are celebrated according to Islamic calendar.
DenominationsEdit
According to the CIA World Factbook and Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies, 96–97% of the total population of Pakistan is Muslim.<ref name="CIA"/><ref name="Oxford" />
SunniEdit
The majority of the Pakistani Muslims belong to Sunni Islam. Muslims belong to different schools which are called Madhahib (singular: Madhhab) i.e., schools of jurisprudence (also 'Maktab-e-Fikr' (School of Thought) in Urdu).) Estimates on the Sunni population in Pakistan range from 85% to 90%.<ref name="LoC2" /><ref name="CIA" /><ref name="PRC" /><ref name="PRCPDF" /><ref name="State" />
Barelvi and Deobandi Sunni MuslimsEdit
The two major Sunni sects in Pakistan are the Barelvi movement and Deobandi movement. Statistics regarding Pakistan's sects and sub-sects have been called "tenuous",<ref name="ICG-NEoSViP-2022-8">Template:Cite book</ref> but estimates of the sizes of the two groups give a slight majority of Pakistan's population to 50% the Barelvi school, while 20% are thought to follow the Deobandi school of jurisprudence.<ref name=heritage.org-May2009>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="globalsecurity.org2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="ICG-NEoSViP-2022-8-quote">Template:Cite book</ref>
ShiaEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Shias are estimated to constitute about 10-15 percent of the country's population.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Major traditions of Shia Islam found in Pakistan include the Twelver Shias (or Ithna Ashariyyah) and the Ismaili Shias (or Seveners); most notably the Dawoodi Bohras and the Khoja Ismailis—known for their prominence in commerce and industry.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Many prominent Shia Muslim politicians were known to play a decisive role in the creation of Pakistan for decades during the Pakistan Movement. The role as the first president of the Muslim League and its main financial backer during its earlier years was undertaken by Sir Aga Khan III, an Ismaili by faith. Other politicians that held prominent roles in the initial decades of the Muslim League include Raja Sahib, Syed Ameer Ali and Syed Wazir Hasan, among others.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
A 2012 study found 50% of surveyed Pakistanis considered Shia as Muslims while 41% rejected Shia as Muslims.<ref name=":12">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="pewresearch.org">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Shias allege discrimination by the Pakistani government since 1948, claiming that Sunnis are given preference in business, official positions and administration of justice.<ref name=":22">Template:Cite book</ref> Attacks on Shias increased under the presidency of Zia-ul-Haq,<ref name=":22" /> with the first major sectarian riots in Pakistan breaking out in 1983 in Karachi and later spreading to other parts of the country.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite news</ref> Shias have long been a target of Sunni radical groups such as Lashkar-e-Jhangvi in the country. Sectarian violence became a recurring feature of the Muharram month every year, with sectarian violence between Sunnis and Shias taking place on multiple occasions.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Since 2008 thousands of Shia have been killed by Sunni extremists according to Human Rights Watch (HRW) and violent clashes between the two sects are common.<ref name="HRW-2014">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
A subset of Shia in Pakistan are the Hazara ethnic group—which are distinct from other Shi’a due to their language and facial features. Most Hazaras live in Afghanistan, but Pakistan also hosts between 650,000 and 900,000 – and around 500,000 live in the city of Quetta.<ref name="/minorityrights.org">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
SufismEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}
Sufism is a vast term and many Sufi orders exist within Pakistan where the philosophy has a strong tradition. Historically, the Sufi missionaries had played a pivotal role in converting the native peoples of Punjab and Sindh to Islam.<ref name="Hashmi2014">Template:Cite book</ref> The most notable Muslim Sufi orders in Pakistan are the Qadiriyya, Naqshbandiya, Chishtiya and Suhrawardiyya silsas (Muslim Orders) and they have a large amount of devotees in Pakistan. The tradition of visiting dargahs is still practiced today. Sufis whose shrines receive much national attention are Data Ganj Baksh (Ali Hajweri) in Lahore (ca. 11th century),<ref name=":1">Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> Sultan Bahoo in Shorkot Jhang, Baha-ud-din Zakariya in Multan,<ref name="Dawn">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Shahbaz Qalander in Sehwan (ca. 12th century)<ref name=":1" /> and Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai in Bhit, Sindh<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and Rehman Baba in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province. The Urs (death anniversary) of Sufi saints accounts for the largest gathering upon their shrines held annually by the devotees.
Although, popular Sufi culture is centered on Thursday night gatherings at shrines and annual festivals which feature Sufi music and dance, certain tariqas such as Sarwari Qadri Order, refrain from such traditions and believe in paying visit to the shrines, making prayers or reciting manqabat. Moreover, contemporary Islamic fundamentalists also criticize the popular tradition of singing, dance and music, which in their view, does not accurately reflect the teachings and practice of Mohammad and his companions. There have been terrorist attacks directed at Sufi shrines and festivals, five in 2010 that killed 64 people. Presently, the known tariqas in Pakistan have maintained their organisations usually known as tehreeks and have their khanqahs for the dhikr of Allah, as per the old age Sufi tradition.<ref name=NYTSufivideo>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=NYTAtWarSufi>Template:Cite news</ref>
QuranistsEdit
Muslims who reject the authority of hadith, known as Quranist, Quraniyoon, or Ahle Quran, are also present in Pakistan.<ref>Ali Usman Qasmi, A mosque for Qurani Namaz, The Friday Times, Retrieved February 16, 2013</ref> The largest Quranist organization in Pakistan is Ahle Quran, followed by Bazm-e-Tolu-e-Islam. Another Quranist movement in Pakistan is Ahlu Zikr.<ref name="seyed">Dolatabad, Seyed Ali Hosseini, Hossein Naseri Moghadam, and Ali Reza Abedi Sar Asiya. "Pillars, proofs and requirements of the Quran-Sufficiency Theory, along with its criticism." International Journal of Humanities and Cultural Studies (IJHCS) ISSN 2356-5926 (2016): 2303–2319.</ref>
Non-denominationalEdit
Roughly twelve per cent of Pakistani Muslims self-describe or have beliefs overlapping with non-denominational Muslims. These Muslims have beliefs that by and large overlap with those of the majority of Muslims and the difference in their prayers are usually non-existent or negligible. Nonetheless, in censuses asking for a clarification on which strand or rite of Muslim faith they most closely align, they usually answer "just a Muslim".<ref>Pewforum Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation retrieved, retrieved 11 March 2015</ref>
Contemporary issuesEdit
BlasphemyEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The Pakistan Penal Code, the main criminal code of Pakistan, punishes blasphemy (Template:Langx) against any recognized religion, providing penalties ranging from a fine to death.<ref name=bbc-blasphem/> Pakistan inherited blasphemy laws enacted by British colonial authorities and made them more severe between 1980 and 1986, when a number of clauses were added by the military government of General Zia-ul Haq, in order to "Islamicise" the laws and deny the Muslim character of the Ahmadi minority.<ref name=bbc-blasphem>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Parliament through the Second Amendment to the Constitution on 7 September 1974, under Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, declared Ahmadi Muslims as non-Muslims.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 1986 it was supplemented by a new blasphemy provision also applied to Ahmadi Muslims (See Persecution of Ahmadis).<ref name="Act III of 1986">PPC S. 295-C, inserted by Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 1986 (III of 1986)</ref><ref>Cf. e.g. Khurshid Ahmad vs. The State, PLD 1992 Lahore 1 Template:Webarchive, para. 35</ref> In 2020, the European Foundation for South Asian Studies (EFSAS) in a report entitled, Guilty until proven innocent: The sacrilegious nature of blasphemy laws Pakistan, recommended wide-ranging changes to Pakistan's laws and legal systems.<ref name = "EFSAS">Template:Cite news</ref>
ConversionsEdit
There have been conversions to Islam from the religious minorities of Pakistan.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Human Rights Council of Pakistan has reported that cases of forced conversion to Islam are increasing.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> According to victims' families and activists, Mian Abdul Haq, who is a local political and religious leader in Sindh, has been accused of being responsible for forced conversions of girls within the province.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
See alsoEdit
- Freedom of religion in Pakistan
- History of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan
- Islam in South Asia
- Islamization in Pakistan
- Religion in Pakistan
- Religious discrimination in Pakistan
- Shia Islam in Pakistan
- Sufism in Pakistan
- Islam by country
ReferencesEdit
Further readingEdit
- Template:Country study
- Raja, Masood Ashraf. Constructing Pakistan: Foundational Texts and the Rise of Muslim National Identity, 1857–1947, Oxford 2010, Template:ISBN
- Zaman, Muhammad Qasim. Islam in Pakistan: A History (Princeton UP, 2018) online review