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The Arunachal macaque (Macaca munzala) is a macaque native to Eastern Himalayas of Bhutan, China and India.<ref name="Cona">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=Bhutan>Template:Cite journal</ref> It is listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List.<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" />
It was scientifically described in 2005.<ref name=Sinha>Template:Cite journal</ref>
It is a relatively large brown primate with a comparatively short tail. Its species name comes from mun zala, meaning deep forest (mun) monkey (monkey), as it is called by the Monpa people of West Kameng and Tawang.<ref name=Sinha/>
DiscoveryEdit
It was discovered as a new taxon in 1997 by the Indian primatologist Anwaruddin Choudhury, but he thought it to be a new subspecies of the Tibetan macaque (M. thibetana).<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> It was described as a new species in 2005 by a group of scientists from the Nature Conservation Foundation, India.<ref name=Sinha/> It is the first species of macaque to have been discovered since 1903, when the Indonesian Pagai Island macaque was discovered. This monkey was reported on the basis of a good quality photograph as the holotype. In 2011, some researchers suggested, on the basis of morphological variation within the Assamese macaque, that it might be better treated as a subspecies.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Subsequently, it was also discovered in Bhutan, where it was observed and photographed in the Trashi Yangshi area in 2006.<ref name=Bhutan/>
DescriptionEdit
The Arunachal macaque is compactly built and has a very dark face. It lives at high altitudes, between 2000 m and 3500 m above sea level, making it one of the highest-dwelling primates. It belongs to the M. sinica species-group of macaques, along with the Assamese macaque (M. assamensis), the Tibetan macaque, the bonnet macaque (M. radiata) and the toque macaque (M. sinica).
The Arunachal macaque is apparently physically similar to the Assam and Tibetan macaques, while genetically closely related to the bonnet macaque of southern India. This is probably the result of convergent evolution, where organisms evolve similar physical features due to similar environmental selection pressure, while genetically they may have different origins.<ref name="Chakraborty_etal2007">Template:Cite journal</ref>
Kumar et al. (2008) and Sinha et al. (2006) report at least 569 individuals in thirty-five troops; thirty-two troops in Tawang and three troops in West Kameng.<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" /> The monkey is severely persecuted in some parts of its known distribution by locals retaliating against crop raiding.<ref name=Sinha/>