Botorrita plaque

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Photograph of Botorrita I (both sides)

The Botorrita plaques are four bronze plaques discovered in Botorrita (Roman Contrebia Belaisca), near Zaragoza, Spain, dating to the late 2nd century BC, known as Botorrita I, II, III and IV.

Although Botorrita II is in the Latin language, Botorrita I, III and IV, inscribed in the Celtiberian script, constitute the main part of the Celtiberian corpus.

Botorrita IEdit

Botorrita I was found in 1970. It is the longest inscription in Celtiberian consisting of a text in 11 lines, on the front face, continued by a list of names on the back side.

Side AEdit

A.1. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}

A.2. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}

A.3. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}

A.4. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}

A.5. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}

A.6. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}

A.7. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}

A.8. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}

A.9. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}

A.10. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}

A.11. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}

Side BEdit

B.1. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}

B.2. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}

B.3. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}

B.4. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}

B.5. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}

B.6. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}

B.7. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}

B.8. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}

B.9. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}

TranslationsEdit

J. Eska (1988)<ref>Eska, Joseph F. (1988) Towards an interpretation of the Hispano-Celtic inscription of BotorritaUniversity of Toronto (Canada) ProQuest Dissertations Publishing NL43452</ref>

1. "Regarding a well-wrought boundary structure, the senators of Tocoitom and of Sarnicios [have agreed/decided that] [it is] not permitted"

2. "[that it] be demolished or destroyed or broken apart by violence." (from soz to tamai remains untranslated, probably a tag on the preceding prohibition)

3-4. "and whoever carries out these things, he should give cut [pieces] of silver [namely] 100 sanclistera of otanas at Tocoitom."

F. Villar (1990)<ref>Villar, F. "La linea inicial del bronce de Botorrita" in Studia indogermanica et palaeohispanica in honorem A. Tovar et L. Michelena. Salamanca, 1990, pp. 375-392, as found in Adrados, 1995</ref>

1. "In relation to the trescantos [named] Berkuneteca of Tokoit and Sarnicia, this is the settlement/accord:"

W. Meid (1983)<ref>W.Meid Die Erste Botorrita-Inschrift: Interpretation eines keltiberischenSprachdenkmals. Innsbruck: Inst, für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Innsbruck. 1993. 132 S., 8 Abb., 8°. ISBN 3-85124-639-X (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissen-schaft, 76)) (as reviewed by Karl Horst Schmidt in 1998, Indogermanische Forschungen, 103, pp. 281 ff.)</ref>

1. "Concerning the hilly region of Togoit and of the Sanricii, the following has been decreed as not allowed"

2. "It is not allowed to do [anything], neither is it allowed to perform/carry out [works], nor is it allowed to perpetrate breakage/harm" [except by permission of the directors]."

Rodriguez Adrados (1993)<ref>Rodríguez Adrados, Francisco. "Propuestas para la interpretación de Botorrita I". In: Emerita: Revista de lingüística y filología clásica. Vol. 63. Nº 1. 1995. pp. 1-16</ref>

1. "With regard to the place Tricanta ("the meeting of three roads" or "of three boundaries") of Togotus and of Sarnicius, the council [has determined] thus--[it is] forbidden:"

NotesEdit

Although the general contents of the inscription are known with some confidence--apparently a set of prohibitions ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "must neither...nor..." A.2 with litom < *l(e)ik-to, cf. Latin licitum < *lik-e-to) with specifications of punishments (including payment in silver = {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} A.3) for violations (side A), and a list of guarantors on side B (though the list seems to start at the end of A.11 with {{#invoke:Lang|lang}})--there is as yet no unified, agreed-upon translation.<ref>Lejeune, Michel (1990) (Review of Eska, Joseph F. (1988) Towards an interpretation of the Hispano-Celtic inscription of BotorritaUniversity of Toronto (Canada) ProQuest Dissertations Publishing NL43452.) Études celtiques 27 pp. 380-381.</ref> It is still not clear, for example, whether the text presents sacred laws concerning a temple or municipal regulations.<ref>Prósper, Blanca María El bronce celtibérico de Botorrita I. Pisa-Roma, Fabrizio Serra editore, 2008 (Ricerche sulle lingue di frammentaria attestazione, 6)</ref>

On the first side, David Stifter (2001), for example, indicates that <{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}> is an 'assembly of 300', similar to Gaulish {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, while <{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}> according to Bayer (1994) means something like 'was (deemed) suitable (by the assembly)' (cf. Latin {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'to please'). The sequences with {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} with infinitive in {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} are clearly something like '(it is) not permitted toTemplate:Nbsp...', and mentions some kind of monetary and property fines for ignoring the prohibitions.<ref>Stifter, David (2001): "Neues vom Keltiberischen: Notizen zu Botorrita IV", Die Sprache (Sonderheft): Chronicalia Indoeuropaea 38/3 [1996], pp. 89–110</ref> F. Villar has suggested that kombalkez in the first line is 3rd sing. of the perfect of a root*bh el- ' to speak'--"he has spoken."<ref>Cólera, Carlos Jordán (2007) "Celtiberian," e-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies: Vol. 6, Article 17. p. 752. Available at: https://dc.uwm.edu/ekeltoi/vol6/iss1/17 retrieved June 18, 2023</ref>

In line 2, the form tizaunei is considered to come from *di-dyāmnei (compare Greek δίζημαι "seek out, look for") by Jordán Cólera,<ref>Jordán Cólera, C. "La forma verbal cabint del bronce celtibérico de Novallas (Zaragoza)"Emerita, Revista de Lingüística y Filología ClásicaLXXXII 2, 2014, pp. 327-343, p. 338. ISSN 0013-6662 doi: 10.3989/emerita.2014.07.1329</ref> though the Greek form is generally thought now to go back to a Proto-Indo-European root *ieh₂- ‘to pursue.'<ref>Beekes, R. Etymological Dictionary Of Greek. Brill, 2010. p. 333</ref> But Prósper takes the form tizaunei from *d^hi-d^hh₁-mn-e "to place."<ref>Prosper, Blanca María. "Some Thoughts on the Gaulish Result of Common Celtic -mn- in Galatian" Celtic Studies 3. 2008. pp. 189-199, p. 190</ref>

For {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} in lines A.2-3, Prosper (2006) translates: "[all] this (is) valid by order of the competent authority" based on the following analyses: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}: [all] this (< *sod); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}: final, valid (< *h₂eug-os 'strong, valid', cf. Latin augustus 'solemn'); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}: of the competent authority (gen. sing. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} < *pr̥Hi-steh₂-lo- 'competent authority' < *pr̥Hi-sto 'what is first, authority'); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}: by order (instrumental fem. sing. < *dʰoh₁m-eh₂ 'establish, dispose'). In lines 3 and 6, stena may be related to the word for "thunder" and the name of the Celtic storm god, Taranos (< *Taran-), forms also seen on Botorrita III below.<ref>Koch, John T. (2020). Celto-Germanic, Later Prehistory and Post-Proto-Indo-European vocabulary in the North and West. University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh and Celtic Studies. pp. 142-144 ISBN 9781907029325.</ref>

In line A 4, the second element in Togoitei eni 'in Togotis' is from *h₁en-i (cf. Lat. in, OIr. in 'into, in'). For Togoitei itself, Matasovic points to Proto-Celtic *tonketo- ‘destiny’ with the cognate in OIr. tocad saying this form is in the dative/locative singular, and connected to the apparent theonymn TOGOTI in the dative singular, but adding that: "The attribution of the Celtiberian forms to this root is as uncertain as anything else in this language."<ref>Matasovic, R. Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic Brill, Leiden 2009, p. 383</ref>

Later in the same line, bou-sto-mue probably contains in its first element a reflex of the PIE term for "cow": PIE *g^wōw- > Lat. bōs, OHG chuo, Sanksrit gáu-, Tokarian A ko, Armenian kov... through Proto-Celtic *bow- whence OIr. bó, Middle Welsh bu, Middle Bretton bou-tig ‘stable’ and the Gaulish personal name Bo-marus. The meaning, therefore, may be "stable," like the Bretton form, but the form seems to be identical historically to Old Irish búas "riches, wealth (in cattle)" from Proto-Celtic *bow-sto-.<ref>Addenda et corrigenda to Ranko Matasović’s Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Brill, Leiden 2009) Zagreb, December 2011, p. 6</ref> The form at the end of line 4, kabizeti, can be derived from *gabiyeti, a third person singular present indicative (or subjunctive?), from the Proto-Indo-European root *g^hHb "take, hold" but here, possibly "give" (whence Latin habeo "hold" and possibly Gothic geben "give"), assuming that *-(i)y- becomes -z- in Celtiberian, as seen also in *nowyo- > CeltIb. nouiza.<ref>Matasovic, R. Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic. Leiden: Brill. 2006. pp. 148-149</ref>

In line 6, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is probably a subjunctive form of indeterminate meaning.

And in line 7, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is probably a present third person plural indicative form meaning "they sow."<ref>Stefan Schumacher, Die keltischen Primärverben: Ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon (Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität, 2004).</ref><ref name="Prosper2006">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

For {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (A.8-9), Jordán (2004) translates: "of these, he will give the tithe/tax inside of this territory, so [may it] be fenced as [it should] be unfenced" based on the following analyses:

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "of these" (< *sa-ōm)

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "the tithes, the tax" << *-dekam-etos < *-dkm-etos; compare Gaulish decametos 'tenth', Welsh degfed 'tenth', O.Ir. dechmad 'tenth'<ref>Cólera, Carlos Jordán (2007) "Celtiberian," e-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies: Vol. 6, Article 17. p. 758

Available at: https://dc.uwm.edu/ekeltoi/vol6/iss1/17 retrieved June 18, 2023</ref>

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "he will pay, will give" (< PIE *deh₂-tо̄d 3rd person singular imperative)<ref>Cólera, Carlos Jordán (2007) "Celtiberian," e-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies: Vol. 6, Article 17. p.762 Available at: https://dc.uwm.edu/ekeltoi/vol6/iss1/17 retrieved June 19, 2023</ref>

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "inside, in" (< *h₁en-i)

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}: of this (loc. sing. < *so-sm-ei 'from this')

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "territory" (loc. sing. < *touzom 'territory' < *tewt-yo-)

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "so (be) fenced"

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} "as (be) unfenced."<ref>Jordán Cólera, Carlos (2004). "Celtibérico". Monografías de Filología Griega. Zaragoza: Universidad de Zaragoza. 16 (IV). ISBN 84-96214-38-9.</ref>

The first word of A.10, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, may be the negative (ne-) of a verb meaning "strike, harm" in the 3rd person imperative middle, from Proto-Celtic *bi-na- ‘strike, hit’—compare Old Irish benaid (same meaning), from PIE *b^heyH- "strike"; whence Old Latin perfines "you should strike" and Old Church Slavonic biti.<ref>Addenda et corrigenda to Ranko Matasović’s Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Brill, Leiden 2009). Zagreb, December 2011, p. 5</ref> And for {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} in A.10, De Bernardo (2009) translates: "In Togotis, he who draws water either for the green or for the farmland, the tithe (of their yield) he shall give."<ref>De Bernardo, P. "La gramática celtibérica del bronce de Botorrita. Nuevos Resultados". In Palaeohispanica 9 (2009), pp. 683-699.</ref> The form {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} in line 10 is the nominative singular masculine of the relative pronoun from Proto-Indo-European *yo- (Sanskrit ya-, Greek hos), which shows up in Irish only as the aspiration for leniting relative verb forms. Line 7 has the accusative singular {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and the dative singular {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} of the same root.<ref>Matasovic, R. Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic. Leiden: Brill. 2006. p. 436</ref>

The second side clearly consists of names, presumably prominent members of the assembly. The names are in the Celtiberian formula, e.g. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, is 'Lubo of the Kounesiko (people), [son] of Melnon'; for this reason, it has been suggested that <{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}> is actually <{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}>, i.e. /{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}/ 'son', as this clearly fits the context (seen notes on plaque III below), but it may merely be a title of a kind of magistrate.<ref>Francisco Beltrán Lloris and Carlos Jordán Cólera (2020) "Celtiberian" PALAEOHISPANICA: revista sobre lenguas y culturas de la Hispania antigua pp. 631-690. I.S.S.N. 1578-5386 DOI: 10.36707/palaeohispanica.v0i20.395</ref> Whether this means the sign <Bi> can elsewhere be interpreted as indicating a velar—which would lead, for example, to new possible etymologies for {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} as from *ups- plus *ag- "drive" and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} from *dhingh- "shape, build"—in this text is still unclear. It is generally agreed that {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} in A.5 means "path," a form also seen in Gaulish, borrowed into Late Latin as cammīnus, and from there into the modern Romance languages.<ref>Lambert, Pierre-Yves (2012) (Review of Prósper, Blanca María El bronce celtibérico de Botorrita I. Pisa-Roma, Fabrizio Serra editore, 2008 (Ricerche sulle lingue di frammentaria attestazione, 6) ) in Études celtiques 38 pp. 301-302</ref>

In B.7, the form useizu (considered equivalent to usizu [K.1.3, II-9, IV-23]) is considered by Jordán Cólera to have come from an earlier nominative *upsē̆-dyō(n), while in line B.5 we find the genitive of the same form: useizunos from *upsē̆-dyōn-os.<ref>Jordán Cólera, C. "La forma verbal cabint del bronce celtibérico de Novallas (Zaragoza)"Emerita, Revista de Lingüística y Filología ClásicaLXXXII 2, 2014, pp. 327-343, p. 338. ISSN 0013-6662 doi: 10.3989/emerita.2014.07.1329</ref>

Botorrita IIEdit

File:Bronce de Botorrita II.jpg

Bronze II in the Zaragoza Museum.

This bronze plaque, also known as Tabula Contrebiensis, is inscribed in Latin and was discovered in an illegal excavation of the Contrebia Belaisca site, and was obtained in December 1979 by editor Guillermo Fatás Cabeza. The inscription is fully decipherable and relates how the senate of Contrebia Belaisca was called upon by neighboring towns for a decision concerning the right of the town of Salluia to build a canal through the territory of the Sosinestani, an initiative to which the neighboring Allauonenses objected. Based upon the names of Roman officials, the text has been dated to May 87 BC.<ref>Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia John T. Koch, Vol 1, p. 233</ref> English translation available at: https://droitromain.univ-grenoble-alpes.fr/Anglica/Contrebiensis_Richardson.htm

1. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}

2. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}

3. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}

4. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}

5. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}

6. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}

7. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}

8. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}

9. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}

10. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}

11. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}

12. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}

13. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}

14. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}

15. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}

16. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}

17. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}

18. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}

19. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}

20. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}

SummaryEdit

Based on Richardson (1983).<ref>Richardson, J. S. (1983) "The Tabula Contrebiensis: Roman Law in Spain in the Early First Century B.C." The Journal of Roman Studies, Vol. 73, pp. 33-41</ref>

The present members of the Contrebian senate are to judge whether the Sosilestani have the right to sell their land to the Salluenses who plan to build a canal on it, against the wishes of the neighboring Allavonenses.
Specifically, the appointed judges are to determine whether by Sosilestani's own laws it is permissible for them to sell the land for building a canal through private land, already staked out for this purpose by the Salluenses, if the latter pay for it appropriately.
If they judge in favor of the sale, then the Contrebian magistracy will pick five men to arbitrate the sale, and Roman commander C. V. Flaccus will support the judgment.
The decision falls in favor of the Salluenses. (There follows a list of the names of the Contrebian magistrates in power at the time.){{#if:|{{#if:|}}

— {{#if:|, in }}Template:Comma separated entries
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Botorrita IIIEdit

Botorrita III, discovered in 1979, is inscribed in four columns on one side of a plaque, introduced by a heading of two lines. A part of the plaque is missing, but the inscribed portion is complete. It is heavily corroded, and the text was only legible by x-ray.

01: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}

02: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}

lang}}	lang}}	lang}}	lang}}
lang}}	lang}}	lang}}	lang}}
lang}}	lang}}	lang}}	lang}}
1.4: mezukenos : koitina	2.4: mezukenos : turanikum	3.4: kinbiria : kentiskue : turikum	4.4: tiokenesos : uiriaskum
1.5: tueizu : uiroku	2.5: elu : uiriaskum : launiku<e>	3.5: toloku : koitinakue : austunikum	4.5: kalaitos : mturiskum
1.6: munika : koitu : koitina	2.6: likinos : uiskikum	3.6: stenu : bentilikum	4.6: burzu : karunikum
1.7: sekilos : toutinikum : me.	2.7: letontu : auaskum	3.7: burzu : bentilikum : ultatunos	4.7: burzu : abilikum : elazuno
1.8: ultia : uiriaskum : mel	2.8: kasilos : atokum	3.8: koloutios : biniskum	4.8: litu : makeskokum
1.9: sura : matulokum	2.9: usizu : abokum : titos	3.9: antiokos : uiriaskum : melm	4.9: mezukenos : kalisokum
1.10: elkua : raiokum	2.10: burzu : kulukamikum	3.10: elazunos : kaburikum	4.10: koitina : tirikantanko
1.11: buria : batokum	2.11: akuia : sekiloskue : tirilokum	3.11: arkanta : mezukenoskue : abokum	4.11: esueiku : atesikum
1.12: belsa : alasku[m] : mem	2.12: mezukenos : akikum : memun	3.12: arkanta : loukanikum	4.12: kalaitos : kustikum
1.13: elkua : ensikum : seko	2.13: akuia : alaskum : memunos	3.13: stena : ensikum : skirtunos	4.13: antiokos : kustikum
1.14: sekontios : loukanikum : aiu	2.14: terkinos : austikum : eskutino	3.14: burzu : betaskum	4.14: kabutu : abokum
1.15: sura : uiriaskum : mel	2.15: koitina : abokum : useizunos	3.15: koitu : samikum : melmanzo	4.15: anu : uiriaskum
1.16: stena : muturiskum : tirtu.	2.16: tirtouios : turumokum	3.16: sekontios : ubokum	4.16: kalaitos : muturiskum
1.17: sleitiu : karunikum : le	2.17: elaukos : bentikum : rotenanko	3.17: barnai : ensikum : skirtunos	4.17: akuia : albinokum
1.18: retukenos : ensikum	2.18: elkuanos : muturiskum	3.18: tetu : loukanikum	4.18: balakos : sekonzos
1.19: letontu : atokum	2.19: terkinos : telazokum	3.19: stena : uiriaskum	4.19: kara : kalatokum
1.20: bilinos : austikum	2.20: akuia : statu : turaku : tueizunostetoku<m>	3.20: toloku : uiriaskum	4.20: arkanta : mailikum
1.21: belsu : uiriaskum	2.21: mezukenos : elazunos	3.21: arkanta : teiuantikum : tirtunos	4.21: elazunos : albinokum
1.22: sekonzos : uiriaskum : me	2.22: tirtukue : ailokiskum	3.22: mizuku : tirtobolokum	4.22: bubilibor : uiriaskum
1.23: burzu : teiuantikum	2.23: sekilos : mailikum	3.23: retukeno : elkueikikum	4.23: usizu : uiriaskum
1.24: bulibos : turumokum : ultu	2.24: letontu : ustitokum	3.24: kentisum : tuateroskue	4.24: retukenos : telkaskum
1.25: letontu : mailikum	2.25: turenta : kentiskue : ataiokum	3.25: abaliu : berikakue : suaikinokum	4.25: .ria : belsu
1.26: burzu : auikum	2.26: koitina : uerzaizokum : kalmikum	3.26: uiroku : konikum : statulos	4.26: toloku : kurmiliokum
1.27: melmanios : uiriaskum	2.27: elkuanos : kunikum	3.27: aunia : beskokum	4.27: anieskor : talukokum
1.28: karbelos : turumokum : ulta	2.28: launikue : uiriaskum	3.28: bilonikos : elokum : elkinos	4.28: s.[ ... ] < : > alikum
1.29: likinos : uerzaizokum : mem	2.29: koitu : uerzaizokum : aias	3.29: mezukenos : tirtobolokum	4.29: elkueiz : akikum
1.30: koitu : mailikum	2.30: snaziuentos : ataiokum	3.30: akuios : alikum	4.30: raieni : uizuskikum
1.31: akuios : tetokum	2.31: tais : uiriaskum	3.31: tiriu : uiriaskum	4.31: urkala : austunikum
1.32: saluta : uizuskikum	2.32: basaku : uiriaskum	3.32: turtunazkue : kazarokuu	4.32: tama : ataiokum
1.33: burzu : uiskikum : les	2.33: kalaitos	3.33: sleitiu : totinikum	4.33: retukenos : kustikum
1.34: ana : uerzaizokum : atu	2.34: koitinakue : uiriraskum	3.34: munika : ensikum : skirtunos	4.34: bilosban : betikum
1.35: sanion : baatokum	2.35: likinos : ataiokum	3.35: sekontios : uiriaskum	4.35: koitina : kankaikiskum
1.36: niskekue : babokum	2.36: sa[ ... ]i < : > kaburikum : memun	3.36: sura : suaikinokum	4.36: likinos : kuezontikum
1.37: biurtilaur : alaskum	2.37: kares : .ruaku : korkos	3.37: koitina : suoli.kum	4.37: munika : uerzaizokum
1.38: bini	2.38: to[..]r.tetokum : kekas : ko	3.38: bilir. < : > turtuntakue : telkaskum	4.38: terkinos : turanikum
1.39: rusku : uiriaskum : kentisku<e>	2.39: aureiaku	3.39: elu < : > karbilikum	4.39: teuzesi : kustikum
1.40: or..bilos : likinoskue	2.40: tuate.eskue : uiriaskum	3.40: terkinos : atokum : launikue	4.40: kaukirino
1.41: abo..kum	2.41: burzu : babouikum	3.41: mizuku : telkaskum
1.42: abu..akuiakue : araiokum	2.42: koitu : kuinikum : tirtunos	3.42: melmantama : bentilikum
1.43: alu : aiukue : araiokum	2.43: [ ... .] : loukanikum : tirtunos	3.43: markos : kalisokum
1.44: kalos : telkaskum	2.44: toloku : kalisokum : atinos	3.44: arkanta : toutinikum
1.45: elazuna : loukanikum	2.45: tarkunbiur	3.45: tolokunos : ke : kalisokum
1.46: mezukenos : loukanikum	2.46: bibalos : atokum : tirtano	3.46: sura : ensikum : melman < : > ba (?)
1.47: burzu : tirtobolokum	2.47: sikeia : beteriskum	3.47: usama : abaloskue : karunikum
1.48: sleitiu : makeskokum	2.48: sekontios : turumokum : ultatun	3.48: elazuna : balaisokum
1.49: iunsti.[.] : uiriaskum	2.49: tekos : konikum	3.49: likinos : turumokum : ti
1.50: tioken.s : uiriaskum	2.50: bartiltun : ekarbilos	3.50: tueizunos : binis.kum
1.51: uiroku : turumokum	2.51: munika < : > elkuakue : koitinas	3.51: bilonikos : ensikum
1.52: mizuku : retukenos : tirtanos	2.52: terkinos : toutinikum : leton	3.52: ebursunos : mailikinokum
1.53: munikakue : uiriaskum	2.53: katunos : burikounikum	3.53: arkanta : ailokiskum
1.54: burzu : atokum	2.54: elazuna : ukulikum	3.54: suros : alikum
1.55: aualos : kortikos	2.55: keka : kabelaikiskum	3.55: ultinos : amakue : uiriaskum
1.56: amu : kankaikiskum	2.56: munika : tolisokum : tirtun	3.56: babos : kentiskue : uiriaskum
1.57: kaiaitos : litukue : abokum	2.57: elazuna : ensikum : turo	3.57: turaios : litanokum : kurmilokum
1.58: aba : muturiskum	2.58: sekonzos : bentikum	3.58: launikue : uiriaskum
1.59: barnai : turumokum : tirs	2.59: tokiosar : ensikum	3.59: kari : uiriaskum
1.60: mezukenos : abokum : turo	2.60: akuia : abokum : letontunos	3.60: kuintitaku : mailikinokum

NotesEdit

Basically this is a list of names, mostly following the formula seen on the first plaque: name plus tribal name in -um (probably genitive pl). In the mostly obscure first two lines (=title?), the form soisum seems to be a close parallel to the Sanskrit genitive plural pronominal form teśam < *toisom "of them". If Lambert is correct in his determination that eskeninum is a genitive plural agreeing with the pronoun, and from *eks- plus the cognate of Latin genuinus, and that alba is a borrowing from Latin in the meaning "public list of names" (originally written on a white board), a partial translation of the second line might be: "...[this is] the public list of the names of those very authentic [authorities/individuals]..." In the first line, nouiz may be from *nowija- "new." Whether the list involved legal claims (like Botorrita II above) or had a religious or some other purpose remains, however, unclear.<ref>Lambert, Pierre-Yves (1996) (review of Beltran, Hoz and Untermann, 1996) Études celtiques 32, pp. 268-274</ref> It is notable and rare for this region in this time period for such a public list to include so many female names and references—apparently nearly 30.<ref>Lambert, Pierre-Yves (1996) (review of Beltran, Hoz and Untermann, 1996) Études celtiques 32, pp. 268-274</ref>

In lines 1.14, 1.45, 1.46, and 3.18 (always in second position), the form loukanikum may contain the Proto-Indo-European *leukós "bright, shining" seen also in the Celtic tribal name Leuci. The same root can be seen elsewhere in Celtiberian inscriptions in loukaiteitubos [K.0.]7, and loukio [K.18.2, -1].<ref>Cólera, Carlos Jordán (2007) "Celtiberian," e-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies: Vol. 6, Article 17. p.755 Available at: https://dc.uwm.edu/ekeltoi/vol6/iss1/17 retrieved June 19, 2023</ref>

In lines 1.16, 3.13, 3.19, stena (also seen above in A.3) along with stenion in 4.2, may be related to the word for "thunder" and the name of the Celtic storm god, Taranis (< *Taran- < Proto-Indo-European *(s)tenh^2-), with the "s mobile" preserved here uniquely in Celtic.<ref>Koch, John T. (2020). Celto-Germanic, Later Prehistory and Post-Proto-Indo-European vocabulary in the North and West. University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh and Celtic Studies. pp. 142-144 ISBN 9781907029325.</ref>

On the name mezu-kenos in lines 1.46, 1.60, 2.4, 2.12, 2.21, 3.11, 3.29, and 4.9 (always in first position, syntactically so in 3.11), Ranko Matasovic notes: "The root [PCelt. *genan < *genh₁-en > Old Irish gein a neuter -n stem meaning ‘birth, conception’] is attested in Celtiberian as the second element of the compound PN Mezu-kenos (= OIr. Midgen)."<ref>Ranko Matasovic (2006) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic Brill: Leiden, p. 151</ref> The first element seems to be from Proto-Celtic *medu- < PIE *med^hu- "mead", making the compound equivalent to the Gaulish personal name Medu-genos, Ogam MEDDOGENI, Old Irish Midgen, and Old Welsh Medgen which allows the reconstruction of the Proto-Celtic personal name *Medu-genos.<ref>Ranko Matasovic (2006) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic Brill: Leiden, p. 167</ref> But Jordan Carlos suggests instead that the first element simply means 'middle' pointing to a straightforward compound *med^hyo-genos meaning 'middle born.'<ref>Cólera, Carlos Jordán (2007) "Celtiberian," e-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies: Vol. 6, Article 17. p. 338 Available at: https://dc.uwm.edu/ekeltoi/vol6/iss1/17 retrieved June 18, 2023</ref>

Matasovic says of kalmikom (2.26) that it may be related to Middle Irish calma "strong, brave; strength fortitude" and Old Welsh celmed "skilled" all going back to Proto-Celtic *kalmiyo-, a root with no clear Indo-European connections, so perhaps borrowed from a non-Indo-European source.<ref>Ranko Matasovic (2006) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic Brill: Leiden, p. 185</ref> In line 1.30 (and many other similar forms throughout), koitu may be a form of Latin Quintus and koitina may be its feminine equivalent. Note that the Greek transcription of the Latin name was Κοιντος. Possibly also connected is coeti-c from the Larzac tablet (1.b).<ref>Markey, Thomas L.; Mees, Bernard (2003) "Prestino, patrimony and the Plinys" Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie, Vol.53 (1), p.142</ref> The form *tekos in 2.49 matches the Proto-Celtic root *teg-os "house."<ref>Matasovic, R. Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic. Leiden: Brill. 2006. p. 378-379</ref>

In lines 3.12 and 3.21, the form arkanta may derive from the PIE word for 'silver' cf Latin argentum.<ref>Untermann, J. 1989: "Arganto- ‘silber’ im keltiberischen, mit einem Beitrag von Walter Bayer", en Heller, K., Panagl, O. y Tischler, T. Indogermanica. Europaea. Festschrift für W. Meid zum 60. Geburtstag am 12.11.1989, Graz, pp. 431-449</ref>

In 3.25 and 3.58, launi may mean "spouse", both times followed by -kue, so "and [his] wife"; it also occurs in local fragmentary epigraphy. Similarly, kentis (2.3, 2.25, 3.4, 3.56, 4.3) "son" is also followed by -kue "and [his] son," and tuate.es-kue (2.40) likely means "and [his] daughter(s?)". The two-line multiple genitives in 3.23-3.24 are unique in the text: retukeno : elkueikikum / kentisum : tuateros-kue "of the sons and of the daughter of the Re(x)-tu-genoi ('right born, lawful' < *h₃reg-tō-genos, Gaulish Rextugenos), the Elkueikikoi ("those with horses that have wheels/chariots" if from *ekue-kykloi; speaking against this interpretation are the many other forms that begin elk- in the list)." The conjunction -kue also seems to appear in line 1.34-35: sanion : baatokum/ niskekue : babokum "Sanion of the Baatoks [unless this is a misreading or misspelling for "babokum" as in the next line], and Niske [oddly, the only form in the list starting with "n-"] of the Baboks."<ref>Lambert, Pierre-Yves (1996) (review of Beltran, Hoz and Untermann, 1996) Études celtiques 32, pp. 268-274</ref>

These suggest that akuia (1.42), munika (1.53, also 2.51), litu (1.57), elkua (2.51), ama (3.55; also amu 1.56?), koitana (3.5, also 1.4, 1.6, 2.15), turtunta (3.38), and abalos ("uncle"?)(3.47) may also express some relationship, since they fall in the same positions followed by -kue (though some or all may simply be names as well).<ref>Beltrán Lloris, Francisco; de Hoz, Javier; Untermann, Jürgen (1996): El tercer bronce de Botorrita (Contrebia Belaisca), Zaragoza.</ref>

The names kalaitos in 2.33, 4.5, 4.12 and tur(r)o (1.60, 2.67 and as elements in many other names, probably "bull"—note also perhaps the name of the Celtic tribe Taurisci) are also found frequently carved in cave walls in the area. The former also resembles the form kaltaikikos from Luzaga's Bronze. On the same bronze, the form elazunom appears, probably a variant form (different case and/or gender?) elazuna on line 2.57 above.

The form burzu (1.23, 1.33...) may be connected to the ancient name for a town about 30 miles north of Botorrita: Bursau.<ref>Francisco Beltrán Lloris and Carlos Jordán Cólera (2020) "Celtiberian" PALAEOHISPANICA: revista sobre lenguas y culturas de la Hispania antigua pp. 631-690. I.S.S.N. 1578-5386 DOI: 10.36707/palaeohispanica.v0i20.395</ref>

The element mel- in 1.18, 3.3, 4.3...may be from the proto-Celtic root *mello "hill", perhaps as part of a place name; or the short forms may be clippings of the longer forms at 3.42 mel-man-tama and at 4.3 mel-man-zos which seem to be personal names meaning 'gifted with mind' < *men-mn̥-tyo- (with dissimilation of the first -n- to -l-). Compare the Gaulish (dative plural) theonym Menman-dutis.<ref>Matasovic, R. Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic. Leiden: Brill. 2006. p. 436</ref><ref>EnglishProtoCeltic Wordlist wales.ac.uk https://www.wales.ac.uk/Resources/Documents/Research/CelticLanguages/EnglishProtoCelticWordList.pdf Template:Webarchive</ref><ref>Stifter, D. "A contribution to Celtiberian etymology", Die Sprache 41 (2002 [1999]), 56–72.</ref>

The element ebur- in ebur-sunos (3.52) probably means "yew tree"; compare Old Irish ibar "yew-tree," Welsh efwr "alder buckthorn", Breton evor "alder buckthorn."<ref name="Xavier Delamarre 2003, p. 159">Xavier Delamarre, Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise, éditions errance 2003, p. 159.</ref>

Xavier Delamarre and John T. Koch argue that the term uiroku (< *wiro-kū) in 1.5, 1.51 and 3.26 means 'man-dog' (i.e. werewolf). It would be cognate to Viroconium (< *wiroconion, 'place of man-dogs'), the ancient name of the English village of Wroxeter, the Old Irish ferchu ('male dog, fierce dog'), and the Brittonic personal names Guurci (Old Welsh) and Gurki (Old Breton).It has been observed that nearly every line in this text has a form ending in -kum, and this is generally taken to be a genitive plural ending -um on a (maybe generalized) -k- stem, a common feature of Celtic place names (such as Brittonic Ebor-ak-on > York); this observation doesn't take account of the type and position of the names that appear with the k-um stem , all of them located in the second place of each formula, nor it is able to explain the lack of final -m in the term uiroku throughout all of the text.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Blanca María Prósper interprets the word letontu as pertaining to the semantic field of Proto-Indo-European *pléth₂us ('flat, vast, broad').<ref>Villar Liébana, Francisco y Prósper, Blanca María. Vascos, celtas e indoeuropeos: genes y lenguas. Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca. 2005. p. 208. [1]</ref> It is also suggested that Toutinokum refers to a family name and derives from the widespread Celtic (and Indo-European) stem *teut/tout- ('people, tribe').<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Prósper Perez, Blanca Maria. Estudio lingüístico del plomo celtibérico de Iniesta. Salamanca: . 2007. p. 24. Template:ISBN</ref>

Jürgen Untermann notes that some of the names may be of Latin origin: markos (3.43), titos (2.9), lukinos, balakos sekonzos (4.18) = Flaccus Secundus, sekontios (3.16), bolora = Flora, bubilibor = Publipor; while others may be of Greek origin: antiokos (4.13) = Antiochus, bilonikos (3.28, 3.51) Philonicus, tais (2.31) Thais. Note that in 3.16, the name Secundus seems to be spelled sekontios, suggesting that the palatalization of medial /d/ to <z> was still in progress.<ref>Untermann, Jürgen (1997): Monumenta Linguarum Hispanicarum. IV Die tartessischen, keltiberischen und lusitanischen Inschriften, Wiesbaden.</ref>

In 1.15, anu may be compared to Gaulish Anauus "prosperous, wealthy" < Proto-Celtic *anawo- ‘wealth, profit’ (compare OIr. anae and Middle Welsh anaw both ‘wealth’ < Proto-Indo-European *h3enh2- ‘enjoy, use’; cognates Gr. onínēmi ‘use’, Go. ansts ‘mercy, benevolence’). In 1.59 and 3.17, branai may be compared to Gaulish barnaunom "judge(-ment)" (?) from Proto-Celtic *bar-na-, whence also Middle Welsh barnu ‘judge, proclaim.’ The forms not derived from Greek or Latin that have the element bil in 1.20, 1.40, 3.38, and 4.34 may be derived from Proto-Celtic *bel-yo- "tree" (whence Old Irish bile "tree"), seen in the Gaulish place name Billio-magus (>French Billom), perhaps also seen in reduplicated form in the name of the local town Bilbilis "having many trees."<ref>Addenda et corrigenda to Ranko Matasović’s Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Brill, Leiden 2009). Zagreb, December 2011. p.4</ref>

Names with claimed Iberian elements include biurtilaur (1.37), anieskor (4.27), bilosban (4.34), and bartiltun : ekarbilos (2.50), karbilikum (3.39). In 1.55, kortikos may mean "public," and kontusos (1.2) may either refer to a group of clients under patronage of someone, or a group of slaves.<ref>Beltrán Lloris, Francisco - de Hoz, Javier - Untermann, Jürgen (1996): El tercer bronce de Botorrita (Contrebia Belaisca), Zaragoza.</ref>

Botorrita IVEdit

Botorrita IV, discovered in 1994, consists of 18 lines on both faces of the plaque. The text is fragmentary.

A.1. [...]tam:tirikantam:entorkue:toutam[...]

A.2. [...]:sua kombal[.]z:bouitos:ozeum:[...]

A.3. [...]i:turuntas:tirikantos:kustai:bize[...]

A.4. [...]a:karalom:aranti:otenei:ambi[...]

A.5. [...]kom:atibion:taskue:.a.s[...]

A.6. [...]kue:usimounei:[...]

A.7. [...]karalom:ios:lu.e.s[...]

A.8. [...]oi.u..ti:esta[...]

A.9. [...]uta:...kue[...]

A.10. [...]ti.. n.e[...]

B.1. [...]e .. i[...]

B.2. [...]atuz:uta:e[...]

B.3. [...]isum:..ti:[...]

B.4. [...]olo...:iom:u[...]

B.5. [...]toke...ta:.ue:tizatuz[...]

B.6. [...]l..lez.l.toioan[...]

B.7. [...]toruonti:stoteroi:tas[...]

B.8. [...]ko..esusiomo..o[...]

NotesEdit

The form {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("territory"? or "(group of) 300"?) at the beginning of Botorrita I reappears in line A.1 here, and as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} in A.3; and note {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} in A.2 versus {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} in B.I, A.1. The form {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} in line 2 is likely from *g^wou-i-tos-s "cow path."<ref>Cólera, Carlos Jordán (2007) "Celtiberian," e-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies: Vol. 6, Article 17. p. 759. Available at: https://dc.uwm.edu/ekeltoi/vol6/iss1/17 retrieved June 18, 2023</ref>

In A3, turuntas is probably an -a- stem genitive singular, possibly a place name, or perhaps a form meaning "spring."<ref>Cólera, Carlos Jordán (2007) "Celtiberian," e-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies: Vol. 6, Article 17. p. 777. Available at: https://dc.uwm.edu/ekeltoi/vol6/iss1/17</ref>

The form {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} occurs in both A.4 and A.7, and it may refer to the demonym Gralliensis mentioned by Pliny the Elder. Also in line A.4, the form {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} may refer to a town that issues coinage bearing the legends {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, a town name also seen in Arandis in Lusitania<ref>Beltrán Lloris, Francisco (2002): (Review of F. Villar, Mª. A. Díaz, M. Mª. Medrano y C. Jordán, El IV bronce de Botorrita (Contrebia Belaisca): arqueología y lingüística, Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca 2001, 226 pp.) in Palaeohispanica (revista sobre lengua y culturas de la Hispania antigua), vol. 2, Zaragoza, pp. 381–393. {{#if:1578-5386|Template:Catalog lookup link{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-small Template:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-small Template:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-small Template:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-small Template:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-small Template:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-small Template:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-small Template:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-small Template:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-small Template:Main other}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}|Template:Error-small}}.</ref>

In B.4, tizatuz may be from PIE *di-d^hh₁-tōd, which would make Gr. τῐ́θέτω "he must put" its exact cognate. In B.7, the form stoteroi may be from *stā-tér-oi, from the root *stā- "to be standing, to remain, to be," but here a nominal form in the nominative plural "those standing..."<ref>Cólera, Carlos Jordán (2007) "Celtiberian," e-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies: Vol. 6, Article 17. p. 757 Available at: https://dc.uwm.edu/ekeltoi/vol6/iss1/17 retrieved June 18, 2023</ref>

ReferencesEdit

Template:Reflist

Botorrita plaque

Contents

Botorrita IEdit

Side AEdit

Side BEdit

TranslationsEdit

NotesEdit

Botorrita IIEdit

SummaryEdit

Botorrita IIIEdit

NotesEdit

Botorrita IVEdit

NotesEdit

ReferencesEdit

Further readingEdit