Canarium

Canarium is a genus of about 120 species of tropical and subtropical trees, in the family Burseraceae. They grow naturally across tropical Africa, south and southeast Asia, Indochina, Malesia, Australia and western Pacific Islands; including from southern Nigeria east to Madagascar, Mauritius, Sri Lanka and India; from Burma, Malaysia and Thailand through the Malay Peninsula and Vietnam to south China, Taiwan and the Philippines; through Borneo, Indonesia, Timor and New Guinea, through to the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, New Caledonia, Fiji, Samoa, Tonga and Palau.<ref name=Fl.Malesiana-1956/>

Canarium species grow up to large evergreen trees of Template:Convert tall, and have alternately arranged, pinnate leaves.<ref name=Fl.Malesiana-1956/> They are dioecious, with male and female flowers growing on separate trees.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Species

As of January 2024, Plants of the World Online accepts 121 species.<ref name = powo/> The brief species distribution information was sourced from Flora Malesiana,<ref name=Fl.Malesiana-1956/> the Flora of China (series), the Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants information system, and Plants of the World Online.

File:Canarium resinieferum.JPG

Canarium resiniferum seeds dispersed by hornbills in Pakke Tiger Reserve

• Canarium acutifolium Template:Au – New Guinea, Maluku, Sulawesi, New Britain, New Ireland, Bougainville, Qld Australia
• Canarium album Template:Au Chinese white olive (橄欖) – Taiwan, S China, Vietnam
• Canarium ampasindavae Template:Au – Madagascar
• Canarium apertum Template:Au – Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Borneo
• Canarium arcuatum Template:Au – Madagascar
• Canarium asperum Template:Au – New Guinea, Maluku, Sulawesi, Philippines, Borneo, Java, Sumbawa, Sumba, Flores, Timor, Solomon Is.,
• Canarium australasicum Template:Au – Qld, NSW, Australia endemic
• Canarium australianum Template:Au – New Guinea, Qld, NT, WA, Australia
• Canarium balansae Template:Au – New Caledonia endemic
• Canarium balsamiferum Template:Au – Maluku, Sulawesi
• Canarium batjanense Template:Au – Maluku
• Canarium bengalense Template:Au – India, Burma, Laos, Thailand, S China
• Canarium betamponae Template:Au – Madagascar
• Canarium boivinii Template:Au – northeastern Madagascar
• Canarium bullatum Template:Au – northern and northeastern Madagascar
• Canarium caudatum Template:Au – Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Borneo
• Canarium cestracion Template:Au – E New Guinea
• Canarium chinare Template:Au – Solomon Is., Admiralty Is.
• Canarium cinereum Template:Au – Vietnam
• Canarium compressum Template:Au – Madagascar
• Canarium copaliferum Template:Au – Vietnam
• Canarium decumanum Template:Au – E Borneo, Maluku, New Guinea, Sulawesi
• Canarium denticulatum Template:Au – Andaman Is., Burma, Sumatra, Malay Penin., Java, Borneo, Philippines
• Canarium dichotomum Template:Au – Sumatra, Borneo
• Canarium divergens Template:Au – Borneo
• Canarium egregium Template:Au – Madagascar
• Canarium elegans Template:Au — Madagascar
• Canarium engleri Template:Au – Vietnam
• Canarium euphyllum Template:Au – Andaman Is.
• Canarium euryphyllum Template:Au – Philippines
• Canarium ferrugineum Template:Au – Madagascar
• Canarium findens Template:Au – Madagascar
• Canarium fugax Template:Au – Madagascar
• Canarium fuscocalycinum Template:Au – Borneo
• Canarium galokense Template:Au – Madagascar
• Canarium globosum Template:Au – Madagascar
• Canarium gracile Template:Au – Philippines
• Canarium grandifolium Template:Au – Malay Peninsula
• Canarium harveyi Template:Au – Fiji, Niue, Santa Cruz Islands, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Vanuatu, Wallis and Futuna
• Canarium hirsutum Template:Au – New Guinea to throughout Malesia, Solomon Is., Palau
• Canarium indicum Template:Au – New Guinea, New Britain, New Ireland, Solomon Is., Vanuatu, Maluku, Sulawesi
• Canarium indistinctum Template:Au – Madagascar
• Canarium intermedium Template:Au – S Sumatra
• Canarium kaniense Template:Au – New Guinea
• Canarium karoense Template:Au – N Sumatra
• Canarium kerrii Template:Au – Thailand
• Canarium kinabaluense Template:Au – N Borneo
• Canarium kipella Template:Au – W Java
• Canarium kostermansii Template:Au – Borneo
• Canarium lamianum Template:Au – Madagascar
• Canarium lamii Template:Au – New Guinea
• Canarium latistipulatum Template:Au – Borneo
• Canarium liguliferum Template:Au – Solomon Islands (Rob Roy Island)
• Canarium littorale Template:Au – Indo-China, Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Java, Borneo
• Canarium lobocarpum Template:Au – Madagascar
• Canarium longistipulatum Template:Au – Madagascar
• Canarium luzonicum Template:Au – Philippines
• Canarium lyi Template:Au – Vietnam
• Canarium macadamii Template:Au – New Guinea
• Canarium madagascariense Template:Au – Madagascar (Nosy Bé)
• Canarium maluense Template:Au – Sulawesi, Maluku, New Guinea, Borneo
• Canarium manii Template:Au – Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Myanmar
• Canarium manongarivum Template:Au – Madagascar
• Canarium megacarpum Template:Au – New Guinea
• Canarium megalanthum Template:Au – Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Borneo
• Canarium merrillii Template:Au – Borneo
• Canarium muelleri Template:Au – Queensland endemic, Australia
• Canarium multiflorum Template:Au – Madagascar
• Canarium multinerve Template:Au – Madagascar
• Canarium nitidifolium Template:Au – Madagascar
• Canarium obovatum Template:Au – Madagascar
• Canarium obtusifolium Template:Au – eastern Madagascar
• Canarium odontophyllum Template:Au – Sumatra, Borneo, Philippines (Palawan)
• Canarium oleiferum Template:Au – New Caledonia endemic
• Canarium oleosum Template:Au – New Guinea, New Britain, Timor, Maluku, Sulawesi
• Canarium ovatum Template:Au – Philippines, cultivated Asia–Pacific
• Canarium pallidum Template:Au – Madagascar
• Canarium paniculatum Template:Au – Mauritius
• Canarium parvum Template:Au – S China, Vietnam
• Canarium patentinervium Template:Au – Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Banka, Borneo
• Canarium perlisanum Template:Au – Malay Peninsula (Perlis)
• Canarium pilicarpum Template:Au – northern and east-northeastern Madagascar
• Canarium pilososylvestre Template:Au – W New Guinea
• Canarium pilosum Template:Au – Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Borneo
  • subsp. borneensis Template:Au – Borneo
• Canarium pimela Template:Au Chinese black olive (乌榄) – Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, S China
• Canarium planifolium Template:Au – Madagascar
• Canarium polyphyllum Template:Au – New Guinea
• Canarium pseudodecumanum Template:Au – Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Borneo
• Canarium pseudopatentinervium Template:Au – S Sumatra, Banka, Borneo
• Canarium pseudopimela Template:Au – Borneo (Sarawak)
• Canarium pseudosumatranum Template:Au – Malay Peninsula
• Canarium pulchrebracteatum Template:Au – eastern Madagascar
• Canarium reniforme Template:Au – Peninsular Malaysia
• Canarium resiniferum Template:Au – Assam and Bangladesh
• Canarium rigidum Template:Au – New Guinea
• Canarium rotundifolium Template:Au – Cambodia and Vietnam
• Canarium salomonense Template:Au – New Guinea and Solomon Islands
• Canarium sarawakanum Template:Au – Borneo (Sarawak)
• Canarium schweinfurthii Template:Au – African canarium; from Nigeria and Angola to Uganda
• Canarium sikkimense Template:Au – Sikkim
• Canarium strictum Template:Au – India, Burma, S China
• Canarium subsidarium Template:Au – Madagascar
• Canarium subtile Template:Au – Madagascar
• Canarium subulatum Template:Au – Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, S China
• Canarium sumatranum Template:Au – Sumatra, Malay Peninsula
• Canarium sylvestre Template:Au – New Guinea, Maluku
• Canarium thorelianum Template:Au – Cambodia and Vietnam
• Canarium trifoliolatum Template:Au – New Caledonia endemic
• Canarium trigonum Template:Au – Sulawesi
• Canarium vanikoroense Template:Au – Fiji, Santa Cruz Islands, Vanuatu, and Wallis and Futuna
• Canarium velutinifolium Template:Au – Madagascar
• Canarium venosum Template:Au – Thailand
• Canarium vitiense Template:Au – Fiji, Solomon Is., Samoa, Tonga, New Guinea, Bismarck Arch., Admiralty Is., Louisiade Arch., Torres Strait I's, Qld Australia
• Canarium vittatistipulatum Template:Au – Vietnam
• Canarium vrieseanum Template:Au – Philippines, Sulawesi
• Canarium vulgare Template:Au – Flores, Timor, Sulawesi, Maluku
• Canarium whitei Template:Au – New Caledonia endemic
• Canarium zeylanicum Template:Au – Sri Lanka

Ecology

Superb fruit-doves (Ptilinopus superbus) are known to be fond of the fruit of scrub turpentine (C. australianum), which they swallow whole.<ref name="Crome-1975-Qld" /><ref name="Frith-Crome-Wolfe-1976-New-Guinea" />

Many animals feed on the fruit of C. odontophyllum in the wild, such as the red-bellied lemur (Eulemur rubriventer) and the ruffed lemurs (Varecia) of Madagascar's eastern tropical forests. Canarium fruit is also an important part of the diet of the aye-aye (Daubentonia madagascarensis).<ref name="Sefczek">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Uses

Several species have edible nuts, known as galip nut or nangae (C. indicum), pili nut (C. ovatum), or simply canarium nut (C. harveyi and C. indicum). C. indicum are among the most important nut-bearing trees in eastern Indonesia and the Southwest Pacific. C. ovatum is cultivated as a food crop only in the Philippines.<ref>Pili Nut, Canarium ovatum, New Crop Fact Sheet. Purdue University Center for New Crops and Plant Products.</ref>

File:Dammar.jpg

Dammar resin

C. odontophyllum, known commonly as dabai or kembayau, is a species with a nutritious fruit with a creamy taste. It is hard when raw and may be pickled or softened with hot water when prepared.

Canarium album produces a fruit consumed in Vietnam, Thailand (where it is known as nam liap (Template:Langx), samo chin (Template:Langx) or kana (Template:Langx)) and in China (Chinese: 橄欖) with an appearance of a big olive.

Canarium luzonicum, commonly known as elemi, is a tree native to the Philippines. An oleoresin, which contains Elemicin, is harvested from it.

Canarium strictum produces a resin called black dammar.

External links

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