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Arthritis

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Arthritis is a general medical term used to describe a disorder that affects joints.<ref name="niams">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Symptoms generally include joint pain and stiffness.<ref name=niams/> Other symptoms may include redness, warmth, swelling, and decreased range of motion of the affected joints.<ref name=niams/><ref name=cdc-ar>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In certain types of arthritis, other organs such as the skin are also affected.<ref name=niams-liv>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Onset can be gradual or sudden.<ref name=cdc-ar/>

There are several types of arthritis.<ref name=niams/><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=Ath2013>Template:Cite book</ref> The most common forms are osteoarthritis (most commonly seen in weightbearing joints) and rheumatoid arthritis.<ref name=niams/> Osteoarthritis usually occurs as an individual ages and often affects the hips, knees, shoulders, and fingers.<ref name=niams-liv/> Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disorder that often affects the hands and feet.<ref name=niams-liv/> Other types of arthritis include gout, lupus, and septic arthritis.<ref name=cdc-ar/><ref name=niams-liv/> These are inflammatory based types of rheumatic disease.<ref name=niams/>

Early treatment for arthritis commonly includes resting the affected joint and conservative measures such as heating or icing.<ref name=niams-liv/> Weight loss and exercise may also be useful to reduce the force across a weightbearing joint.<ref name=niams-liv/> Medication intervention for symptoms depends on the form of arthritis.<ref name=niams-liv/> These may include anti-inflammatory medications such as ibuprofen and paracetamol (acetaminophen). With severe cases of arthritis, joint replacement surgery may be necessary.<ref name=niams-liv/>

Osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis affecting more than 3.8% of people, while rheumatoid arthritis is the second most common affecting about 0.24% of people.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> In Australia about 15% of people are affected by arthritis,<ref name=ABS2015>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> while in the United States more than 20% have a type of arthritis.<ref name=cdc-ar/> Overall arthritis becomes more common with age.<ref name=niams/> Arthritis is a common reason people are unable to carry out their work and can result in decreased ability to complete activities of daily living.<ref name=niams/><ref name=cdc-ar/> The term arthritis is derived from arthr- (meaning 'joint') and -itis (meaning 'inflammation').<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

ClassificationEdit

There are several diseases where joint pain is the most prominent symptom. Generally when a person has "arthritis" it means that they have one of the following diseases:

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Joint pain can also be a symptom of other diseases. In this case, the person may not have arthritis and instead have one of the following diseases:

  • Psoriasis<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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Template:Anchor An undifferentiated arthritis is an arthritis that does not fit into well-known clinical disease categories, possibly being an early stage of a definite rheumatic disease.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Signs and symptomsEdit

Extra-articular features of joint disease<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Cutaneous nodules
Cutaneous vasculitis lesions
Lymphadenopathy
Oedema
Ocular inflammation
Urethritis
Tenosynovitis (tendon sheath effusions)
Bursitis (swollen bursa)
Diarrhea
Orogenital ulceration

Pain in varying severity is a common symptom in most types of arthritis.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Other symptoms include swelling, joint stiffness, redness, and aching around the joint(s).<ref name=niams/> Arthritic disorders like lupus and rheumatoid arthritis can affect other organs in the body, leading to a variety of symptoms including:<ref name=cdc-ar/>

CausesEdit

Several factors contribute to the development of arthritis, differing on the type of arthritis.<ref name=niams/><ref name=mayo/>

Osteoarthritis occurs from damage to joint cartilage from prior injury or long-term wear-and-tear, resulting in bone-to-bone contact and grinding.<ref name=mayo/> The resulting arthritis can occur over years, or be worsened by further injury or infection.<ref name=mayo/> If joint cartilage is severely damaged, inflammation and swelling may add to the extent and pain of osteoarthritis.<ref name=mayo/>

In rheumatoid arthritis, the immune system itself, which normally serves to protect against infection and diseases, attacks the lining of the joint capsule, causing inflammation and swelling.<ref name=mayo/><ref name=niams-ra/>

Gout is a form of arthritis caused by excessive uric acid production, resulting in urate crystals depositing in joints, particularly in extremities, such as toes.<ref name="niams-gout">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="mayo-gout">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Urate levels in the blood may increase from consuming purine-rich foods or from body factors affecting urate clearance from the blood, a topic remaining under study.<ref name=niams-gout/>

Arthritis types may also include ankylosing spondylitis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and reactive arthritis, among others.<ref name=niams/><ref name=mayo/>

Risk factorsEdit

There are common risk factors that increase a person's chance of developing arthritis later in adulthood. Some of these are modifiable while others are not.<ref name=niams/><ref name=cdc-ar/>

Some common risk factors that can increase the chances of developing osteoarthritis include obesity, prior injury to the joint, type of joint, and muscle strength.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

The risk factors with the strongest association for developing inflammatory arthritis (such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus arthritis) are the female sex, a family history, age, obesity, joint damage from a previous injury, and exposure to tobacco smoke.<ref name=mayo/><ref>Template:Citation</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Smoking has been linked to an increased susceptibility of developing arthritis, particularly rheumatoid arthritis.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

DiagnosisEdit

Template:Synovial fluid analysis

File:Osteoarthritis in the left hand index finger.jpg
Osteoarthritis in the left hand index finger of a 63-year-old woman

Diagnosis is made by clinical examination from an appropriate health professional, and may be supported by tests such as radiologic imaging and blood tests, depending on the type of suspected arthritis.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Pain patterns may vary depending on the type of arthritis and the location. Rheumatoid arthritis is generally worse in the morning and associated with stiffness lasting over 30 minutes.<ref name=":5">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> On the other hand, with osteoarthritis, the pain tends to initially be related to activity and then becomes more constant over time.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Important features to look out for include the following:

  • Rate of onset of symptoms
  • Pattern of joint involvement
  • Symmetry of symptoms
  • Early morning stiffness
  • Associated tenderness around the joint
  • Locking of joint with inactivity
  • Aggravating and relieving factors, and/or
  • Presence of systemic symptoms

Physical examination may include observing the affected joints, evaluating gait, and examining the skin for findings that could be related to rheumatological disease or pulmonary inflammation. Physical examination may confirm the diagnosis or may indicate systemic disease. Chest radiographs are often used to follow progression or help assess severity.<ref name="davis">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Screening blood tests for suspected arthritis include: rheumatoid factor, antinuclear factor (ANF), extractable nuclear antigen, and specific antibodies.<ref name=davis/>

Rheumatoid arthritis patients often have elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR, also known as sed rate) or C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, which indicates the presence of an inflammatory process in the body.<ref name=":5" /> Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) antibodies and rheumatoid factor (RF) are two more common blood tests when assessing for rheumatoid arthritis.<ref name=":5" />

Imaging tests like X-rays are commonly utilized to diagnose and monitor arthritis.<ref name=":2" /> Other imaging tests for rheumatoid arthritis that may be considered include computed tomography (CT) scanning, positron emission tomography (PET) scanning, bone scanning, and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA).<ref name=":2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

OsteoarthritisEdit

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File:Varus Knee Osteoarthritis Xray.jpg
Bilateral medial joint space narrowing with osteophytes in varus knees with osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis.<ref name=Van2010>Template:Cite journal</ref> It affects humans and other animals, notably dogs, but also occurs in cats and horses. It can affect both the larger (i.e. knee, hip, shoulder, etc.) and the smaller joints (i.e. fingers, toes, foot, etc.) of the body. The disease is caused by daily wear and tear of the joint. This process can progress more rapidly as a result of injury to the joint. Osteoarthritis is caused by the break down of the smooth surface between two bones, known as cartilage, which can eventually lead to the two opposing bones coming in direct contact and eroding one another. OA symptoms typically begin with minor pain during physical activity, but can eventually progress to be present at rest. The pain can be debilitating and prevent one from doing activities that they would normally do as part of their daily routine. OA typically affects the weight-bearing joints, such as the back, knee and hip due to the mechanical nature of this disease process. Unlike rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis is most commonly a disease of the elderly. The strongest predictor of osteoarthritis is increased age, likely due to the declining ability of chondrocytes to maintain the structural integrity of cartilage.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> More than 30 percent of women have some degree of osteoarthritis by age 65. One of the primary tools for diagnosing OA are X-rays of the joint. Findings on X-ray that are consistent with OA include those with joint space narrowing (due to cartilage breakdown), bone spurs, sclerosis, and bone cysts.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Rheumatoid arthritisEdit

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File:X-ray of right fourth PIP joint with bone erosions by rheumatoid arthritis.jpg
Bone erosions by rheumatoid arthritis<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a disorder in which the body's own immune system starts to attack body tissues specifically the cartilage at the end of bones known as articular cartilage.<ref name="niams-ra">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The attack is not only directed at the joint but to many other parts of the body. RA often affects joints in the fingers, wrists, knees and elbows, is symmetrical (appears on both sides of the body), and can lead to severe progressive deformity in a matter of years if not adequately treated. RA usually onsets earlier in life than OA and commonly effects people aged 20 and above. In children, the disorder can present with a skin rash, fever, pain, disability, and limitations in daily activities.<ref name=niams-ra/> With earlier diagnosis and appropriate aggressive treatment, many individuals can obtain control of their symptoms leading to a better quality of life compared to those without treatment.<ref name=niams-ra/><ref>Template:Cite report</ref>

One of the main triggers of bone erosion in the joints in rheumatoid arthritis is inflammation of the synovium (lining of the joint capsule), caused in part by the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL), a cell surface protein present in Th17 cells and osteoblasts.<ref name="Chabaud_2000">Template:Cite journal</ref> Osteoclast activity can be directly induced by osteoblasts through the RANK/RANKL mechanism.<ref name="pmid21464945">Template:Cite journal</ref>

File:Lupusfoto.jpg
This is a malar ("butterfly") skin rash that is commonly seen in patients with Lupus.

LupusEdit

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Lupus is an autoimmune collagen vascular disorder that can be present with severe arthritis. In fact, about 90% of patients with Lupus have musculoskeletal involvement.<ref name=":6">Template:Cite journal</ref> Symptoms in these patients can often mimic those of rheumatoid arthritis with similar stiffness and pain patterns. Joints in the fingers, wrist, and knee tend to be the most affected.<ref name=":6" /> Other features commonly seen in patients with Lupus include a skin rash (pictured on the right), extreme photosensitivity, hair loss, kidney problems, and shortness of breath secondary to scarring that occurs in the lungs.<ref>Template:EMedicine</ref>

GoutEdit

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File:Gout Signs and Symptoms.jpg
Gout most commonly affects the big toe, leading to swelling, redness, and warmth around that area.

In the early stages of gout, usually only one joint is affected; however over time, many joints can become affected. Gout most commonly occurs in joints located in the big toe, knee, and/or fingers.<ref name=mayo-gout/> During a gout flare, the affected joints often become swollen with associated warmth and redness. The resulting pain can be significant and potentially debilitating.<ref name="Becker">Template:Cite book</ref> When one of these flares occurs, management involves the use of anti-inflammatories, such as NSAIDs, colchicine, or glucocorticoids.<ref name=":8">Template:Cite journal</ref> In between gout flares, it is recommended that patients take medications that decrease the production of uric acid (i.e. allopurinol, febuxostat) or increase the elimination of uric acid from the body (i.e. probenecid).<ref name=":8" /><ref name="Ali">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Gout has been associated with excessive intake of alcohol and food, such as red meat.<ref name=mayo-gout/> Thus, it is also recommended that patients with gout adhere to a diet rich in fiber, vegetables, and whole grains, while limiting the intake of alcohol and fatty foods.<ref name=mayo-gout/>

There is also an uncommon form of gout that is known as pseudogout, which is caused by the formation of calcium pyrophosphate crystals in the joint.<ref name=":9">Template:Cite journal</ref> Unlike gout, no targeted treatments are currently available.<ref name=":9" /> At this time, management is aimed at decreasing inflammation in order to reduce the intensity and frequency of flares.<ref name=":9" />

Comparison of typesEdit

Comparison of some major forms of arthritis<ref name=agabegi2nd6-7unless>Unless otherwise specified in table box, the reference is: Template:Cite book</ref>
Osteoarthritis Rheumatoid arthritis Gouty arthritis
Speed of onset Months-Years Weeks-months<ref name=Chan1994>Diagnosis lag time of median 4 weeks, and median diagnosis lag time of 18 weeks, taken from: Template:Cite journal</ref> Hours for an attack<ref name=Harwood-Nuss2009>Template:Cite book</ref>
Main locations Weight-bearing joints (such as knees, hips, vertebral column) and hands Hands (proximal interphalangeal and metacarpophalangeal joint) wrists, ankles, knees and hips Great toe, ankles, knees and elbows
Inflammation May occur, though often mild compared to inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis Yes Yes
Radiologic changes
  • Narrowed joint space
  • Bone erosions
  • "Punched out" bone erosions
Laboratory findings None Anemia, elevated ESR and C-reactive protein (CRP), rheumatoid factor, anti-citrullinated protein antibody Crystal in joints
Other features

OtherEdit

Infectious arthritis is another severe form of arthritis that is sometimes referred to as septic arthritis. It typically occurs when a patient is ill or has an infection. Common symptoms include the sudden onset of chills, fever, and joint pain. The condition is caused by bacteria that spread through the blood stream from elsewhere in the body. This bacteria can travel to specific joints and start to erode cartilage. Infectious arthritis must be rapidly diagnosed and treated promptly in order to prevent irreversible joint damage.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Only about 1% of cases of infectious arthritis are a result of viruses.<ref name="pmid27037381">Template:Cite journal</ref> Within recent years, the virus SARS-CoV-2, which causes Covid-19, has been added to this list.<ref name="pmid35655110">Template:Cite journal</ref> SARS-CoV-2 tends to cause reactive arthritis rather than local septic arthritis.<ref name="pmid35655110" />

Psoriasis can develop into psoriatic arthritis.<ref name=":3" /> With psoriatic arthritis, most individuals first develop skin symptoms (such as scaly patches and itchiness) and then begin to experience joint related symptoms. They typically experience continuous joint pain, stiffness and swelling like other forms of arthritis. This disease can go into remission, but there is currently no known cure for the disorder.<ref name=":3" /> Treatment current revolves around decreasing autoimmune attacks with immune suppressive medications.<ref name=":3" /> A small percentage of patients with psoriatic arthritis can develop a severely painful and destructive form of arthritis which destroys the small joints in the hands and sometimes lead to permanent disability and loss of hand function.<ref name=":3">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

TreatmentEdit

There is no known cure for arthritis and rheumatic diseases. Treatment options vary depending on the type of arthritis and include physical therapy, exercise and diet, orthopedic bracing, and oral and topical medications.<ref name=niams/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Joint replacement surgery may be required to repair damage, restore function, or relieve pain.<ref name=niams/>

Physical therapyEdit

In general, studies have shown that physical exercise of the affected joint can noticeably improve long-term pain relief. Furthermore, exercise of the arthritic joint is encouraged to maintain the health of the particular joint and the overall body of the person.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Individuals with arthritis can benefit from both physical and occupational therapy. In arthritis the joints become stiff and the range of movement can be limited. Physical therapy has been shown to significantly improve function, decrease pain, and delay the need for surgical intervention in advanced cases.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Exercise prescribed by a physical therapist has been shown to be more effective than medications in treating osteoarthritis of the knee. Exercise often focuses on improving muscle strength, endurance and flexibility. In some cases, exercises may be designed to train balance. Occupational therapy can provide assistance with activities. Assistive technology is a tool used to aid a person's disability by reducing their physical barriers by improving the use of their damaged body part, typically after an amputation. Assistive technology devices can be customized to the patient or bought commercially.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

MedicationsEdit

There are several types of medications that are used for the treatment of arthritis. Treatment typically begins with medications that have the fewest side effects with further medications being added if insufficiently effective.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Depending on the type of arthritis, the medications that are given may be different. For example, the first-line treatment for osteoarthritis is acetaminophen (paracetamol) while for inflammatory arthritis it involves non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen. Opioids and NSAIDs may be less well tolerated.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> However, topical NSAIDs may have better safety profiles than oral NSAIDs. For more severe cases of osteoarthritis, intra-articular corticosteroid injections may also be considered.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

The drugs to treat rheumatoid arthritis (RA) range from corticosteroids to monoclonal antibodies given intravenously. Due to the autoimmune nature of RA, treatments may include not only pain medications and anti-inflammatory drugs, but also another category of drugs called disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs). csDMARDs, TNF biologics and tsDMARDs are specific kinds of DMARDs that are recommended for treatment.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Treatment with DMARDs is designed to slow down the progression of RA by initiating an adaptive immune response, in part by CD4+ T helper (Th) cells, specifically Th17 cells.<ref name="pmid23383714">Template:Cite journal</ref> Th17 cells are present in higher quantities at the site of bone destruction in joints and produce inflammatory cytokines associated with inflammation, such as interleukin-17 (IL-17).<ref name="Chabaud_2000" />

SurgeryEdit

A number of surgical interventions have been incorporated in the treatment of arthritis since the 1950s. The primary surgical treatment option of arthritis is joint replacement surgery known as arthroplasty.<ref name=":4">Template:Cite journal</ref> Common joints that are replaced due to arthritis include the shoulder, hip, and knee.<ref name=":4" /> Arthroscopic surgery for osteoarthritis of the knee provides no additional benefit to patients when compared to optimized physical and medical therapy.<ref name="pmid18784099">Template:Cite journal</ref> Joint replacement surgery can last anywhere from 15 to 30 years depending on the patient.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Following joint replacement surgery, patients can expect to get back to several physical activities including those such as swimming, tennis, and golf.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Adaptive aidsEdit

People with hand arthritis can have trouble with simple activities of daily living tasks (ADLs), such as turning a key in a lock or opening jars, as these activities can be cumbersome and painful. There are adaptive aids or assistive devices (ADs) available to help with these tasks,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> but they are generally more costly than conventional products with the same function. It is now possible to 3-D print adaptive aids, which have been released as open source hardware to reduce patient costs.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Adaptive aids can significantly help arthritis patients and the vast majority of those with arthritis need and use them.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Alternative medicineEdit

Further research is required to determine if transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for knee osteoarthritis is effective for controlling pain.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Low level laser therapy may be considered for relief of pain and stiffness associated with arthritis.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Evidence of benefit is tentative.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Pulsed electromagnetic field therapy (PEMFT) has tentative evidence supporting improved functioning but no evidence of improved pain in osteoarthritis.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The FDA has not approved PEMFT for the treatment of arthritis. In Canada, PEMF devices are legally licensed by Health Canada for the treatment of pain associated with arthritic conditions.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

EpidemiologyEdit

Arthritis is predominantly a disease of the elderly, but children can also be affected by the disease.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Arthritis is more common in women than men at all ages and affects all races, ethnic groups and cultures. In the United States, a CDC survey based on data from 2013 to 2015 showed 54.4 million (22.7%) adults had self-reported doctor-diagnosed arthritis, and 23.7 million (43.5% of those with arthritis) had arthritis-attributable activity limitation (AAAL). With an aging population, this number is expected to increase. Adults with co-morbid conditions, such as heart disease, diabetes, and obesity, were seen to have a higher than average prevalence of doctor-diagnosed arthritis (49.3%, 47.1%, and 30.6% respectively).<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Disability due to musculoskeletal disorders increased by 45% from 1990 to 2010. Of these, osteoarthritis is the fastest increasing major health condition.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Among the many reports on the increased prevalence of musculoskeletal conditions, data from Africa are lacking and underestimated. A systematic review assessed the prevalence of arthritis in Africa and included twenty population-based and seven hospital-based studies.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite journal</ref> The majority of studies, twelve, were from South Africa. Nine studies were well-conducted, eleven studies were of moderate quality, and seven studies were conducted poorly. The results of the systematic review were as follows:<ref name=":0" />

  • Rheumatoid arthritis: 0.1% in Algeria (urban setting); 0.6% in Democratic Republic of Congo (urban setting); 2.5% and 0.07% in urban and rural settings in South Africa respectively; 0.3% in Egypt (rural setting), 0.4% in Lesotho (rural setting)
  • Osteoarthritis: 55.1% in South Africa (urban setting); ranged from 29.5 to 82.7% in South Africans aged 65 years and older
    • Knee osteoarthritis has the highest prevalence from all types of osteoarthritis, with 33.1% in rural South Africa
  • Ankylosing spondylitis: 0.1% in South Africa (rural setting)
  • Psoriatic arthritis: 4.4% in South Africa (urban setting)
  • Gout: 0.7% in South Africa (urban setting)
  • Juvenile idiopathic arthritis: 0.3% in Egypt (urban setting)

HistoryEdit

Evidence of osteoarthritis and potentially inflammatory arthritis has been discovered in dinosaurs.<ref name="DeLisaGans2005">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The first known traces of human arthritis date back as far as 4500 BC. In early reports, arthritis was frequently referred to as the most common ailment of prehistoric peoples.<ref name="Bridges ">Template:Cite journal</ref> It was noted in skeletal remains of Native Americans found in Tennessee and parts of what is now Olathe, Kansas. Evidence of arthritis has been found throughout history, from Ötzi, a mummy (Template:Circa) found along the border of modern Italy and Austria, to the Egyptian mummies Template:Circa.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In 1715, William Musgrave published the second edition of his most important medical work, De arthritide symptomatica, which concerned arthritis and its effects.<ref name=ODNB>Template:Cite book</ref> Augustin Jacob Landré-Beauvais, a 28-year-old resident physician at Salpêtrière Asylum in France was the first person to describe the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis. Though Landré-Beauvais' classification of rheumatoid arthritis as a relative of gout was inaccurate, his dissertation encouraged others to further study the disease.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

John Charnley completed the first hip replacement (total hip arthroplasty) in England to treat arthritis in the 1960s.

Society and cultureEdit

Arthritis is the most common cause of disability in the United States. More than 20 million individuals with arthritis in the United States have severe limitations in function on a daily basis.<ref name=cdc-ar/> Absenteeism and frequent visits to the physician are common in individuals who have arthritis. Arthritis can make it difficult for individuals to be physically active and some become home bound.<ref name=":1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It is estimated that the total cost of arthritis cases is close to $100 billion of which almost 50% is from lost earnings.

TerminologyEdit

The term is derived from arthr- (from Template:Langx) and -itis (from {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Template:Transliteration, Template:Literal translation), the latter suffix having come to be associated with inflammation.

The word arthritides is the plural form of arthritis, and denotes the collective group of arthritis-like conditions.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

See alsoEdit

ReferencesEdit

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External linksEdit

Template:Medical resources Template:Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue Template:Authority control

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