Intifada

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Intifada (Template:Langx) is an Arabic word for a rebellion or uprising, or a resistance movement. It can also be used to refer to a civilian uprising against oppression.<ref name="Meinel">Ute Meinel, Die Intifada im Ölscheichtum Bahrain: Hintergründe des Aufbegehrens von 1994–1998, LIT Verlag Münster, 2003 p.10: 'Der Begriff der Intifada, der die Vorstellung eines legitimen Ausbebegehrens gegen Unterdrückung enthält, ist gegenwärtig ein Schlüsselbegriff in der arabischen Welt, von dem eine grosse emotionale Anziehungskraft ausgeht.' (Template:Translation)</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

In the 20th century, the word intifada has been used in to describe various uprisings. In the Iraqi Intifada in 1952, Iraqi parties took to the streets to protest their monarchy.<ref name="II"/> Other later examples include the Western Sahara's Zemla Intifada, the First Sahrawi Intifada, and the Second Sahrawi Intifada.<ref name="SI"/> In the Israeli-Palestinian conflict context, it refers to uprising by Palestinian people against Israeli occupation or Israel, involving both violent and nonviolent methods of resistance, including the First Intifada (1987–1993) and the Second Intifada (2000–2005).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In English-language usage, the word primarily refers to Palestinian uprisings against Israeli occupation.<ref>Template:Britannica</ref><ref>Template:OEtymD</ref><ref>Template:Cite OED</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> In Arabic-language usage, any uprising can be referred to as an intifada, including the 1916 Easter Rising,<ref name="AJ1"/> the 1943 Warsaw Ghetto Uprising,<ref name="WGU"/> and the 1949 Jeju uprising.<ref name="BBC1"/>

EtymologyEdit

Intifada is an Arabic word literally meaning, as a noun, "tremor", "shivering", "shuddering".<ref name="Roberson">Mary K.Roberson, 'Birth, Transformation, and Death of Refugee Identity: Women and Girls of the Intifada,' in Ellen Cole, Esther D Rothblum, Oliva M Espin (eds.) Refugee Women and Their Mental Health: Shattered Societies, Shattered Lives, Routledge, 2013 p.42.</ref><ref>Ellen Canterow, 'Beita,' in Zachary Lockman, Joel Beinin, (eds), Intifada: The Palestinian Uprising Against Israeli Occupation, South End Press, 1989 pp.81-98 p.81</ref> It is derived from an Arabic term nafada meaning "to shake", "shake off", "get rid of",<ref name="Roberson" /><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> as a dog might shrug off water, or as one might shake off sleep,<ref>David Pratt, Intifada, Casemate Publishers, 2009 p.20</ref> or dirt from one's sandals.<ref name="King"/>

HistoryEdit

Template:FurtherIn the Palestinian context, the word refers to attempts to "shake off" the Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip in the First and Second Intifadas,<ref name="Meinel"/><ref>Sharif Kanana, 'Women in the Legends of the Intifada,' in Suha Sabbagh (ed.), Palestinian Women of Gaza and the West Bank, Indiana University Press, 1998 p.114.</ref> where it was originally chosen to connote "aggressive nonviolent resistance",<ref name="Roberson"/> a meaning it bore among Palestinian students in struggles in the 1980s and which they adopted as less confrontational than terms in earlier militant rhetoric since it bore no nuance of violence.<ref name="King" >Mary Elizabeth King, A Quiet Revolution: The First Palestinian Intifada and Nonviolent Resistance, Nation Books 2007 p.208</ref> The First Intifada was characterized by protests, general strikes, economic boycotts, and riots, including the widespread throwing of stones and Molotov cocktails at the Israeli army and its infrastructure in the West Bank and Gaza. The Second Intifada was characterized by a period of heightened violence. The suicide bombings carried out by Palestinian assailants became one of the more prominent features of the Second Intifada and mainly targeted Israeli civilians, contrasting with the relatively less violent nature of the First Intifada.

Israeli–Palestinian conflictEdit

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The term Intifada, in context of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict refers to major Palestinian uprisings against Israeli control, with the First Intifada occurring between 1987 and 1993 and the Second Intifada between 2000 and 2005, both involving numerous attacks against Israeli civilians and security forces.

The phrase "Globalize the Intifada" is a slogan used to promote worldwide activism in solidarity with the Palestinian resistance. The chant and its associated chants have caused controversy, particularly concerning their impact and connotations. Critics claimed it encourages widespread violence or terrorism.<ref name="JNS">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="JewishJournal">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Forward2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

List of events named IntifadaEdit

In Arabic texts, uprisings anywhere can be referred to using the Arabic word "intifada", including, for example, the 1916 Easter Rising (Template:Langx),<ref name="AJ1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> the 1943 Warsaw Ghetto Uprising (Template:Langx),<ref name="WGU">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and the 1949 Jeju uprising (Template:Langx).<ref name="BBC1">Template:Cite news</ref>

In English, the word may refer to these events, overwhelmingly in the Arabic-speaking world:

Iraqi Intifada, a series of strikes and riots in Iraq in 1952, aimed against the Hashemite monarchy rule<ref name="II">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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October Revolution, a series of strikes, riots, and demonstrations in Sudan, that ended with the dissolution of the Abbud military regime and the beginning of second civilian rule in 1964<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
March Intifada, a leftist uprising against the British colonial presence in Bahrain in March 1965<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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Zemla Intifada, against Spanish colonial rule in then Spanish Sahara, in June 1970<ref>Template:Cite news Template:Subscription required</ref>
In Lebanese internal conflicts:
- February 6 Intifada (1984), during the Lebanese Civil War<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>
- Cedar Revolution or "Intifada of Independence", the events in Lebanon after Rafic Hariri's 2005 assassination<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
The 1984 Egyptian intifada, (October 1, 1984 - October 2, 1984), a bloody uprising and civil resistance movement<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
1990s uprising in Bahrain, an uprising demanding a return to democratic rule, also known as the "1990s Intifada"<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
1991 Iraqi uprisings, an armed uprising against Saddam Hussein in Iraq, also known as "Iraqi Intifada of 1991"<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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In the Western Sahara conflict:
- First Sahrawi Intifada, protests by Sahrawi activists in the Western Sahara, south of Morocco (1999–2004)<ref name="SI">Template:Cite journal</ref>
- Second Sahrawi Intifada or Independence Intifada, demonstrations and riots in Western Sahara, south of Morocco, beginning in May 2005<ref name="SI" />
- Gdeim Izik protest camp, also referred as Third Sahrawi Intifada or simply Third Intifada<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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2005 French riots referred to be the historian Andrew Hussey as "the French Intifada"<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Arab Spring, a revolutionary wave which began on 18 December 2010 in Tunisia, sometimes referred to as "Intifada":
- Tunisian Revolution, or Tunisian Intifada<ref>https://www.dohainstitute.org/en/lists/ACRPS-PDFDocumentLibrary/The_Tunisian_Revolution_An_Analysis_of_Analyses.pdf Template:Bare URL PDF</ref>
- Yemeni Revolution, or Yemeni Intifada<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
- 2011 Egyptian revolution, or Egyptian Intifada<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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- 2011–2013 Sudanese protests, or Sudanese Intifada<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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Second Arab Spring, a series of anti-government protests in several Arab countries starting in late 2019, also known as "Arab Spring 2.0":
- 17 October Revolution, nicknamed the Tax Intifada<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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- 2019–2021 Iraqi protests, nicknamed Iraqi Intifada<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
In the Israeli–Palestinian conflict:
- First Intifada, a Palestinian uprising against the Israeli occupation lasting from December 1987 to 1993<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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- Second Intifada, also called Al-Aqsa Intifada, an uprising against Israeli occupation leading to intensification of Israeli-Palestinian violence, which began in late September 2000 and ended around 2005<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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- 2014 Jerusalem unrest, a series of violent acts and attacks in Jerusalem in 2014 sometimes referred to as "Intifada"<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
- 2015–2016 wave of violence in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict – 2015 escalation in Israeli–Palestinian conflict, sometimes referred to as "Al-Quds Intifada" or "Jerusalem Intifada" or "Knife Intifada"<ref>NGO: Israeli army has killed 49 children since October Template:Webarchive. MEMO, 17 February 2016</ref>
- 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis, also known as the "Unity Intifada"<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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