1944 Bombay explosion

The Bombay explosion (or Bombay docks explosion) occurred on 14 April 1944, in the Victoria Dock of Bombay, British India (now Mumbai, India) when the British freighter SS Fort Stikine caught fire and was destroyed in two giant blasts, scattering debris, sinking surrounding ships and setting fire to the area, killing around 800 to 1,300 people.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Some 80,000 people were made homeless<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Bombay Explosion Template:Webarchive A Corporal's War: World War II Adventures of a Royal Engineer, p. 233</ref><ref>The Day It Rained Gold Bricks and a Horse Ran Headless Template:Webarchive Bombay, Meri Jaan: Writings on Mumbai Page 138</ref> and 71 firemen lost their lives in the aftermath.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The ship was carrying a mixed cargo of cotton bales, timber, oil, gold, and ammunition including around 1,400 tons of explosives with an additional 240 tons of torpedoes and weapons.

Vessel, the voyage and cargo

File:SS Fort Stikine.png

SS Fort Stikine

The Template:SS was a 7,142 gross register ton freighter built in 1942 in Prince Rupert, British Columbia, under a lend-lease agreement; the name Stikine was derived from the Stikine River in British Columbia.

Sailing from Birkenhead on 24 February, via Gibraltar, Port Said and Karachi, she arrived at Bombay on 12 April 1944. Her cargo included 1,395 tons of explosives including 238 tons of sensitive "A" explosives, torpedoes, mines, shells, and munitions. She also carried Supermarine Spitfire fighter aircraft, raw cotton bales, barrels of oil, timber, scrap iron and approximately £890,000 of gold bullion in bars in 31 crates.<ref name=rocked>Template:Cite news</ref> The 8,700 bales of cotton and lubricating oil were loaded at Karachi and the ship's captain, Alexander James Naismith, recorded his protest about such a "mixture" of cargo.<ref name=rocked/> The transportation of cotton through the sea route was inevitable for the merchants, as transporting cotton by rail from Punjab and Sindh to Bombay was banned at that time.<ref name="Ennis, John">Ennis, John. p. 25</ref>Template:Why Naismith, who lost his life in the explosion, described the cargo as "just about everything that will either burn or blow up."<ref name=rocked/>

Incident

File:Bombay-Docks-explosion-1.png

People running for safety after the explosion

In the mid-afternoon around 14:00, the crew were alerted to a fire onboard burning somewhere in the No. 2 hold. The crew, dockside fire teams and fireboats were unable to extinguish the conflagration, despite pumping over 900 tons of water into the ship, and nor were they able to find the source due to the dense smoke. The water was boiling all over the ship, due to heat generated by the fire.<ref name=navy/>

At 15:50 the order to abandon ship was given, and sixteen minutes later there was a great explosion, cutting the ship in two and breaking windows over Template:Cvt away. This and a later second explosion were powerful enough to be recorded by seismographs at the Colaba Observatory in the city. Sensors recorded that the earth trembled at Shimla,<ref>Ennis, John. p. 84</ref> a city over 1,700 km away. The shower of burning material set fire to neighbourhoods in the area. Around Template:Cvt were set ablaze in an Template:Cvt arc around the ship. Eleven neighbouring vessels had been sunk or were sinking, and the emergency personnel at the site suffered heavy losses. Attempts to fight the fire were dealt a further blow when the second explosion from the ship swept the area at 16:34. Burning cotton bales fell from the sky on docked ships, the dock yard, and neighbourhoods outside the harbour. The sound of explosions was heard as far as Template:Cvt away.<ref name=life>Template:Cite magazine</ref> Some of the most developed and economically important parts of Bombay were wiped out by the blast and resulting fire.<ref name=life/> The Australian hospital ship AHS Wanganella had been moored Template:Convert off Bombay when the explosion occurred. She was subsequntly brought in to port, spending a week treating the wounded before resuming her voyage to Taranto, Italy.<ref name=Trio>Template:Cite book</ref>

News

The details of the explosions and losses were first reported to the outside world by the Japanese-controlled Radio Saigon, which gave a detailed report of the incident on 15 April 1944.<ref name=time>Template:Cite magazine</ref> British-Indian wartime censorship permitted news reporters to send the reports only in the second week of May 1944.<ref name=time/> Time magazine published the story as late as 22 May 1944 and still it was news to the outside world.<ref name=time/> A movie depicting the explosions and aftermath, made by Indian cinematographer Sudhish Ghatak, was confiscated by military officers,<ref name=rocked/> although parts of it were shown to the public as a newsreel at a later date.<ref name=rocked/>

Loss

File:Bombay-Docks-aftermath3.png

Aftermath of the explosion at the harbour

File:1944 Bombay harbour explosion propeller piece.jpg

A piece of propeller that landed in St. Xaviers High School, about Template:Cvt from the docks.

File:SSJalapadmaBombayexplosion.jpg

SS Jalapadma on land after the explosion

The total number of lives lost in the explosion is estimated at more than 800, while some estimates put the figure at around 1,300.<ref name=history>Template:Cite news</ref> More than 500 civilians lost their lives, many of them residing in adjoining slum areas, but as it was wartime, information about the full extent of the damage was partially censored.<ref name=rocked/> The results of the explosion are summarised as follows:

• Two hundred and thirty-one people killed were attached to various dock services including fire brigade and dock employees.<ref name=navy>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• Of the above figure, 66 were firemen<ref name=tribute/>
• More than 500 civilians were killed<ref name=navy/>
• Some estimates put total deaths at up to 1,300<ref name=history/>
• More than 2,500 were injured, including civilians<ref name=navy/>
• Thirteen ships were lost<ref name=navy/> and some other ships heavily or partially damaged
• Of the above, three Royal Indian Navy ships were lost<ref name="aus">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• Thirty-one wooden crates, each containing four gold bars, each gold bar weighing 800 Troy ounces or almost 25 kg.<ref name=navy/> (almost all since recovered)
• More than 50,000 tonnes of shipping destroyed and another 50,000 tonnes of shipping damaged<ref name=navy/>
• Loss of more than 50,000 tonnes of food grains, including rice, which gave rise to black marketing of food grains afterwards.<ref name=rocked/>

Unloading of Railway Locomotives

9 imported Locomotives were in the process of being unloaded from the docks since April 11th with 30 railway employees being present for the unloading process. By the noon of April 14th 7 locomotives were still left to be loaded onto the wagons. This was because the Port Trust accidentally delivered the wrong wagons due to which the unloading could not take place. An employee of the BB&CI Railway provided an eyewitness account in the Railway Magazine, where he described how he and others, while being busy lashing and securing the locomotives, were surprised by the sudden noise of the explosions, and the flames shooting upward. An 80 pound steel plate dropped near the crane, narrowly missing him, and his accomplice. The crew then jumped onto an already crowded barge, that was quickly moved away from the docks to safety.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Suburban relief activities

D. N. Wandrekar, a senior journalist at The Bombay Chronicle newspaper, stated in a report dated 20 April 1944 that Mumbaikars (Template:Translation) are always known for their good heart which is why around five days after the incident massive relief activities were shifted to the suburbs owing to the neutralisation of South Mumbai from the damages caused. Soon after the calamity people from the affected areas began pouring into the suburbs. About six thousand persons from the Mandvi area, mostly middle class, went to Ghatkopar. The workers and others from Ghatkopar got the three schools opened for their accommodation and private households also provided accommodation to these unfortunate families.Template:Citation needed

There was a rush of labourers from the dock areas who wanted to get out of Bombay on foot by the Agra Road. Ghatkopar workers opened a kitchen for them at the Hindu Sabha Hall. The kitchen served food for about a thousand persons twice daily. The Ghatkopar kitchen was still running when Vile Parle's Irla residents started running a second centre for about 500 persons, where food and lodging were provided for the refugees. A third kitchen was opened at Khotwadi and Narli Agripada in Santacruz where about 300 people were being served. In Khar, arrangements had been made to give rations to about a hundred persons who had found accommodation in Kherwadiand Old Khar village. Khar Danda, a fishing village, had made arrangements for about a hundred people's accommodation and food. Many families on Salsette Island, also known as Mumbai suburb, opened their doors to the needy.Template:Citation needed

Salvage

As part of the salvage operation, sub-lieutenant Ken Jackson, RNVR was seconded to the Indian government to establish the pumping operation. He and chief petty officer Charles Brazier arrived in Bombay on 7 May 1944. Over a period of three months, many ships were salvaged. The de-watering operation took three months to complete, after which Jackson and Brazier returned to their base in Colombo. Jackson remained in the Far East for another two years, conducting further salvage work. For their efforts with the pumping operation, both men were rewarded: Brazier was awarded the MBE, and Jackson received an accelerated promotion. An Australian minesweeper, HMAS Gawler, landed working parties on 21 June 1944, to assist in the restoration of the port.<ref name="aus"/>

Aftermath

It took three days to bring the fire under control, and later, 8,000 men toiled for seven months to remove around 500,000 tons of debris and bring the docks back into action.

The inquiry into the explosion identified the cotton bales as probably being the seat of the fire. It was critical of several errors:

• Storing the cotton below the munitions
• Not displaying the red flag (B flag) required to indicate a "dangerous cargo on board"
• Delaying unloading the explosives
• Not using steam injectors to contain the fire
• A delay in alerting the local fire brigade<ref>The Times, Tuesday, 12 September 1944; pg. 3; Issue 49956; col E</ref>

Many families lost all their belongings and were left with just the clothes on their backs. Thousands became destitute. It was estimated that about 6,000 firms were affected, and 50,000 people lost their jobs.<ref name=rocked/> The government took full responsibility for the disaster, and monetary compensation was paid to citizens who made a claim for loss or damage to property.Template:Citation needed

File:Mumbai Firefighters Memorial.jpg

The memorial erected outside Mumbai Fire Brigade Headquarters

During periodic dredging operations to maintain the depth of the docking bays, many intact gold bars have been found, some as late as February 2011, and returned to the government. A live shell weighing 45 kg (100 lb) was also found in October 2011.<ref name=mirror>Template:Cite news</ref> The Mumbai Fire Brigade's headquarters at Byculla has a memorial to the fire fighters who died. National Fire Safety Week is observed across India<ref name="nfsw">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> from 14 to 21 April, in memory of the 66 firemen who died in this explosion.<ref name=tribute>Template:Cite news</ref>

Ships lost or severely damaged

Apart from Fort Stikine, the following vessels were sunk or severely damaged.

Ship	Flag or operator	Notes
Template:SS	Template:Flag	Baroda was a Template:GRT cargo liner owned by the British India Steam Navigation Company.<ref name=Baroda>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> The vessel was burnt out.<ref name=PB74>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:HMHS	Template:Flag	Chantilly was a Template:GRT hospital ship that was formerly a French passenger ship. She was repaired and was returned to her French owners after the war.<ref name=Chantilly>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:HMIS	Template:Navy	El Hind was a Template:GRT passenger ship used by The Scindia Steam Navigation Company Ltd. for the conveyance of pilgrims. She had been requisitioned by the Royal Indian Navy as a Landing Ship Infantry (Large). She caught fire and sank.<ref name=EH>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=EH2>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:SS	Template:Flagu	Empire Indus was a Template:GRT cargo ship. She was severely damaged by the explosion but was repaired, returning to service in November 1945.<ref name=MandS>Template:Cite book</ref>
Template:SS	Template:Flagu	Fort Crevier was a Template:GRT Fort ship. She was burnt out and declared a constructive total loss. The vessel was used as a hulk until 1948, when she was scrapped.<ref name=PB74/><ref name=FortA>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:SS	Template:Flag	Generaal van der Heyden was a Template:GRT cargo ship of the Koninklijke Paketvaart-Maatschappij. She caught fire and sank, with the loss of 15 of her crew.<ref name=KPM>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:SS	Template:Flagu	Generaal van Sweiten was a Template:GRT cargo ship of the Koninklijke Paketvaart-Maatschappij. She caught fire and sank, with the loss of 2 crew.<ref name=KPM/>
Template:SS	Template:Flag	Graciosa was a Template:GRT cargo ship owned by Skibs A/S Fjeld and operated under the management of Hans Kiær & Co. She was severely damaged and was sold for scrap in July 1944.<ref name=Graciosa>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:SS	Template:Flag	Iran was a Template:GRT Standard World War I cargo ship operated by the Iran Steamship Company under the management of Wallem & Co. Ltd. She was severely damaged and was scrapped.<ref name=Iran>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:SS	Template:Flagu	Jalapadma was a Template:GRT cargo ship of the Scindia Steam Navigation Company. She was pushed on shore and later scrapped.<ref name=Scindia>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:SS	Template:Flagu	Kingyuan was a Template:GRT cargo ship of the China Navigation Company. She caught fire and sank.<ref name=Lost/>
Template:HMS	Template:Flagicon Royal Navy	The landing craft was sunk.<ref name=seekrieg194404>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:HMS	Template:Flagicon Royal Navy	The landing craft was sunk.<ref name=seekrieg194404/>
Template:SS	Template:Flagu	Norse Trader was a Template:GRT cargo ship owned by Wallem & Co., Hong Kong. While there were no casualties, the ship was a total loss and was broken up.<ref name=Nors>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:SS	Template:Flagcountry	Rod El Farag was a Template:GRT cargo liner of the Sociète Misr de Navigation Maritime. She was gutted by fire.<ref name=Chindwin>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Declared a total loss, she was sunk for use as a jetty.<ref name=Jordan452>Template:Cite book</ref>
Template:SS	Template:Flagu	Tinombo was a Template:GRT coaster owned by the Koninklijke Packetvaart Maatschappij. She was heavily damaged, and sank with the loss of 8 crew.<ref name=Lost>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>

See also

• Explosion of the RFA Bedenham
• Halifax Explosion
• List of accidents and incidents involving transport or storage of ammunition
• List of the largest artificial non-nuclear explosions

References

General and cited references

• Template:Cite book Template:Google books.

External links

• The First and Last Voyage of the Fort Crevier
• "The Day It Rained Gold"