Aérospatiale Alouette II

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File:Sud Aviation SE.3130 Alouette II ZU-ALO (South Africa).jpg

Sud Aviation SE.3130 Alouette II
ZU-ALO; Private operator in South Africa

SA 318C Alouette II Astazou at the Borderland Museum Eichsfeld in Central Germany.

The Aérospatiale Alouette II ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}, "lark"; company designations SE 313 and SA 318) is a French light helicopter originally manufactured by Sud Aviation and later Aérospatiale. It was the first production helicopter powered by a gas turbine engine instead of the heavier conventional piston powerplant.

On 12 March 1955, the prototype SE 3130 performed its maiden flight. The Alouette II was a widely used type and popular with operators, with over 1,300 rotorcraft eventually being constructed between 1956 and 1975. The type was predominantly used for military purposes in observation, photography, air-sea rescue, liaison and training, but it has also carried anti-tank missiles and homing torpedoes. As a civilian helicopter, the Alouette II has been used for casualty evacuation (with two external stretcher panniers), crop-spraying and as a flying crane, with a Template:Convert external underslung load.

A high-altitude derivative, the SA 315B Lama, was developed and entered operational service in July 1971. The Alouette II also was further developed into the larger and more powerful Alouette III. In 1975, production of the type was terminated, having been effectively succeeded by these newer rotorcraft. Despite it being long out of production, considerable numbers of Alouette II were still in service at the start of the 21st century.

DevelopmentEdit

Although Sud-Est's previous helicopter design, the SE 3120 Alouette, broke helicopter speed and distance records in July 1953, it was too complex an aircraft to market successfully. With the records falling, the French government started showing interest, but with their financial backing, the state gave an ultimatum that within two years a helicopter had to be in production, otherwise all rotary wing activities would cease. SNCASE came up with seven helicopter designs powered by turboshaft engines: X.310A – X.310G. Earlier Joseph Szydlowski, the founder of Turbomeca, had successfully managed to develop the Artouste, a Template:Cvt single shaft turbine engine derived from his Orédon turbine. The X.310G design was chosen and, together with an improved version of the Artouste engine, was fast-tracked towards production as the SE 3130 Alouette II.<ref name = "euro alouette"/>

File:BGS-Hubschrauber Alouette II (cropped).jpg

A West German Alouette II Astazou patrolling the border with East Germany, 1985

On 12 March 1955, the prototype SE 3130 performed its maiden flight;<ref name="JAWA66 p61"/><ref name = "boyne 74"/><ref name ='mcgowen 74'>McGowen 2005, p. 74.</ref> within three months, on 6 June, a pre-production Alouette II, flown by Jean Boulet, established a new helicopter altitude record of Template:Cvt.<ref name=alt8>"FAI Record ID #9876 – Altitude without payload. Class E-1 (Helicopters), turbine Template:Webarchive" Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI). Retrieved: 21 September 2014.</ref><ref name="FAI heliheight">"History of Rotorcraft World Records, Sub-class:E-1 (Helicopters), Category:General, Group 2:turbine" Template:Webarchive. Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI). Retrieved 3 November 2010.</ref><ref name="Flight coptersp54">Flight 8 July 1955, p. 54.</ref> According to the manufacturer, such early demonstrations of the Alouette II had served to promote the performance and advantages of turbine helicopters over their piston-engined counterparts.<ref name = "euro alouette"/>

In April 1956, the first production Alouette II was completed, making it the first production turbine-powered helicopter in the world.<ref name="euro alouette">"1955: SE3130 "Alouette II"." Template:Webarchive Eurocopter, Retrieved: 20 December 2015.</ref><ref name ='mcgowen 74'/> Upon completion, several of the initial production models were dispatched for a series of evaluation flights in the Alps.<ref name = "euro alouette"/> On 13 June 1958, a single SE 3130, again flown by Boulet, re-took the altitude record, reaching a height of 10,984 m (36,027 ft).<ref name="FAI heliheight"/><ref name=alt10>"FAI Record ID #9874 – Altitude without payload. Class E-1 (Helicopters), turbine Template:Webarchive" Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI). Retrieved: 21 September 2014.</ref><ref name="JAWA66 p2">Taylor 1966, p. 2.</ref> In 1964, a new version of the Alouette II was introduced, the SA 3180 Alouette II Astazou (originally called "Alouette Astazou"), using the Turbomeca Astazou IIA engine in place of the Artouste II. In 1975, production of the Alouette II ended after more than 1,300 had been built; in 1969, a new high-altitude variant, the Aérospatiale SA 315B Lama had been developed to replace it in this niche capacity.<ref name = "euro alouette"/><ref name ='mcgowen 75'/> A slightly larger and more powerful helicopter in the form of the Aérospatiale Alouette III has also entered production, which had negatively impacted upon the demand for the older II model.<ref name ='mcgowen 227'>McGowen 2005, p. 227.</ref>

DesignEdit

The Aérospatiale Alouette II is a French light helicopter, incorporating many innovations of its time.<ref name="Flight coptersp54"/> It was powered by a single Turbomeca Artouste II turboshaft engine capable of generating a maximum output of 400 hp. The speed of the main rotor is controlled by an automated fuel supply governor, eliminating the necessity of a twist-grip throttle and a conventional link between the throttle and the collective-pitch.<ref name="Flight coptersp54"/> Instead, the Alouette II uses a simple control lever arrangement, which acts to directly regulate the collective-pitch and actuate the governor while immediately and automatically applying the correct level of power to conform with flight condition. Without a clutch, the transmission is considerably simplified in both design and maintenance aspects.<ref name="Flight coptersp54"/>

Despite being a light helicopter, the Alouette II possesses a reasonable lift capacity and can carry underslung loads on an external sling; during one high-profile public demonstration, one helicopter was able to air-lift a compact Citroen truck weighing in excess of half a ton without visible difficulty. While flying at sea level, the Alouette II uses only 300 of the powerplant's available 400 hp; accordingly, performance can be maintained while operated at a high altitude and within tropical conditions where the additional power would come into play.<ref name="Flight coptersp54"/> It was capable of flying at altitudes of up to 2,286 meters above sea level while possessing an average climb rate of 250 meters per minute and a typical maximum range of 563 miles.<ref name = "cocks 19"/> Various alternative landing gear configurations could be fitted, including skids, wheels, or pontoons.<ref name ='mcgowen 75'/>

The Alouette II is capable of accommodating a seating arrangement for up to five personnel, including the pilot; access to the cabin was provided via a pair of side-hinged doors.<ref name="Flight coptersp54"/> The compact cockpit was provided with a dome-shaped windscreen which provided for excellent levels of external visibility.<ref name = "cocks 19"/> The Alouette II also made innovative use of armaments. It was the first helicopter worldwide to be equipped with anti-tank munitions in the form of the SS.11 MCLOS wire-guided anti-tank missile.<ref name="HELOSATWAR">Helicopters at War – Blitz Editions, p. 63, Template:ISBN.</ref><ref name = "boyne 74">Boyne 2011, p. 74.</ref> In addition to anti-tank missiles, the French Army chose to arm their Alouette IIs with machine guns, while the French Navy outfitted theirs with aerial torpedoes to conduct anti-submarine warfare (ASW) duties.<ref name ='mcgowen 74'/>

Under operational conditions, the Alouette II often proved to be a relatively maintenance-intensive rotorcraft.<ref name = "cocks 22 23">Cocks 2015, pp. 22–23.</ref> It required a high level of regular lubrication, the main rotorhead alone featuring 20 grease nipples that had to be re-lubricated after every five flight hours, while the drive shaft for the tail rotor was similarly demanding. Due to its high susceptibility to dust ingestion, some operators would have to remove the Alouette's rectangular sand filters after every landing in order to clean them.<ref name = "cocks 22 23"/>

Operational historyEdit

File:Aérospatiale SA 318 Alouette II - 240710.jpg

An Alouette II in flight, 2010

On 3 July 1956, prior to even entering civil service, the Alouette II was responsible for breaking new ground when it became the first helicopter to perform a mountain rescue mission, having been deployed to evacuate a mountaineer who had suffered from cardiac arrest at over Template:Cvt.<ref name = "boyne 101"/> On 3 January 1957, the Alouette II was called upon again in order to rescue the crew of a crashed Sikorsky S-58, which had been searching for missing mountaineers Jean Vincendon and François Henry on Mont Blanc.<ref name = "euro alouette"/>

On 2 May 1957, following a series of airborne trials, the Alouette II was awarded a French domestic certificate of airworthiness, which cleared the type to enter service with civil operators.<ref name ='mcgowen 74'/> Initial production was allocated to fulfil those orders placed by the French military, as well as by civilian customers. During 1957, the first deliveries of the Alouette II were made to the French Army.<ref name = "cocks 18 19">Cocks 2015, pp. 18–19.</ref> Shortly thereafter, large-scale orders for the type were received from several foreign nations, including the United Kingdom, Federal Republic of Germany, and Austria.<ref name ='mcgowen 75'>McGowen 2005, p. 75.</ref>

Almost immediately upon entering service, French forces commenced active combat operations using their fledgling Alouette II fleet; the type being placed into heavy use in the Algerian War, during which it made valuable contributions to France's activities in the theatre.<ref name = "cocks 18"/> When used as a troop-transport, up to four fully equipped soldiers could be airlifted at a time. Additionally, a number of Alouette IIs were modified to become what has been argued by some to have been the world's first helicopter gunships; in this capacity, it would have been typically armed with Nord Aviation-built SS.10 or SS.11 anti-tank missiles.<ref name = "cocks 18"/>

File:Alouette v-54 arp.jpg

An SE.3130 Alouette II, formerly V-54 of the Swiss Air Force, now on the UK civil register as G-BVSD. It was built in 1964.

The nation of Rhodesia emerged as a prolific user of both the Alouette II and its enlarged sibling, the Alouette III.<ref name = "cocks 18">Cocks 2015, p. 18.</ref> Early operations were flown with an emphasis on its use by the Army and British South Africa Police, including paramilitary and aerial reconnaissance operations. Throughout the 1960s, the type progressively spread into additional roles, including aerial supply, casualty evacuation, communications relays, and troop-transports.<ref name = "cocks 20">Cocks 2015, p. 20.</ref> Rhodesian aerial operations would typically involve flying under relatively high and hot conditions, which reduced the efficiency of aircraft in general; however, the Alouette II proved to be both hardy and relatively resistant to battle damage.<ref name = "cocks 19">Cocks 2015, p. 19.</ref> In order to extend the inadequate range of the type, fuel caches were strategically deployed across the country to be used for refuelling purposes.<ref name = "cocks 20"/>

In order to improve performance, Rhodesia's Alouette II fleet was subject to extensive modifications, including changes to their refuelling apparatus, gun sights, cabin fittings, armouring, and armaments.<ref name = "cocks 20 22">Cocks 2015, pp. 20–22.</ref> Over time, the Rhodesian Security Forces developed an innovative deployment tactic of rapidly encircling and enveloping enemies, known as the Fireforce, for which the Alouette II served as a core component.<ref name = "cocks 18"/> The quick-reaction Fireforce battalions were centred at Centenary and Mount Darwin; emphasis was placed on locating both rotorcraft and troops as close to a current or anticipated theatre of operations as would be feasibly possible.<ref name = "cocks 21 22">Cocks 2015, pp. 21–22.</ref>

By 1975, at which point production of the type was terminated, in excess of 1,300 Alouette IIs had been constructed. The rotorcraft was also in use in over 80 countries, including 47 separate armed forces.<ref name = "boyne 101">Boyne 2011, p. 101.</ref> The Alouette II was produced and sold under licence by Brazil, Sweden, India and in the United States.<ref name ='mcgowen 75'/> While succeeded in some respects by the SA 315B Lama, which was itself a derivative of the Alouette II; the French Army ultimately replaced their Alouette II fleet with a newly developed observation and reconnaissance helicopter in the form of the Aérospatiale AS350 Écureuil.<ref name ='mcgowen 124'>McGowen 2005, p. 124.</ref>

During July 2018, a single Alouette II was involved in the helicopter prison escape of the French gangster Rédoine Faïd. The rotorcraft, which had been hijacked by gang members who held the pilot hostage at gunpoint, flew into the courtyard of Réau prison, before flying to Roissy in the north-eastern suburbs of Paris; the event allegedly occurred in under ten minutes from take-off to escape.<ref>Sage, Andy. "Hostage ordeal of helicopter pilot used for Rédoine Faïd jail breakout." thetimes.co.uk, 4 July 2018.</ref><ref>"Prison break: French pilot of hijacked helicopter speaks of terrifying ordeal." thelocal.fr. 4 July 2018.</ref>

VariantsEdit

SE 3130 Alouette II – Initial version powered by Turbomeca Artouste II series engine rated at Template:Cvt for takeoff, with maximum weight of Template:Cvt.<ref name=FAA_7H1>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=DGAC_no24>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

SE 313B Alouette II – Version of SE 3130 powered by Turbomeca Artouste IIC5 or IIC6 engine rated at Template:Cvt for takeoff, with maximum weight raised to Template:Cvt.<ref name=FAA_7H1 /><ref name=DGAC_no24 />
SE 3131 Gouverneur – Refined executive version with enclosed tailboom,<ref>"Business and Touring Aircraft: Sud-Aviation". Flight, 11 October 1957, p. 585.</ref> which was abandoned in favour of the Alouette III.<ref>"Helicopters of the World:SE.3160 Alouette III". Flight, 15 May 1959, p. 684.</ref>
SE 3140 Alouette II – Proposed version, it was going to be powered by a 298 kW (400 hp) Turbomeca Turmo II engine. None were built.
HKP 2 Alouette II – Swedish licence version of the SE 3130
SA 3180 Alouette II Astazou – Version powered by Turbomeca Astazou IIA or IIA2 engine rated at Template:Cvt for takeoff and Template:Cvt continuous, but restricted to Template:Cvt by rotor transmission limitations, with maximum weight of Template:Cvt.<ref name=FAA_7H1 /><ref name=DGAC_no24 /><ref name=EASA_R.124>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

SA 318B Alouette II Astazou – Version of SA 3180 with maximum weight raised to Template:Cvt.<ref name=FAA_7H1 /><ref name=DGAC_no24 /><ref name=EASA_R.124 />
SA 318C Alouette II Astazou – Version of SA 3180 with maximum weight raised to Template:Cvt<ref name=FAA_7H1 /><ref name=DGAC_no24 /><ref name=EASA_R.124 />
SA 315B Lama – designed to meet an Indian armed forces requirement for operation in "hot and high" conditions; it combined the Artouste powerplant and rotor system of the Alouette III with a reinforced Alouette II airframe.
Republic Lark: Proposed production in the United States by Republic Aircraft, powered by a Template:Cvt AiResearch TSE-331-7<ref name=Wilkinson6465>Template:Cite book</ref> turboshaft.