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Alectryon (plant)

Article Discussion

Template:Short description Template:Automatic taxobox

Alectryon is a genus of about 30 species of trees and shrubs from the family Sapindaceae. They grow naturally across Australasia, Papuasia, Melanesia, western Polynesia, east Malesia and Southeast Asia, including across mainland Australia, especially diverse in eastern Queensland and New South Wales, the Torres Strait Islands, New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Vanuatu, Fiji, Samoa, Hawaii, Indonesia and the Philippines.<ref name=Morat-et-al.-New-Caledonia-Florical/><ref name=Census-PNG/><ref name=Edwards-Gadek-2001/><ref name=Fl.-Malesiana-1994/> They grow in a wide variety of natural habitats, from rainforests, gallery forests and coastal forests to arid savannas and heaths.

Mainland Australia, especially the eastern Queensland and New South Wales rainforests and the monsoon tropics, harbours the global centre of Alectryon species diversity, having 15 species, 12 of them endemic to Australia.<ref name=APNI/><ref name=Edwards-Gadek-2001/> In the continent of, combined New Guinea including Papua New Guinea and West Papua, Australia and all of their continental islands, including the Torres Strait Islands, known collectively in biogeography as the Sahul continent, lives the even greater diversity and endemism of 21 and 19 species, respectively.

ConservationEdit

Alectryon macrococcus scarce remaining small trees across the Hawaiian islands and in both its varieties, have obtained the "critically endangered" species global conservation status of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).<ref name=IUCN-2003-A.-macrococcus-44144/><ref name=Fl.-Hawaiian-Is-2005-/>

In Australia:

  • A. ramiflorus small trees only remain naturally growing in a very restricted area of southeastern Queensland, thus they have obtained the "endangered" species global conservation status of the IUCN (1998) and 2013 national and state conservation statuses of the Australian and Queensland governments.<ref name=IUCN-1998-A.-ramiflorus-34927/><ref name=QLD-NatureConWiR06/>Template:Rp
  • A. repandodentatus small trees in northeastern Qld, the Torres Strait Islands and New Guinea have obtained the "vulnerable" species global conservation status of the IUCN (1998), and the Queensland state government's 2013 "endangered" species conservation status.<ref name=QLD-NatureConWiR06/>Template:Rp<ref name=IUCN-1998-A.-repandodentatus-37565/>
  • A. semicinereus small trees in eastern Qld have obtained the Qld government "near threatened" species conservation status.<ref name=QLD-NatureConWiR06/>Template:Rp

Naming and classificationEdit

German botanist Joseph Gaertner formally named and described this genus and the New Zealand type species A. excelsus in 1788.<ref name=Gaertner-1788/><ref name=APNI/><ref name=Fl.-New-Zealand-2010/><ref name=Fl.-Malesiana-1994/>

The name Alectryon is derived from Greek word for "rooster". This refers to the cockscomb appearance of aril on the fruit. See also: Alectryon (mythology)

During the 1800s German–Australian botanist Ferdinand von Mueller published formal scientific descriptions of numerous Australian species under the now synonym genus name Spanoghea.<ref name=APNI/><ref name=Edwards-Gadek-2001/> In 1879 Bavarian botanist Ludwig A. T. Radlkofer published updates of numerous species to names within Alectryon.<ref name=Edwards-Gadek-2001/><ref name=Radlkofer-1879-Actes-/> In 1988 Pieter W. Leenhouts published a revision of the genus across Malesia.<ref name=Edwards-Gadek-2001/><ref name=Leenhouts-1988/>

Its closest relative is Podonephelium from New Caledonia.<ref>Buerki, S., F. Forest, M. W. Callmander, P. P. Lowry, D. S. Devey, and J. Munzinger. (2012) Phylogenetic Inference of New Caledonian Lineages of Sapindaceae: Molecular Evidence Requires a Reassessment of Generic Circumscriptions. Taxon 61 (1): 109–19.</ref>

DescriptionEdit

Species height varies form low shrubs to trees of 30 m. Their leathery leaves may be simple or pinnate foliage. Small flowers, form usually at the ends of the stems. Fruiting follows, when ripe each fruit opens along a rough–edged split revealing a seed, often black, surrounded by a fleshy aril, often red. These juicy aril appendages attract birds and other seed dispersing animals.

SpeciesEdit

Template:Multiple image This listing was sourced from the Australian Plant Name Index and Australian Plant Census,<ref name=APNI/> peer reviewed scientific papers,<ref name=Edwards-Gadek-2001/><ref name=Leenhouts-1988/> Flora Malesiana,<ref name=Fl.-Malesiana-1994/> the Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants information system,<ref name=RFK/> Fruits of the Australian Tropical Rainforest,<ref name=Coopers-2004/> the Census of Vascular Plants of Papua New Guinea,<ref name=Census-PNG/> the Checklist of the Vascular Indigenous Flora of New Caledonia,<ref name=Morat-et-al.-New-Caledonia-Florical/> the Flora of the Hawaiian Islands online version,<ref name=Fl.-Hawaiian-Is-2005-/> the Flora of New Zealand online version,<ref name=Fl.-New-Zealand-2010/> Flora Vitiensis (Fiji),<ref name=Smith-Flora-Vitiensis-nova/> the Flora of New South Wales and the Flora of Australia.:<ref name=NSW-PlantNet/><ref name=Fl.-Australia-1985/>

  • Alectryon affinis Template:Au – New Guinea<ref name=Census-PNG/><ref name=Edwards-Gadek-2001/><ref name=Fl.-Malesiana-1994-A.-affinis/>
  • Alectryon cardiocarpus Template:Au – New Guinea<ref name=Census-PNG/><ref name=Edwards-Gadek-2001/><ref name=Fl.-Malesiana-1994-A.-cardiocarpus/>
  • Alectryon carinatum Template:Au – New Caledonia endemic<ref name=Morat-et-al.-New-Caledonia-Florical/><ref name=Edwards-Gadek-2001/>
  • Alectryon connatus Template:Au, Hairy Alectryon – Qld,<ref name=Coopers-2004/><ref name=RFK-A.-connatus/> WA, Australia,<ref name=Fl.-Australia-1985-A.-connatus/> New Guinea<ref name=Census-PNG/><ref name=Edwards-Gadek-2001/><ref name=Fl.-Malesiana-1994-A.-connatus/>
  • Alectryon coriaceus Template:Au, Beach Bird's Eye – Qld, NSW,<ref name=NSW-PlantNet-A.-coriaceus/> Australia<ref name=Edwards-Gadek-2001/><ref name=Fl.-Australia-1985-A.-coriaceus/>
  • Alectryon diversifolius Template:Au, Scrub Boonaree – Qld,<ref name=Coopers-2004/> NSW,<ref name=NSW-PlantNet-A.-diversifolius/> Australia<ref name=Edwards-Gadek-2001/><ref name=Fl.-Australia-1985-A.-diversifolius/>
  • Alectryon excelsus Template:Au, Tītoki – New Zealand<ref name=Fl.-New-Zealand-2010/>
    • subsp. excelsus, Tītoki – New Zealand<ref name=Fl.-New-Zealand-2010/><ref name=Edwards-Gadek-2001/>
    • subsp. grandis, syn.: A. grandis, Three Kings Tītoki – Three Kings Islands offshore New Zealand<ref name=Fl.-New-Zealand-2010/><ref name=Edwards-Gadek-2001/><ref name=de-Lange-et-al.-1999-A.-excelsus-grandis/>
  • Alectryon ferrugineus Template:Au, syn's: A. mollis Template:Au, A. strigosus Template:Au – Moluccas, New Guinea<ref name=Census-PNG/><ref name=Edwards-Gadek-2001/><ref name=Fl.-Malesiana-1994-A.-ferrugineus/>
  • Alectryon forsythii Template:Au – NSW, Australia<ref name=Edwards-Gadek-2001/><ref name=NSW-PlantNet-A.-forsythii/><ref name=Fl.-Australia-1985-A.-forsythii/>
  • Alectryon fuscus – Philippines<ref name=Edwards-Gadek-2001/><ref name=Fl.-Malesiana-1994-A.-fuscus/>
  • Alectryon glaber Template:Au – Java, Sumbawa, Flores, Sulawesi, Moluccas (–Indonesia); Philippines, etc.<ref name=Edwards-Gadek-2001/><ref name=Fl.-Malesiana-1994-A.-glaber/>
synonyms: A. celebicus Template:Au, A. excisus Template:Au, A. inaequilaterus Template:Au, Alectryon ochraceus Template:Au, A. serratus Template:Au, A. sphaerococcus Template:Au

ReferencesEdit

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Cited worksEdit

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