Alparslan Türkeş

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Alparslan TürkeşTemplate:Efn ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}; 25 November 1917 – 4 April 1997) was a Turkish politician, who was the founder and president of the Nationalist Movement Party (MHP) and the Grey Wolves (Ülkü Ocakları). He ran the Grey Wolves training camps from 1968 to 1978. More than 600 people are said to have fallen victim of political murders by the Grey Wolves between 1968 and 1980.<ref name=":2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He represented the far-right of the Turkish political spectrum. He was and still is called Başbuğ ("Leader") by his devotees.<ref>Başbuğ Alparslan Türkeş'i Anma Etkinlikleri Template:In lang</ref>

Early lifeEdit

Türkeş was born in Nicosia, British Cyprus, to a Turkish Cypriot family in 1917.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> His birth name is disputed, some claiming that it is Hüseyin Feyzullah,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> while MHP claims it is Ali Arslan.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> His paternal great-grandfather had emigrated to Cyprus from Pınarbaşı, Kayseri, Central Anatolia, Ottoman Empire, in the 1860s.<ref name="Landau 2004 loc=190">Template:Cite book</ref> His father, Ahmet Hamdi Bey, was from Tuzla, near Famagusta, and his mother, Fatma Zehra Hanım, was from Larnaca.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> However, in an interview with the scholar Fatma Müge Göçek the journalist Hrant Dink claimed that Türkeş was of Armenian descent, an orphan originally from Sivas who was later adopted by a Muslim couple from Cyprus.<ref>Göçek, Fatma Müge. The Denial of Violence: Ottoman Past, Turkish Present, and Collective Violence against the Armenians, 1789-2009. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015, p. 598, note 71.</ref> In 1932, with fifteen years of age, Türkeş emigrated to Istanbul, Turkey with his family.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> He was enrolled into the military lycée in Istanbul in 1933 and completed his secondary education in 1936.<ref name="Landau 2004 loc=190" /> In 1938, he joined the army and his military career began.

Racism-Turanism trialsEdit

Along with other nationalists like Nihal Atsız and Nejdet Sançar,<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Türkeş was court-martialed on charges of "fascist and racist activities" in 1945.<ref>Özkırımlı, Umut and Spyros A. Sofos, Tormented by history, (Columbia University Press, 2008), 138.</ref> He spent 10 months in prison before he was released the same year. The charges were eventually dismissed in 1947.<ref name=":0" /> The trial would become known as the Racism-Turanism trials.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Political careerEdit

He attained fame as the spokesman of the 27 May 1960 coup d'état against the government of Prime Minister Adnan Menderes, who was later executed after the Yassiada trial. He assumed a position as an undersecretary of the Prime Minister.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> However Türkeş, together with Template:Interlanguage link, declared their opposition to returning the power back to civilians and therefor were expelled by an internal coup within the junta (National Unity Committee).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Türkeş was sent into exile to the Turkish embassy in New Delhi.<ref name=":1" /> He returned in February 1963<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and together with others of the fourteen, he later joined the Republican Villager Nation Party (Template:Langx, CKMP).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Türkeş was elected as its chairman on 1 August 1965.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In 1969 the CKMP was renamed the Nationalist Movement Party (Template:Langx, MHP).<ref>Ümit Hassan, Halil Berktay, Türkiye tarihi: Çağdaş Türkiye, 1908–1980, Cilt 4, Cem Yayınevi, 1987, p. 224.</ref> As leader of the MHP he was also the de facto leader of the Grey Wolves. This far-right movement executed political murders, which began in 1968. More than 600 people are said to have fallen victim between 1968 and 1980.<ref name=":2" />

Türkeş served as Deputy Prime Minister in right-wing National Front (Template:Langx) cabinets in the 1970s.<ref>Barış Yetkin, Kırılma Noktası / 1 Mayıs 1977 Olayı, Yeniden Anadolu ve Rumeli Müdafaa-i Hukuk Yayınları, 2000, Template:ISBN, p. 19.</ref> After the Military coup of 1980, he was imprisoned for more than four years and the Government demanded the death sentence for him as well as other Turkish nationalists. But in a turn of events he was released on 9 April 1985.<ref name=":0" /> He rejoined the political arena within the Template:Interlanguage link (MÇP) in 1987<ref name=":0" /> and was elected to parliament representing the province of Yozgat on a ticket of the Welfare Party (RP) in 1991.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 1992 the name Nationalist Movement Party (MHP) was relaunched in exchange of the name of the MÇP and the party logo of the three crescents was presented to the public.<ref name=":0" />

IdeologyEdit

Through the far-right MHP, Türkeş took the rightist views of his predecessors like Nihal Atsız, and transformed them into a powerful political force. In 1965, Türkeş released a political pamphlet titled Nine Lights Doctrine (Template:Langx), which formed the basis of the nationalist ideology of the CKMP.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> This text listed nine basic principles which were: nationalism; idealism; moralism; scientism; societalism; ruralism; libertism and personalism; progressivism and populism; industrialism and technologism.<ref>Alparslan Türkeş, Millî Doktrin Dokuz Işık, Genişletilmiş Birinci Baskı, Hamle Basın Yayın., İstanbul, s. 15.</ref>

Hans-Lukas Kieser notes that although Türkeş openly identified with pan-Turkism and sympathised with National Socialism as well as Adolf Hitler, he was still allowed to rise through the ranks of the Turkish Army and was even allowed to move to the United States in order to pursue military education and cooperation within NATO.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Türkeş led the vanguard of anti-communism in Turkey; he was a founding member of the Counter-Guerrilla, the Turkish Gladio.<ref name=":1">Lucy Komisar, Turkey's terrorists: a CIA legacy lives on, The Progressive, April 1997</ref>

He has been the spiritual leader of the Idealism Schools Foundation of Culture and Art (Template:Langx). His followers consider him to be one of the leading icons of the Turkish nationalist movement.

International politicsEdit

The wellbeing of the greater Turkish nation living in a so-called Turan, which according to him included Turks wherever they lived, be it in Greece, Cyprus or elsewhere, was key concern of his political views.<ref>Landau, Jacob M. (1981), pp.150–151</ref> On 28 April 1978 he was received by Franz Josef Strauss, former minister for defense and finance in Germany and acting president of the CSU party.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 1992, Alparslan Türkeş visited Baku to support Abulfaz Elchibey during the Azerbaijan presidential election. He also had a meeting with Levon Ter-Petrosyan, the President of Armenia in the 1990s.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Personal lifeEdit

Türkeş was married twice and had seven children.<ref name="Independent">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He married Muzaffer Hanım in 1940 and had four daughters (Ayzit, Umay, Selcen and Çağrı) and one son (Tuğrul) with her. Their marriage lasted until his wife's death in 1974. By 1976 Türkeş married Seval Hanım and had one daughter (Ayyüce) and one son (Ahmet Kutalmış).<ref name="Sabah">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Türkeş died of a heart attack at the age of 80 on 4 April 1997.<ref name="Independent"/><ref name="NYT">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The announcement of his death was delayed for five hours while nationwide security measures were implemented; thereafter, thousands of his supporters went to the Bayindir Hospital chanting "Leaders never die".<ref name="Hurriyet">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> His funeral was held in Kocatepe Mosque in Ankara.<ref name="Hurriyet"/>

Türkeş's youngest son, Ahmet Kutalmış Türkeş, is a member of the Justice and Development Party and was elected as an Istanbul deputy in 2011. However, he resigned several days before the June 2015 elections, protesting the party's plans to transform the parliamentary system into a presidential one.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Dead link</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In 2015, Türkeş's eldest son, Tuğrul Türkeş, became the first person of Turkish Cypriot origin to be Deputy Prime Minister of Turkey.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In September 2015, Türkeş made his first official visit to Northern Cyprus.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> As an independent parliamentarian, Türkeş has criticized the Nationalist Movement Party (founded by his father) and the Republican People's Party for their unwillingness to compromise, which led to the November 2015 elections.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

LegacyEdit

File:Park of Alparslan Türkeş.jpg

The Alparslan Türkeş Park in Ankara, Turkey

Türkeş was a key figure in shaping Turkish nationalism and reviving Pan-Turkism from the 1940s onwards. Soon after his death in 1997, Turkish President Süleyman Demirel stated that his passing had been a "great loss to the political life of Turkey". Similarly, Turkey's first female Prime Minister Tansu Çiller described him as a "historic individual".<ref name="Hurriyet"/>

ControversiesEdit

When he died, it was revealed that he had embezzled 2 trillion lira from the European Turkish Federation. The pan-Turkist group had created a secret slush fund to support the Second Chechen War and help Abulfaz Elchibey succeed in Azerbaijan.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The money was formerly administered by Enver Altaylı, who had been part of the Azerbaijan coup plot. His daughters, Ayzıt and Umay Günay, quarreled over who was the rightful owner despite the fact that it was neither of them.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The two appeared before the Ankara 7th High Penal Court for fraud. The indictment said that Türkeş' account in a U.K. branch of the Deutsche Bank held 575,000 DM, US$845,000, and 367,000 GBP.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The court concluded that Ayzıt had withdrawn 200,000 GBP while Umay Günay had withdrawn 42,000 GBP.<ref name=davalik/> Ayzıt said that she had been living in the UK since 1975, and that her father opened the account in 1988, giving her complete access to it. She said that her father had instructed her to fulfill his financial obligations in support of "the cause of Turkishness" upon his death by making certain payments.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Türkeş' second wife, Seval, refuted Ayzıt's claim that she had not kept the money to herself. Seval claims that she and her sons' Ayyüce and Ahmet Kutalmış share of the withdrawn 242,000 GBP is 112,355 GBP.<ref name="davalik">Template:Cite news</ref>

The MHP's chairman, Devlet Bahçeli, instructed his deputies to keep mum, fearing that the scandal could lead to the dissolution of the party.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

The case was closed due to the statute of limitations.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

WorksEdit

Ülkücülük; Hamle Yayınevi; İstanbul, 1995.
12 Eylül Adaleti (!) : Savunma; Hamle Yayınevi; İstanbul, 1994.
1944 Milliyetçilik Olayı; Hamle Yayınevi;
Türkeş'li Yıllar; Hasan Sami BOLAK
Modern Türkiye; İstanbul.
Milliyetçilik Olayları; Berikan Elektronik Basım Yayım.
27 Mayıs ve Gerçekler; Berikan Elektronik Basım Yayım.
27 Mayıs, 13 Kasım, 21 Mayıs ve Gerçekler; İstanbul, 1996.
Ahlakçılık; Berikan Elektronik Basım Yayım.
Etik (Ahlak Felsefesi), Etik.; Bunalımdan Çıkış Yolu; Kamer Yayınları.
Türk Edebiyatında Anılar, İncelemeler, Tenkidler, Anı-Günce-Mektup; İstanbul, 1994.
Bunalımdan Çıkış Yolu; Hamle Yayınevi; İstanbul, 1996.
Dış Meselemiz; Berikan Elektronik Basım Yayım.
İlimcilik; Berikan Elektronik Basım Yayım.
Kahramanlık Ruhu; İstanbul, 1996.
Temel Görüşler; Kamer Yayınları.
Sistemler ve Öğretiler; İstanbul, 1994.
Türkiye'nin Meseleleri; Hamle Yayınevi; İstanbul, 1996.
Yeni Ufuklara Doğru; Kamer Yayınları.
Sistemler ve Öğretiler; İstanbul, 1995

NotesEdit

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ReferencesEdit

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External linksEdit

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