Alyxia stellata

Template:Short description {{#invoke:other uses|otheruses}} Template:Speciesbox

Alyxia stellata, known as maile in Hawaiian, is a species of flowering plant in the dogbane family, Apocynaceae, that is native to the tropical Pacific from Queensland to Hawaii.<ref name = powo>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It grows as either a twining liana, scandent shrub, or small erect shrub, and is one of the few vines that are endemic to the islands. The leaves are usually ternate, sometimes opposite, and can show both types on the same stem.<ref name="Wagner et al.">Wagner et al. 1990. Manual of the Flowering Plants of HawaiTemplate:Okinai 1, University of HawaiTemplate:Okinai Press, Honolulu, p. 214</ref> Flowers are quite inconspicuous and have a sweet and light fragrance of honey. The bark is most fragrant and exudes a slightly sticky, milky sap when punctured, characteristic of the family Apocynaceae. The entire plant contains coumarin, a sweet-smelling compound that is also present in vanilla grass (Anthoxanthum odoratum), woodruff (Galium odoratum) and mullein (Verbascum spp.).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Fruit are oval and dark purple when ripe. Maile is a morphologically variable plant and the Hawaiian names reflect this (see Ethnobotany section).

Distribution and habitat

Alyxia stellata ranges from northeastern Queensland to the tropical Pacific, including the Caroline Islands, Cook Islands, Fiji, Hawaiian Islands, Marianas, Marquesas, New Caledonia, Niue, Pitcairn Islands, Samoan Islands, Society Islands, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuamotu, Tubuai Islands, Vanuatu, and Wallis and Futuna.<ref name = powo/>

Maile can occur in most types of vegetation at elevations from Template:Convert on all of the main Hawaiian Islands, however it is believed that both [[Kahoolawe|KahoTemplate:Okinaolawe]] and [[Niihau|NiTemplate:Okinaihau]] likely had populations of the species before large-scale disturbances occurred. Lowland wet forests occur from Template:Convert elevation in the Hawaiian Islands and are prime habitat for maile, receiving Template:Convert of rainfall annually. Maile is also found in montane mesic and wet communities.<ref name="Wagner et al."/>

Ethnobotanical uses

Lei

Maile is traditionally and still most popularly used in lei. The vines are prepared and twined together to make an open lei or if people prefer they can close it. In more rural areas it is typical for someone to pick their own maile if accessible, however because lei maile is so desirable, many floral shops carry these kinds of lei. It is one of the only endemic Hawaiian plants grown commercially for lei.Template:Sfn Commercial maile plantations<ref name="Ka Wai Ola">Ka Wai Ola. Office of Hawaiian Affairs. Template:Webarchive.</ref> have become more common as some people feel that imported (non-Hawaiian) maile is not as fragrant as Hawaiian maile.

LāTemplate:Okinaau LapaTemplate:Okinaau

This plant was used medicinally to treat puho, puka puhi, kaupo, and na Template:Okinaeha moku kukonukonu e aTemplate:Okinae (other cuts). Maile kaluhea was mashed with Template:OkinaaukoTemplate:Okinai (Senna occidentalis) stalks, Template:Okinaahakea (Bobea spp.) and koa (Acacia koa) bark. After water is added to this mixture and heated, it is put on infected areas to clean.<ref>Chun, Malcolm, Naea 1994 [1922]. Native Hawaiian Medicine. First People's Productions, Honolulu.</ref>Template:Page needed

Local tradition

Lei maile are often worn by the groom, and also by the groom's men in weddings which is a lovely sight. For high school proms in HawaiTemplate:Okinai, the boy is often given a lei maile. Birthdays, graduations, anniversaries and any celebration for that matter are all an occasion for lei maile, however many responsible stewards to the land understand there is not enough maile to go around for everyone. This ties back in to local maile plantations that have started up.<ref name="Ka Wai Ola"/>

Kapa

Kapa, pounded wauke (Broussonetia papyrifera) is traditionally scented using fragrant plants such as maile, mokihana (Melicope anisata), lauaTemplate:Okinae (Phymatosorus scolopendria), Template:Okinailiahi (Santalum spp.) and kamani (Calophyllum inophyllum).Template:Sfn

Conservation

Because maile is desirable for harvesting it is often incorporated into restoration plantings which can help bring the community into the conservation process.<ref name="Students Help with Maile Restoration">The Garden Island Template:Webarchive.</ref> One study looked at the potential of planting native Hawaiian plants as an understory layer to reduce weedy seedlings from sprouting up and gaining hold again in a restored area. Maile, māmaki (Pipturus albidus) and palapalai (Microlepia strigosa) were the plants used.<ref>Idol, T., Tickin, T., Bussmann, R. 2008, Restoration Agroforestry.</ref>

Folklore

Mention of the maile plant occurs in various stories ([[Moʻolelo|moTemplate:Okinaolelo]]), proverbs (Template:Okinaōlelo noTemplate:Okinaeau), and in the song (mele) "Lei Template:OkinaAwapuhi".<ref>Bishop Museum (2019) "maile", Hawaiian Ethnobotany Online Database]</ref>

LāTemplate:Okinaieikawai

The maile sisters are a favorite stock characters in Hawaiian romance tales.Template:Sfn The story of LāTemplate:Okinaieikawai tells of five Maile sisters. Maile haTemplate:Okinai wale (brittle maile), Maile lau liTemplate:Okinai (small-leaved maile), Maile lau nui (large-leaved maile), Maile kaluhea (sweet-scented maile), and Maile pakaha (blunt-leaved maile).<ref name="Wagner et al."/> Kauai's maile lau liTemplate:Okinai is often celebrated in song and chant. The Template:Okinaōlelo noTemplate:Okinaeau, Ka maile lau liTemplate:Okinai o KoTemplate:Okinaiahi speaks of the "fine-leaved" maile of KokeTemplate:Okinae, KauaTemplate:Okinai which had one of the best and most fragrant maile lau liTemplate:Okinai in HawaiTemplate:Okinai and was praised in old chants.Template:Sfn Because maile was often placed on heiau in traditional times, the older generations of Hawaiians say that the fragrance of maile still lingers in those areas where heiau once stood or are still standing.Template:Sfn

Puna and PanaTemplate:Okinaewa

Several Template:Okinaōlelo noTemplate:Okinaeau from the Hilo and Puna districts on [[Hawaii (island)|HawaiTemplate:Okinai Island]] paint a wonderfully fragrant picture of Puna and PanaTemplate:Okinaewa. Ka makani hali Template:Okinaala o Puna, the fragrance-bearing wind of Puna; Template:Transliteration, Hanakahi is adorned with the fragrance and perfume of PanaTemplate:Okinaewa.Template:Sfn These were both places that had a moist climate suitable for maile and other fragrant ferns, as well as the famous hala (Pandanus tectorius) from Puna. The phrase Puna paia Template:Okinaala, fragrant walls of Puna, gives reference to the hīnano blossom which was famously hung inside hale of that district to scent the house. People traveled to both Puna and PanaTemplate:Okinaewa in order to pick maile, hence those areas being remembered as fragrant.

Mōlī

Mary Kawena Pukui tells a story from [[Kau, Hawaii|KaTemplate:Okinaū]] on HawaiTemplate:Okinai Island of a beautiful young woman, Mōlī, whose father will let none other than a fisherman marry her (a good fisherman is well liked and prosperous because of the food he catches; it is also a sign of a much desired hard-working man). A certain worthless fisherman who tricked Mōlī's father by rubbing fish guts (which were thrown out by others) on himself took her hand in marriage and did no work afterwards. Driven to desperation, Mōlī decorated herself with a beautiful lei of ginger (Zingiber zerumbet), fern and maile and threw herself over the cliffs at WaiTemplate:Okinaahukini. It is said each year around the time of her death, Mōlī returns and when the wind blows, moaning and wailing can be heard. The maile fragrance of her lei can also be smelled and if anyone goes there wearing a maile lei, they will be knocked to the ground.<ref>Template:Harvnb, "The eerie man-calling cliff of Mōlīlele".</ref>

Keaoua Kekuaokalani

Keaoua Kekuaokalani, a cousin to Liholiho (Kamehameha II), objected to the overturn of the kapu system and with supporters, they gathered together with weapons at the battle of KuamoTemplate:Okinao in attempt to restore the kapu taken away. Hawaiians from the area where the battle took place hold that the fragrance of maile worn by the Kekuaokalani's warriors into battle can still be smelled.Template:Sfn

See also

List of endemic plants in the Mariana Islands

References

Bibliography

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