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Andronovo culture

Article Discussion

Template:Short description Template:EngvarB Template:Infobox archaeological culture Template:Indo-European

The Andronovo cultureTemplate:Efn is a collection of similar local Late Bronze Age cultures that flourished Template:Circa 2000–1150 BC,<ref>Brown, Dorcas, and David Anthony, (2017). "Bronze Age Economy and Rituals at Krasnosamarskoe in the Russian Steppes", in: The Digital Archaeological Record: "...Particular attention focuses on the role of agriculture during the unusual episode of sedentary, settled pastoralism that spread across the Eurasian steppes with the Srubnaya and Andronovo cultures (1900-1200 BC)..."</ref><ref name="Grigoriev">Grigoriev, Stanislav, (2021). "Andronovo Problem: Studies of Cultural Genesis in the Eurasian Bronze Age", in Open Archaeology 2021 (7), p.3: "...By Andronovo cultures we may understand only Fyodorovka and Alakul cultures..."</ref><ref name="Parpola">Parpola, Asko, (2020). "Royal 'Chariot' Burials of Sanauli near Delhi and Archaeological Correlates of Prehistoric Indo-Iranian Languages", in Studia Orientalia Electronica, Vol. 8, No. 1, Oct 23, 2020, p.188: "...the Alakul’ culture (c.2000–1700 BCE) in the west and the Fëdorovo culture (c.1850–1450 BCE) in the east..."</ref><ref name="Degtyareva"/> spanning from the southern Urals to the upper Yenisei River in central Siberia and western Xinjiang in the east. In the south, the Andronovo sites reached Tajikistan and Uzbekistan.<ref>Grigoriev, Stanislav, (2021). "Andronovo Problem: Studies of Cultural Genesis in the Eurasian Bronze Age", in Open Archaeology 2021 (7), p. 1.</ref><ref>Template:Cite book "It is assumed that the Indo–Iranian language family, which appeared around 2200 bc, was related to the cultural complex of Andronovo in eastern Central Asia."</ref><ref name="EOIC">Template:Harvnb</ref> It is agreed among scholars that the Andronovo culture was Indo-Iranian.<ref name="EOIC2">Template:Harvnb</ref>Template:Sfn<ref name="Beckwith492">Template:Harvnb: "Archaeologists are now generally agreed that the Andronovo culture of the Central Steppe region in the second millennium BC is to be equated with the Indo-Iranians."</ref> Some researchers have preferred to term it an archaeological complex or archaeological horizon.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Andronovo culture's first stage could have begun at the end of the 3rd millennium BC, with cattle grazing, as natural fodder was by no means difficult to find in the pastures close to dwellings.<ref>Bendezu-Sarmiento, Julio, 2021. “The first nomads in Central Asia's steppes (Kazakhstan): An overview of major socio-economic changes, derived from funerary practices of the Andronovo and Saka populations of the Bronze and Iron Ages (2nd-1st millennium BCE)”, in: Nomad lives: From Prehistoric Times to the Present Day, Publications scientifiques du Muséum, Paris, pp. 479–503.</ref><ref>Bendezu-Sarmiento, Julio, 2021. “The first nomads in Central Asia's steppes (Kazakhstan)", Summary (in French): "...Durant la première étape de la culture d’Andronovo (Bronze ancien à la fin du IIIe millénaire avant n.è.), le cheptel (principalement constitué de bovins) était réduit et le fourrage naturel n’était nullement difficile à trouver dans les pâturages proches des habitations..."</ref><ref>Bendezu-Sarmiento, Julio, (2022). "The first nomads in Central Asia's steppes (Kazakhstan): Territory, power and religion", in: Eurasian steppe civilization: Human and the Historical and Cultural Environment, Almaty–Turkistan, p. 48: "During the first stage of the Andronovo culture (Early Bronze Age to the end of the 3rd millennium BC), the livestock (mainly cattle) was small and natural fodder was not difficult to find in the pastures near the settlements."</ref> The slightly older Sintashta culture (Template:Circa 2200–1900 BC), formerly included within the Andronovo culture, is now considered separately to Early Andronovo cultures.<ref name="Koryakova 1998a2">Template:Harvnb.</ref><ref>Hoshko, Tatiana, (2019). "Oriental Technologies in the Production of Cauldrons of Late bronze Age", in _Historiography, Source Studies and Special Historical Disciplines_,SKHID No. 2 (160) March–April 2019, p. 87.</ref> Allentoft et al. (2015) concluded from their genetic studies that the Andronovo culture and the preceding Sintashta culture were derived from an eastern migration of the Corded Ware culture, given the higher proportion of ancestry matching the earlier farmers of Europe, similar to the admixture found in the genomes of the Corded Ware population.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

DiscoveryEdit

The name derives from the village of Andronovo in the Uzhursky District of Kranoyarsk Krai, Siberia, where the Russian zoologist Arkadi Tugarinov discovered its first remains in 1914. Several graves were discovered, with skeletons in crouched positions, buried with richly decorated pottery. The Andronovo culture was first identified by the Russian archaeologist Sergei Teploukhov in the 1920s.<ref name="GE">Great Soviet Encyclopaedia, Article "Andronovo".</ref>

Dating and subculturesEdit

File:Indo-Iranian origins.png
Archaeological cultures associated with Indo-Iranian migrations (after EIEC): The Andronovo, BMAC and Yaz cultures have often been associated with Indo-Iranian migrations. The Gandhara grave (or Swat), Cemetery H, Copper Hoard and Painted Grey Ware cultures are candidates for the Indo-Aryan migration into South Asia.

The culture of Sarazm (4th–3rd millennium BC) precedes the arrival of the Andronovo steppe culture in South Central Asia in the 2nd millennium BC.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Currently only two sub-cultures are considered as part of Andronovo culture:<ref name="Grigoriev" />

Other authors identify the following sub-culture also as part of Andronovo:

Volume 39, September 2024, 100536.</ref><ref name="Degtyareva">Degtyareva, A.D., et al., (2019). Metal Products of the Alekseyevka-Sargary Culture From the Middle and Upper Tobol Areas", in: Вестник археологии, антропологии и этнографии. 2019. № 4 (47): "The article describes morphological and typological characteristics of non-ferrous metal, determines the formulae of alloys, as well as identifies techniques used for the production of tools by the Alekseyevka-Sargary culture from the South Trans-Urals (15th/14th and 12th/11th BC)..."</ref><ref>Mallory, J.P., (1997). "Andronovo Culture", in J.P. Mallory and Douglas Q. Adams (eds.), Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data, London and Chicago, p. 20: "...Alekseyevka culture...(1200–1000 BC)..."</ref> Late Bronze Age in northern Kazakhstan, contacts with Namazga VI in Turkmenia, Ingala Valley in the south of Tyumen Oblast, in Tobol.

Some authors have challenged the chronology and model of eastward spread due to increasing evidence for the earlier presence of these cultural features in parts of east Central Asia.<ref name="Jia, Peter W. 2017 pp. 621-639">Jia, Peter W., Alison Betts, Dexin Cong, Xiaobing Jia, & Paula Doumani Dupuy, (2017). "Adunqiaolu: new evidence for the Andronovo in Xinjiang, China", in _Antiquity 91 (357)_, pp. 621-639.</ref>

Geographic extentEdit

The geographical extent of the culture is vast and difficult to delineate exactly. On its western fringes, it overlaps with the approximately contemporaneous, but distinct, Srubna culture in the Volga-Ural interfluvial. To the east, it reaches into the Minusinsk depression, with some sites as far west as the southern Ural Mountains,<ref name=camhist>Template:Citation</ref> overlapping with the area of the earlier Afanasevo culture.<ref>Template:Harvcolnb</ref> Additional sites are scattered as far south as the Kopet Dag (Turkmenistan), the Pamir (Tajikistan) and the Tian Shan (Kyrgyzstan). The northern boundary vaguely corresponds to the beginning of the Taiga.<ref name="camhist"/> More recently, evidence for the presence of the culture in Xinjiang in far-western China has also been found,<ref name="Jia, Peter W. 2017 pp. 621-639"/> mainly concentrated in the area comprising Tashkurgan, Ili, Bortala, and Tacheng area.<ref name=yang>Template:Cite book</ref> In the Volga basin, interaction with the Srubna culture was the most intense and prolonged, and Federovo style pottery is found as far west as Volgograd. Mallory notes that the Tazabagyab culture south of Andronovo could be an offshoot of the former (or Srubna), alternatively the result of an amalgamation of steppe cultures and the Central Asian oasis cultures (Bishkent culture and Vakhsh culture).<ref name="EOIC"/>

File:Minusinsk Basin cultures (Summed probability distribution for new human bone dates, Afanasievo to Tagar cultures).png
Dates of Minusinsk Basin cultures, at the easternmost edge of Adronovo culture (Summed probability distribution for new human bone dates, Afanasievo to Tagar cultures).<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

In the initial Sintashta-Petrovka phase,<ref name=yang/> the Andronovo culture is limited to the northern and western steppes in the southern Urals-Kazakhstan.<ref name="EOIC"/> Since then, at the 2nd millennium, in the Alakul Phase (2000–1700 BC),<ref name="Parpola" /> the Fedorovo Phase (1850–1450 BC)<ref name="Parpola" /> and the final Alekseyevka Phase (1400–1000 BC), the Andronovo cultures move intensively eastwards, expanding as far east as the Upper Yenisei River, succeeding the non-Indo-European Okunev culture.<ref name="EOIC"/>

In southern Siberia and Kazakhstan, the Andronovo culture was succeeded by the Karasuk culture (1500–800 BC). On its western border, it is roughly contemporaneous with the Srubna culture, which partly derives from the Abashevo culture. The earliest historical peoples associated with the area are the Cimmerians and Saka/Scythians, appearing in Assyrian records after the decline of the Alekseyevka culture, migrating into Ukraine from ca. the 9th century BC (see also Ukrainian stone stela), and across the Caucasus into Anatolia and Assyria in the late 8th century BC, and possibly also west into Europe as the Thracians (see Thraco-Cimmerian), and the Sigynnae, located by Herodotus beyond the Danube, north of the Thracians, and by Strabo near the Caspian Sea. Both Herodotus and Strabo identify them as Iranian.

CharacteristicsEdit

File:Andronovo ceramics 3.png
Andronovo ceramics

The Andronovo culture comprised both highly mobile communities and settled villages, with a notable concentration of settlements in its Central Asian regions. Fortifications include ditches, earthen banks as well as timber palisades, of which an estimated twenty have been discovered. Andronovo villages typically contain around two to twenty houses, but settlements containing as many as a hundred houses have been discovered. Andronovo houses were generally constructed from pine, cedar, or birch, and were usually aligned overlooking the banks of rivers. Larger homes range in the size from 80 to 300 m2, and probably belonged to extended families, a typical feature among early Indo-Iranians.<ref name="EOIC"/> Soma may have originated in the Andronovo culture.<ref>George Erdosy (2012), The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity, Walter de Gruyter, p. 371.</ref>

Livestock, horse, and agricultureEdit

Andronovo livestock included cattle, horses, sheep, goats and camels.<ref name="camhist"/> The domestic pig is notably absent, which is typical of a mobile economy. The percentage of cattle among Andronovo remains are significantly higher than among their western Srubna neighbours.<ref name="EOIC"/> The horse was represented on Andronovo sites and was used for both riding and traction.<ref name="EOIC"/> According to the Journal of Archaeological Science, in July 2020, scientists from South Ural State University studied two Late Bronze Age horses with the aid of radiocarbon dating from Kurgan 5 of the Novoilinovsky 2 cemetery in the Lisakovsk city in the Kostanay region. Researcher Igor Chechushkov, indicated that the Andronovites had an ability on horse riding several centuries earlier than many researchers had previously expected. Among the horses investigated, the stallion was nearly 20 years old and the mare was 18 years old. According to scientists, animals were buried with the person they accompanied throughout their lives, and they were used not only for food, but also for harnessing to vehicles and riding.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Agriculture did not play an important role in the Andronovo economy.<ref>Ventresca Miller, A., Usmanova, E., Logvin, V., Kalieva, S., Shevnina, I., Logvin, A., Kolbina, A., Suslov, A., Privat, K., Haas, K. and Rosenmeier, M., 2014. Subsistence and social change in central Eurasia: stable isotope analysis of populations spanning the Bronze Age transition. Journal of Archaeological Science, 42, pp.525-538.</ref>

MetallurgyEdit

File:Shaft-hole axes GIM.jpg
Andronovo bronze axes.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

The Andronovo culture is notable for regional advances in metallurgy.<ref name="camhist"/> They mined deposits of copper ore in the Altai Mountains from around the 14th century BC.<ref name="EB_Central_Asian_Arts">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Bronze objects were numerous, and workshops existed for working copper.<ref name="EB_Central_Asian_Arts"/>

PotteryEdit

One of the characteristics of Andronovo culture is its pottery, especially in campsites located in Central Asia, some of them very close to settlements of Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex in the south. This pottery is called Incised Coarse Ware (ICW), which is handmade and grey to brown in color, as well as incised with geometrical decoration,<ref>Cerasetti, Barbara, (2020). "Who interacted with whom? redefining the interaction between BMAC people and mobile pastoralists in Bronze Age southern Turkmenistan", in: Bertille Lyonnet and Nadezhda A Dubova (eds.), The World of the Oxus Civilization, Routledge, p. 487-488: "...the presence of the so-called Andronovo or steppe culture in campsites located on the sand dunes among BMAC settlements or close to them, has been clearly brought to light...This culture is characterized by a typical gray-brown handmade pottery with incised geometrical decoration (Incised Coarse Ware - ICW)..."</ref> spread over much of Eurasian region, from Southern Urals to Kashgar, a pottery made by late Bronze Age nomads.<ref>Cerasetti, Barbara, (1998). "Preliminary Report on Ornamental Elements of 'Incised Coarse Ware'", in: A. Gubaev, G. Koshelenko, and M. Tosi (eds.), Murghab: A Civilization Heartland between River and Desert, Istituto Italiano Per L'Africa E L'Oriente, p. 67: "...a significant amount of Incised Coarse Ware (ICW), related to Bronze Age nomadic stock-riders over a vast portion of Eurasia, between the Urals and [Kashgaria]. Soviet authors have often labelled [it]...as 'Andronovo Ware'..."</ref>

WarfareEdit

File:В музее - заповеднике Аркаим.jpg
Chariot model, Arkaim museum

"It is likely that militarized elite, whose power was based on the physical control of fellow tribesmen and neighbors with the help of riding and fighting skills, was buried in the Novoilinovsky-2 burial ground. The rider has a significant advantage over the infantryman. There may be another explanation: These elite fulfilled the function of mediating conflicts within the collective, and therefore had power and high social status. Metaphorically, this kind of elite can be called Sheriffs of the Bronze Age" said Igor Chechushkov.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

BurialsEdit

File:Andronovo culture. Reconstruction of a burial. Lisakovsk Museum of History and Culture of the Upper Tobol River Area.jpg
Reconstruction of an Andronovo burial. Lisakovsk Museum

The Andronovo dead were buried in timber or stone chambers under both round and rectangular kurgans (tumuli). Burials were accompanied by livestock, wheeled vehicles, cheek-pieces for horses, and weapons, ceramics and ornaments. Among the most notable remains are the burials of chariots, dating from around 2000 BC and possibly earlier. The chariots are found with paired horse-teams, and the ritual burial of the horse in a "head and hooves" cult has also been found.<ref name="EOIC"/> Some Andronovo dead were buried in pairs, of adults or adult and child.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

At Kytmanovo in Russia between Mongolia and Kazakhstan, dated 1746–1626 BC, a strain of Yersinia pestis was extracted from a dead woman's tooth in a grave common to her and to two children.<ref>Template:Cite journal, S14-15. This sample is marked "RISE505".</ref> This strain's genes express flagellin, which triggers the human immune response. However, by contrast with other prehistoric Yersinia pestis bacteria, the strain does so weakly; later, historic plague does not express flagellin at all, accounting for its virulence. The Kytmanovo strain was therefore under selection toward becoming a plague<ref>Rasmussen, 575.</ref> (although it was not the plague).<ref>Rasmussen, 578: the phylogenetic tree has RISE505 split off before the common ancestor of historic plague.</ref> The three people in that grave all died at the same time, and the researcher believes that this para-plague is what killed them.<ref>Rasmussen, S15.</ref>

Ethnolinguistic affiliation with Indo-IraniansEdit

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File:Indo-European migrations.jpg
Early Indo-European migrations from the Pontic steppes and across Central Asia.

Most researchers associate the Andronovo horizon with early Indo-Iranian languages.<ref name=":2" /><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> It is credited with the invention of the spoke-wheeled chariot around 2000 BC,<ref>Template:Harvcolnb</ref><ref name="Genetics">Template:Cite journal</ref> if we include the Sintashta culture, where the oldest known chariots have been found.<ref name="Kuznetsov">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Hans J.J.G. Holm: The Earliest Wheel Finds, Their Archeology and Indo-European Terminology in Time and Space, and Early Migrations around the Caucasus. Archaeolingua Alapítvány, Budapest, 2019, Template:ISBN</ref> The association between the Andronovo culture and the Indo-Iranians is corroborated by the distribution of Iranian place-names across the Andronovo horizon and by the historical evidence of dominance by various Iranian-speaking peoples, including the Saka (Scythians), Sarmatians and Alans, throughout the Andronovo horizon during the 1st millennium BC.<ref name="EOIC"/>

The Sintashta site on the upper Ural River, noted for its chariot burials and kurgans containing horse burials, is considered the type site of the Sintashta culture, forming one of the earliest parts of the "Andronovo horizon".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It is conjectured that the language spoken was still in the Proto-Indo-Iranian stage.<ref>Template:Harvcolnb: "The settlement and cemetery of Sintashta, for example, though located far to the north on the Trans-Ural steppe, provides the type of Indo-Iranian archaeological evidence that would more than delight an archaeologist seeking their remains in Iran or India."</ref>

Comparisons between the archaeological evidence of the Andronovo and textual evidence of Indo-Iranians (i. e. the Vedas and the Avesta) are frequently made to support the Indo-Iranian identity of the Andronovo.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Citation</ref> The modern explanations for the Indo-Iranianization of Greater Iran and the Indian subcontinent rely heavily on the supposition that the Andronovo expanded southwards into Central Asia or at least achieved linguistic dominance across the Bronze Age urban centres of the region, such as the Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex. While the earlier phases of the Andronovo culture are regarded as co-ordinate with the late period of Indo-Iranian linguistic unity, it is likely that in the later period they constituted a branch of the Iranians.<ref name="EOIC"/> According to Narasimhan et al. (2019), the expansion of the Andronovo culture towards the BMAC took place via the Inner Asia Mountain Corridor.Template:Sfn

Template:Continental Asia in 2000 BCE

According to Hiebert, an expansion of the BMAC into Iran and the margin of the Indus Valley is "the best candidate for an archaeological correlate of the introduction of Indo-Iranian speakers to Iran and South Asia",Template:Sfn despite the absence of the characteristic timber graves of the steppe in the Near East,Template:Sfn or south of the region between Kopet Dag and Pamir-Karakorum.<ref>Francfort, in Template:Harv; Fussman, in Template:Harv; Francfort (1989), Fouilles de Shortugai.</ref>Template:Efn Mallory acknowledges the difficulties of making a case for expansions from Andronovo to northern South Asia, and that attempts to link the Indo-Aryans to such sites as the Beshkent and Vakhsh cultures "only gets the Indo-Iranian to Central Asia, but not as far as the seats of the Medes, Persians or Indo-Aryans". He has developed the Kulturkugel model that has the Indo-Iranians taking over Bactria-Margiana cultural traits but preserving their language and religion while moving into Iran and India.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

Based on its use by Indo-Aryans in Mitanni and Vedic India, its prior absence in the Near East and Harappan India, and its 17th–16th century BC attestation at the Andronovo site of Sintashta, Kuzmina (1994) argues that the chariot corroborates the identification of Andronovo as Indo-Iranian. Klejn (1974) and Brentjes (1981) found the Andronovo culture much too late for an Indo-Iranian identification since chariot-using Aryans appear in Mitanni by the 15th century BC. However, Template:Harvcoltxt dated a chariot burial at Krivoye Lake to around 2000 BC.<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt
Kuzmina (1994), Klejn (1974), and Brentjes (1981), as cited in Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>

Eugene Helimski has suggested that the Andronovo people spoke a separate branch of Indo-Iranian. He claims that borrowings in the Finno-Ugric languages support this view.<ref>Helimski, Eugene. The southern neighbours of Finno-Ugrians: Iranians or an extinct branch of Aryans („Andronovo Aryans")? In: Finnisch-ugrische Sprachen in Kontakt. Maastricht 1997, pp. 117–125.</ref> Vladimir Napolskikh has proposed that borrowings in Finno-Ugric indicate that the language was specifically of the Indo-Aryan type.<ref>Напольских В. В. Уральско-арийские взаимоотношения: история исследований, новые решения и проблемы. Индоевропейская история в свете новых исследований. М.: МГОУ, 2010. С. 229—242. Template:Webarchive</ref>

Since older forms of Indo-Iranian words have been taken over in Uralic and Proto-Yeniseian, occupation by some other languages (also lost ones) cannot be ruled out altogether, at least for part of the Andronovo area, i. e., Uralic and Yeniseian.<ref name=":2">Witzel, M. Linguistic Evidence for Cultural Exchange in Prehistoric Western Central Asia. 2003, Sino-Platonic Papers 129 (PDF).</ref>

Rasmus G. Bjørn (2022) describes the linguistic heritage of the Andronovo cultural complex as "Indo-Iranic dialect continuum", with a later split between Iranic and Indic. Early Iranic can be associated with later stages of the Andronovo horizon. Indo-Iranian derived loanwords via the Andronovo cultural complex can be found in both Proto-Uralic and later in Proto-Turkic, suggesting some forms of contact near the Altai Mountains (specifically the Minusinsk basin) and Mongolia respectively. Some loanwords related to horse pastoralism are also found in Old Chinese.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Physical appearanceEdit

File:Woman of Andronovian culture.jpg
Andronovo culture woman, dress reconstruction, Central State Museum of Kazakhstan

In studies from the mid-2000s, the Andronovo have been described by archaeologists as having cranial features similar to ancient and modern European populationsTemplate:Sfn<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> though these cranial features are not exclusive to Europeans. Andronovo skulls are similar to those of the Srubnaya culture and Sintashta culture, exhibiting features such as dolicocephaly.Template:Efn Through Iranian and Indo-Aryan migrations, this physical type expanded southwards and mixed with aboriginal peoples, contributing to the formation of modern populations of the northern Indian subcontinent.Template:Efn

ArchaeogeneticsEdit

Template:See also The Andronovo culture and its population derived primarily from an eastwards expansion of the Central European Corded Ware culture via the Fatyanovo–Balanovo and Sintashta culture, which are characterized by the combination of mainly Yamnaya-like ancestry and Early European Farmers admixture. The spread of Sintashta-Andronovo ancestry correlates with the expansion of Indo-Iranian-speaking peoples.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=":1">Template:Cite journal</ref> Andronovo ancestry (c. 57%), in tandem with BMAC admixture (c. 43%), represents the later Iranian dispersal into the Iranian Plateau, while BMAC admixture is not found among the Indo-Aryan migrations into South Asia, suggesting two independent routes, one via the BMAC and one via the Inner Asian mountain corridor.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

StudiesEdit

Fox et al. (2004) established that, during the Bronze and Iron Age period, the majority of the population of Kazakhstan (part of the Andronovo culture during Bronze Age) was of West Eurasian origin (with mtDNA haplogroups such as U, H, HV, T, I and W), and that prior to the thirteenth to seventh century BC, all Kazakh samples belonged to European lineages.<ref name="Genetics2">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Keyser et al. (2009) published a study of the ancient Siberian cultures, the Andronovo culture, the Karasuk culture, the Tagar culture and the Tashtyk culture. Ten individuals of the Andronovo horizon in southern Siberia from 1800 BC to 1400 BC were surveyed. Extractions of mtDNA from nine individuals were determined to represent two samples of haplogroup U4 and single samples of Z1, T1, U2e, T4, H, K2b and U5a1. Extractions of Y-DNA from one individual was determined to belong to Y-DNA haplogroup C (but not C3), while the other two extractions were determined to belong to haplogroup R1a1a, which is thought to mark the eastward migration of the early Indo-Europeans. Of the individuals surveyed, only two (or 22%) were determined to be of Asian ancestry, while seven (or 78%) were determined to be of European ancestry, with the majority being light-skinned with predominantly light eyes and light hair.<ref name="Genetics"/>

File:Andronovo costume set. Headwear, braid adornment, dress and adornments. Reconstruction. Lisakovsk Museum of History and Culture.jpg
Andronovo costume set (reconstruction). Lisakovsk Museum of History and Culture

In a June 2015 study published in Nature, one male and three female individuals of Andronovo culture were surveyed. Extraction of Y-DNA from the male was determined to belong to R1a1a1b. Extractions of mtDNA were determined to represent two samples of U4 and two samples of U2e.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn The people of the Andronovo culture were found to be closely genetically related to the preceding Sintashta culture, which was in turn closely genetically related to the Corded Ware culture, suggesting that the Sintashta culture represented an eastward expansion of Corded Ware peoples. The Corded Ware peoples were in turn found to be closely genetically related to the Beaker culture, the Unetice culture and particularly the peoples of the Nordic Bronze Age. Numerous cultural similarities between the Sintashta/Andronovo culture, the Nordic Bronze Age and the peoples of the Rigveda have been detected.Template:Efn

File:Admixture proportions of Andronovo populations.png
Admixture proportions of Andronovo populations. They combined Eastern Hunter Gatherer (Template:Colorsample EHG), Caucasian Hunter-Gatherer (Template:Colorsample CHG), Anatolian Neolithic (Template:Colorsample) and Western Hunter Gatherer (Template:Colorsample WHG) ancestry.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

A genetic study published in Nature in May 2018 examined the remains of an Andronovo female buried Template:Circa. She was found to be a carrier of the maternal haplogroup U2e1h.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

In a genetic study published in Science in September 2019, a large number of remains from the Andronovo horizon was examined. The vast majority of Y-DNA extracted belonged to R1a1a1b or various subclades of it (particularly R1a1a1b2a2a). The majority of mtDNA samples extracted belonged to U, although other haplogroups also occurred. The people of the Andronovo culture were found to be closely genetically related to the people of the Corded Ware culture, the Potapovka culture, the Sintashta culture and Srubnaya culture. These were found to harbor mixed ancestry from the Yamnaya culture and peoples of the Central European Middle Neolithic.Template:EfnTemplate:Efn People in the northwestern areas of Andronovo were found to be "genetically largely homogeneous" and "genetically almost indistinguishable" from Sintashta people. The genetic data suggested that the Andronovo culture and its Sintastha predecessor were ultimately derived of a remigration of Central European peoples with steppe ancestry back into the steppe.Template:Efn This is in particular defined by the majority (n=12) of R-Z93 SNPs.

Manjusha Chintalapati, Nick Patterson, and Priya Moorjani (in a peer-reviewed paper, July 18, 2022) estimate through DATES (Distribution of Ancestry Tracts of Evolutionary Signals) that genetic characteristics, typical of Andronovo culture's people formed around 900 years before this archaeological culture appeared, Template:Circa 2900 BCE.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

GalleryEdit

  • Andronovo decorated bowl.jpg

    Andronovo decorated bowl

  • Andronovo ceramics 4.png

    Andronovo ceramics

  • Andronovo ceramics 2.png

    Andronovo ceramics

  • Предметы Андроновской культуры. Andronovo culture artifacts.jpg

    Andronovo tools, foundry molds and pottery

  • Andronovo axe and knife.jpg

    Andronovo axe and knife

  • Spearheads (1, 2) and arrowheads (3–7) of the early Alakul (Petrovka) culture in Central Kazakhstan.png

    Spearheads and arrowheads from central Kazakhstan

  • Andronovo area.png

    Andronovo area.<ref name="SG">Template:Cite journal</ref>

  • Andronovo distribution.png

    Andronovo distribution.<ref name="SG" />

See alsoEdit

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{{#invoke:collapsible list|main|title=Template:Parabr1240–1480: Feudal Rus'Template:Parabr|Council of Liubech • Council of Uvetichi • Mongol conquest • Battle of KulikovoTemplate:Parabr}} 

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{{#invoke:collapsible list|main|title=Template:Parabr1480–1917: Tsarist RussiaTemplate:Parabr|Great Stand on the Ugra River • Time of
Troubles • Zemsky Sobor • Treaty of Nystad • Petrovian reforms • 1812 Patriotic War • Decembrist Revolt • Emancipation reform • Russo-Japanese War • 1905 Revolution • October Manifesto • Second Patriotic WarTemplate:Parabr}} 

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{{#invoke:collapsible list|main|title=Template:Parabr1917–1923: Russian RevolutionTemplate:Parabr|February Revolution • Provisional Government • Dvoyevlastiye • July Days • Kornilov affair • Directorate • Constituent Assembly (election) • Bolshevik Coup • Civil War • White Guard • Red Army • Soviet-Polish War • Priamurye
Govt. • War Communism • USSR • EmigrantsTemplate:Parabr}} 

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{{#invoke:collapsible list|main|title=Template:Parabr1923–1991: Soviet EraTemplate:Parabr|NEP • Cultural revolution • Korenization • Stalinism • Collectivization • Industrialization • GULAG • Great Purge • Great Patriotic War • Cold War • Warsaw Pact • Comecon • Crimea
transfer • Era of Stagnation • Afghan War • Perestroika • Chernobyl disaster • Karabakh
War • Parade of sovereignties (War of Laws)Template:Parabr}} 

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{{#invoke:collapsible list|main|title=Template:Parabrsince 1991: Modern RussiaTemplate:Parabr|August Coup • Belavezha Accords • Alma-Ata
Protocol • USSR dissolution • CIS • "Near
abroad" • Constitutional crisis • Privatization • CSTO • Chechen wars (1st • 2nd) • Oligarchy • Putinism • Five-Days War • Presidential terms
amendments • Eurasian Economic Union • Annexation of Crimea • War in Donbas • 2020 amendments • Invasion of Ukraine (Prelude • Mass emigration • Debt default • Sanctions • Mobilization • 2022 annexation)Template:Parabr}} 

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|content2style = padding:0.2em; border-top:#aaa 1px solid; |content2 = | list2title = Timeline | list2 = 860–1721 • 1721–1796 • 1796–1855
1855–1894 • 1894–1917 • 1917–1927
1927–1953 • 1953–1964 • 1964–1982
1982–1991 • [[History of Russia (1991–present)|1991–Template:Small]]Template:Parabr |belowstyle = border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid; |below = Template:Portal-inline }}

NotesEdit

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ReferencesEdit

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SourcesEdit

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Further readingEdit

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  • Template:Cite journal
  • Ning, Chao & Zheng, Hong-Xiang & Zhang, Fan & Wu, Sihao & Li, Chunxiang & Zhao, Yongbin & Xu, Yang & Wei, Dong & Wu, Yong & Gao, Shizhu & Jin, Li & Cui, Yinqiu. (2021). "Ancient Mitochondrial Genomes Reveal Extensive Genetic Influence of the Steppe Pastoralists in Western Xinjiang". In: Frontiers in Genetics. 12. 10.3389/fgene.2021.740167.

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External linksEdit

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Template:Central Asian history Template:Bronze Age footer Template:Prehistoric Asia

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