Antipatris
Template:Short description Template:For Template:See also Template:Infobox ancient site Antipatris Template:IPAc-en (Template:Langx, Template:Langx)<ref>Hebrew spelling based on Tosefta (Demai 1:11), although in the Mishnah (Gittin 7:7, et al.) it is often spelt Template:Script/Hebrew.</ref> was a city built during the first century BC by Herod the Great, who named it in honour of his father, Antipater. The site, now a national park in central Israel, was inhabited from the Chalcolithic period to the Late Roman period.<ref name= EANE>Kochavi (1997), pp. 147-151.</ref> The remains of Antipatris are known in Modern Hebrew as Tel Afek (Template:Script/Hebrew), and in Arabic as Kŭlat Râs el-'Ain ('castle of the head of the spring'), after the nearby riverhead of the Yarkon. It has been identified as either the tower of Aphek mentioned by Josephus,<ref>Josephus, The Jewish War 2.19.1</ref> or the biblical Aphek, best known from the story of the Battle of Aphek. During the Crusader period the site was known as Surdi fontes, "Silent springs". The Ottoman fortress known as Binar Bashi or Ras al-Ayn was built there in the 16th century.
Antipatris/Tel Afek lies at the strong perennial springs of the Yarkon River, which throughout history has created an obstacle between the hill country to the east and the Mediterranean to the west, forcing travellers and armies to pass through the narrow Afek Pass between the springs and the foothills of Samaria. This gave the location of Antipatris/Tel Afek its strategic importance.
Antipatris was situated on the Roman road from Caesarea Maritima to Jerusalem, north of the town of Lod where the road turned eastwards towards Jerusalem.<ref name= cebd>Template:Cite EBD</ref> During the British Mandate, a water pumping station was built there to channel water from the Yarkon to Jerusalem.<ref>Yarkon and Tel Afek National Park Template:Webarchive</ref>
Today the remains of Antipatris are located roughly between Petah Tikva and the towns of Kafr Qasim and Rosh HaAyin (literally "headspring"), south of Hod HaSharon.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
HistoryEdit
AphekEdit
The Bronze Age saw the construction of defensive walls, Template:Convert to Template:Convert wide, and a series of palaces. One of these is described as an Egyptian governor residence of the 15th century BC, and within, an array of cuneiform tablets were found. Philistine ware is found in the site in 12th century BC layers.<ref name=EANE/>
Most scholars agree that there were more than one Aphek. While Tel-Aphek (Antipatris) is one of them, C.R. Conder identified the Aphek of Eben-Ezer<ref>The account in 1 Samuel 4:1 of the battle at Aphek and Eben-ezer</ref> with a ruin (Khirbet) some Template:Convert distant from Dayr Aban (believed to be Eben-Ezer<ref>C.R. Conder, Notes from the Memoir, Palestine Exploration Quarterly, vol. 18, London 1876, p. 149; Conder & Kitchener, The Survey of Western Palestine, vol. iii (Judaea), London 1883, p. 24</ref>), and known by the name Marj al-Fikiya; the name al-Fikiya being an Arabic corruption of Aphek.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Eusebius, when writing about Eben-ezer in his Onomasticon, says that it is "the place from which the Gentiles seized the Ark, between Jerusalem and Ascalon, near the village of Bethsamys (Beit Shemesh),"<ref>Eusebius Werke, Erich Klostermann (ed.), Leipig 1904, p. 33,24.</ref> a locale that corresponds with Conder's identification.
The historian Josephus mentions a certain tower called Aphek, not far from Antipatris, and which was burnt by a contingent of Roman soldiers.<ref>Josephus, The Jewish War 2.19.1</ref>
AntipatrisEdit
Antipatris was a city built by Herod the Great, and named in honor of his father, Antipater II of Judea. It lay between Caesarea Maritima and Lydda, on the great Roman road from Caesarea to Jerusalem,<ref name=cebd/> and figures prominently in Roman-era history. Today, the nearby river bears the town's old namesake in Arabic (Template:Langx).
According to Josephus, Antipatris was built on the site of an older town that was formerly called Chabarzaba (Template:Langx), a place so-named in classical Jewish literature and in the Mosaic of Rehob.<ref>Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews xvi.v.§2; xiii.xv.§1; cf. Jerusalem Talmud, Demai 2:1 (8a). In the Mosaic of Rehob, the variant spelling is כפר סבה; Conder and Kitchener, SWP II, London 1881, pp. 258-ff..</ref> During the outbreak of the Jewish war with Rome in 66 CE, the Roman army under Cestius was routed as far as Antipatris.<ref>Josephus, Wars of the Jews (book ii, chapter xix); (Bell. Jud. ii. 14-20)</ref>
Paul the Apostle was brought by night from Jerusalem to Antipatris and next day from there to Caesarea Maritima, to stand trial before the governor Antonius Felix.<ref>Template:Bibleverse.</ref>
In 363, the city was badly damaged by an earthquake.Template:Citation needed Only one of the early bishops of the Christian bishopric of Antipatris, a suffragan of Caesarea, is mentioned by name in extant documentation: Polychronius, who was present both at the Robber Council of Ephesus in 449 and the Council of Chalcedon in 451.<ref>Michel Lequien, Oriens christianus in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus, Paris 1740, Vol. III, coll. 579-582</ref> No longer a residential bishopric, Antipatris is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see.<ref>Annuario Pontificio 2013 (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013 Template:ISBN), p. 834</ref>
On 27 April 750, the Abbasid general Abd Allah ibn Ali, uncle of Caliph al-Saffah (Template:Reign), marched to Antipatris ('Abu Futrus'). There, he summoned around eighty members of the Umayyad dynasty, whom the Abbasids had toppled earlier that year, with promises of fair surrender terms, only to have them massacred.<ref name=Strange55>Le Strange (1890), pp. 55-56.</ref><ref>Gil (1997), p. 88.</ref>
Ottoman Ras al-AynEdit
Ottoman records indicate that a Mamluk fortress may have stood on the site.<ref>Heyd, 1960, p.108. Cited in Petersen, 2001, p. 257</ref> However, the Ottoman fortress was built following the publication of a firman in AD 1573 (981 H.):
"You have sent a letter and have reported that four walls of the fortress Ras al-Ayn have been built, [..] I have commanded that when [this firman] arrives you shall [..have built] the above mentioned rooms and mosque with its minaret and have the guards remove the earth outside and clean and tidy [the place].<ref>Heyd, 1960, pp. 107-108. Cited in Petersen, 2001, p. 257</ref>
The Turkish name of the place and fortress, pınar başı, means "fountain-head" or simply "head of the springs", much like the Arabic and Hebrew names (Ras al-Ayin and Rosh ha-Ayin, "head of the springs"). Pronounced by Arabic-speakers, it became "Binar Bashi" (Arabic has no "p").
The fortress was built to protect a vulnerable stretch of the Cairo-Damascus highway (the Via Maris), and was provided with 100 horsemen and 30 foot soldiers. The fortress was also supposed to supply soldiers to protect the hajj route.<ref>Heyd, 1960, p. 106. Cited in Petersen, 2001, p. 257</ref> The fortress is a massive rectangular enclosure with four corner towers and a gate at the centre of the west side. The south-west tower is octagonal, while the three other towers have a square ground plan.<ref>Petersen, 2002, p. 255</ref>
It appeared named Chateau de Ras el Ain on the map that Pierre Jacotin compiled in 1799.<ref>Karmon, 1960, p. 171 Template:Webarchive</ref>
The Arab peasants deserted the village in the 1920s.<ref>Khalidi, 1992, p. 396</ref>
Yarkon-Tel Afek national parkEdit
Currently, the site of Antipatris is included in the national park "Yarkon-Tel Afek", under the jurisdiction of the Israel Nature and Parks Authority, incorporating the area of the Ottoman fortress, the remains of the Roman city and the British water pumping station.
ExcavationEdit
Area AEdit
The earliest winepresses discovered to date in the Southern Levant were excavated adjoining the governor's residency at Tel Aphek, dated to the 13th century BC, the reign of Ramesses II. The two winepresses were plastered and possessed two treading floors (Hebrew: gat elyonah, “upper vat”) in parallel configuration extending over 6 m². Beneath and next to these, the stone-lined plastered collection vats (Hebrew: gat tahtonah, “lower vat”) could each store over 3 m³, or 3,000 litres, of pressed grape juice. Canaanite amphorae were recovered still in situ at the bottom of each pit, while a midden of grape skins, seeds and other debris was discovered adjacent to the installations [Kochavi 1981:81]. The excavator has drawn attention to the proximity of these winepresses to the Residency, their large size and the fact that ancient winepresses were normally located outside settlements amongst the vineyards suggesting that the Egyptian administration supervised the viniculturists of the Sharon closely [Kochavi 1990:XXIII].
Trade links and relationsEdit
It is clear that Tel Aphek was a site not only at the centre of imperial administration, but also well-connected to the international trade in luxury goods, as reflected in the abundant finds of Cypriot<ref>Beck and Kochavi 1985:36</ref> and Mycenaean<ref>Warren and Hankey 1989:155-156</ref> ceramics.
Illustrative of Cypro-Canaanite trade especially is a fragmentary amphora handle [Aphek 5/29277], clearly inscribed after firing with Sign 38 of the Cypro-Minoan Linear Script [Yasur-Landau and Goren 2004]. The handle was excavated from secondary deposition in Aphek Area X, Locus 2953, belonging to the very meagre Stratum X11 built over the Governor's Residency. An extreme likelihood exists, therefore, that the object belonged to the earlier, more prosperous Stratum XI2 of the Residency itself. Given the as-yet-undeciphered nature of the script, the precise significance of the post-firing addition of a Cypro-Minoan sign<ref>Closely paralleled with at least 7 additional examples from Cyprus (Kition, Maa-Palaiokastro, Kalavassos-Ayios Dimitrios) and Ras Shamra (Ugarit), cf. Yasur-Landau and Goren 2004:22-23.</ref> must remain uncertain.<ref>cf. Yasur-Landau and Goren 2004:24 for various interpretations, whether an ownership mark, unit of measurement or a phonetic syllable.</ref> At minimum the sign indicates that individuals employing Cypro-Minoan script handled the vessel from which the handle derived. Combined with petrographic analysis of the clay employed in manufacturing the amphora—pointing to an origin in or within the vicinity of Akko—the readiest reconstruction from the evidence must be that the vessel (and any companions) was manufactured in the Akko region before shipping, either to such redistribution points as Tell Abu Hawam or Tel Nami, or (more likely) to Cyprus itself (perhaps via one of these ports), where it was likely emptied of its original contents—certainly marked—before being shipped back to the Levant (now probably containing Cypriot product) and achieving final deposition at Aphek.
See alsoEdit
- Archaeology of Israel
- Barid, Muslim postal network strengthened in Palestine during the Mamluk period (roads, bridges, khans)
- Majdal Yaba east of Antipatris
- Tourism in Israel
- Water supply and sanitation in Israel
ReferencesEdit
BibliographyEdit
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- Beck, Pirhya and Kochavi, M. (1985), A Dated Assemblage of the Late 13th Century BCE from the Egyptian Residency at Aphek, in: Tel Aviv 12 (1985), pp. 29–42.
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- Gadot, Yuval (2003), Continuity and Change: Cultural Processes in the Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages in Israel's Central Coastal Plain, unpublished PhD Dissertation, Tel Aviv University, 2003. (Hebrew with English summary)
- Gadot, Yuval (2006), Aphek in the Sharon and the Philistine Northern Frontier, in: BASOR 341 (2006), pp. 21–36.
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- Goren, Yuval; Naʾaman, Nadav; Mommsen, Hans and Finkelstein, I. (2006), Provenance Study and Re-evaluation of the Cuneiform Documents from the Egyptian Residency at Tel Aphek, in: Ä&L 16 (2006), pp. 161–171.
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- Heyd, Uriel (1960), Ottoman Documents on Palestine, 1552-1615, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Cited in Petersen (2002)
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- Kochavi, M. (1981), The History and Archaeology of Aphek-Antipatris, in: The Biblical Archaeologist 44 (1981), pp. 75–86.
- Kochavi, M. (1990), Aphek in Canaan: The Egyptian Governor's Residence and Its Finds, Catalogue 312, Jerusalem: Israel Museum, 1990.
- Kochavi, M. and Beit Arieh, I. (1994), Map of Rosh Ha-ʿAyin, Jerusalem: Israel Antiquities Authority, 1994.
- Template:Cite encyclopedia
- Template:Cite book (p.472) Also Cited in Petersen (2002)
- Mahler-Slasky, Y. and Kislev, M. E. (in press), Food Remains from Area X, in: Kochavi, Moshe, Gadot, Yuval and Yadin, Esther (eds.), Aphek II: The Remains of the Acropolis, Tel Aviv: Institute of Archaeology (Monograph Series of the Institute of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University, vol. 27), Tel Aviv University, 2009, pp.?-?.
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- Yasur-Landau, Assaf and Goren, Yuval (2004), A Cypro-Minoan Potmark from Aphek, TA 31.1 (2004), pp. 22–31.
External linksEdit
- Israel Nature and Parks Authority Template:Webarchive
- Survey of Western Palestine, Map 13: IAA, Wikimedia commons
- Antipatris in Antiquity Archaeological Survey of Israel
- Aphek - Pictures from the Holyland
Template:Towns depopulated during the First Jewish–Roman War Template:Authority control