Anton Cermak

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Anton Joseph Cermak (May 9, 1873 – March 6, 1933) was an American politician who served as the 44th Mayor of Chicago from April 7, 1931, until his death in 1933.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He was killed by Giuseppe Zangara, whose likely target was President-elect Franklin D. Roosevelt, but Cermak was shot instead after a bystander hit the perpetrator with a purse.

Early lifeEdit

File:Antonín Čermák birth record 1873 (SOA Prague).jpg

Antonín Čermák birth record 1873

Anton Joseph Cermak was born to a mining family in Kladno, Austria-Hungary (now in the Czech Republic), the son of Antonín Čermák and Kateřina née Frank(ová).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

He immigrated with his parents to the United States in 1874, and grew up in the town of Braidwood, Illinois, where he was educated before beginning to work full time while still a teenager.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> He followed his father into coal mining, and labored at mines in Will and Grundy counties.Template:Sfn After moving to Chicago at age 16, Cermak worked as a tow boy for the horse-drawn streetcar line,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Efn and then tended horses in the stables of Chicago's Pilsen neighborhood.Template:Sfn During the early years of his working life, Cermak supplemented his education with evening high school and business college classes.Template:Sfn

Early careerEdit

After saving enough money to buy his own horse and cart, he went into business selling firewood, and he subsequently expanded his venture into a haulage business.Template:Sfn As he became more politically active, Cermak served in municipal government jobs, including as a clerk in the city police court, and as a bailiff for the Municipal Court of Chicago.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> As his political fortunes began to rise, Cermak was able to avail himself of other business opportunities, including interests in real estate, insurance, and banking.Template:Sfn

Cermak began his political career as a Democratic Party precinct captain, and in 1902, he was elected to the Illinois House of Representatives. Seven years later, in 1909 he was elected to the Chicago City Council as an alderman of the 12th Ward. He was re-elected in 1911.<ref name=centennial>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In December 1912, he resigned from the city council in order to accept a position as bailiff of the Chicago Municipal Court.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 1918, Cermak unsuccessfully ran as the Democratic nominee for Cook County sheriff. He narrowly lost to Republican nominee Charles W. Peters.<ref name=almanac1921>Template:Cite book</ref>

Cermak was elected in 1919 to again represent the 12th ward on the city council, and was re-elected in 1921.<ref name=centennial/> He was elected president of the Cook County Board of Commissioners in 1922, and resigned from the city council in order to assume office as county president on December 4.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He was elected the chairman of the Cook County Democratic Party in 1928. Also in 1928, he was the Democratic nominee for a seat in the United States Senate, but was defeated by Republican Otis F. Glenn, 54.46% to 44.94%.

Mayor of Chicago (1931–1933)Edit

Template:More citations needed section Cermak won election as mayor of Chicago in 1931.<ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> His mayoral victory came in the wake of the Great Depression, the deep resentment many Chicagoans had of Prohibition, and the increasing violence resulting from organized crime's control of Chicago—typified by the St. Valentine's Day Massacre.Template:Citation needed

The many ethnic groups, such as Czechs, Poles, Ukrainians, Jews, Italians, and African Americans, who began to settle in Chicago in the early 1900s were mostly detached from the political system, due in part to a lack of organization, which led to underrepresentation in the City Council.Template:Citation needed As an immigrant himself, Cermak recognized Chicago's relatively new immigrants as a significant population of disenfranchised voters, which had the potential to be a large power base for Cermak and his local Democratic organization.Template:Citation needed

Before Cermak, the Democratic party in Cook County was run by Irish Americans. The Irish first became successful in politics since they spoke English, and because, coming from an island on the edge of Europe, they had few ancestral enemies. As the old saying went: "A Lithuanian won’t vote for a Pole, and a Pole won’t vote for a Lithuanian. A German won’t vote for either of them. But all three will vote for a turkey—an Irishman."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> As Cermak climbed the local political ladder, the resentment of the party leadership grew. When the bosses rejected his bid to become the mayoral candidate, Cermak swore revenge. He formed his political army from the non-Irish elements.Template:Citation needed

Cermak's political and organizational skills helped create one of the most influential political organizations of his day. With support from Franklin D. Roosevelt on the national level, Cermak gradually wooed members of Chicago's growing black community into the Democratic fold. Walter Wright, the superintendent of parks and aviation for the city of Chicago, aided Cermak in stepping into office.Template:Citation needed

When Cermak challenged the incumbent, William Hale "Big Bill" Thompson, in the 1931 mayor's race, Thompson, who represented Chicago's existing Irish-dominated power structure, responded with an ethnic slur–filled ditty that ridiculed his teamster past (pushing a pushcart):<ref name="big bill song">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

I won’t take a back seat to that Bohunk, Chairmock, Chermack, or whatever his name is.

Tony, Tony, where’s your pushcart at?

Can you picture a World’s Fair mayor with a name like that?

Cermak replied, "He doesn’t like my name… it’s true I didn’t come over on the Mayflower, but I came over as soon as I could." It was a sentiment to which ethnic Chicagoans could relate, and Thompson's prejudicial insults largely backfired.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book Template:ISBN?</ref>

Thompson's reputation as a buffoon, many voters’ disgust with the corruption of his political machine, and his inability or unwillingness to clean up organized crime in Chicago were cited as major factors in Cermak capturing 58% of the vote in the mayoral election on April 6, 1931. Cermak's victory finished Thompson as a political power, and largely ended the Republican Party's influence in Chicago; indeed, all the mayors of Chicago since 1931 have been members of the Democratic Party. For nearly his entire administration, Cermak had to deal with a major tax revolt. From 1931 to 1933, the Association of Real Estate Taxpayers mounted a "tax strike."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

At its height, the association, which was headed by John M. Pratt and James E. Bistor, had over 30,000 members. Much to Cermak's dismay, it successfully slowed down the collection of real estate taxes through litigation and the promotion of the refusal to pay. In the meantime, the city found it difficult to pay teachers and maintain services. Cermak had to meet President-elect Roosevelt to "mend fences," and to request money to fund essential city services.Template:Citation needed

A 1993 survey of historians, political scientists and urban experts conducted by Melvin G. Holli of the University of Illinois at Chicago ranked Cermak as the twenty-fifth-best American big-city mayor to have served between the years 1820 and 1993.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

DeathEdit

File:GiuseppeZangara.png

Zangara after his arrest in custody of Dade County Sheriff Dan Hardie (left) and Miami Police Officer Lestron G. "Red" Crews (right) holding the pistol used by Zangara

File:Chicago, Bohemian National Cemetery, Anton Cermak.jpg

Anton Cermak's tomb at Bohemian National Cemetery in Chicago.

On February 15, 1933, while shaking hands with President-elect Franklin D. Roosevelt at Bayfront Park in Miami, Florida, Cermak was shot in the lung and mortally wounded by Giuseppe Zangara, who was attempting to assassinate Roosevelt. At the critical moment, Lillian Cross, a woman standing near Zangara, hit Zangara's arm with her purse, and spoiled his aim.<ref name="autogenerated1">Smith, pg. 297.</ref> In addition to Cermak, Zangara hit four other people: Margaret Kruis, 21, of Newark, NJ, shot through the hand; Russell Caldwell, 22, of Miami, hit squarely in the forehead by a spent bullet, which embedded itself under the skin; Mabel Gill of Miami, shot in the abdomen; and William Sinnott, a New York police detective, who received a glancing blow to the forehead and scalp.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> All four of those injuries were minor.

Once at the hospital, Cermak reportedly uttered the line that was engraved on his tomb, saying to Roosevelt, "I'm glad it was me, not you." The Chicago Tribune reported the quote without attributing it to a witness, and most scholars doubt that it was ever said.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Zangara told the police that he hated rich and powerful people, but not Roosevelt personally.<ref>Smith, pp. 297–98.</ref> Later, rumors circulated that Cermak, not Roosevelt, had been the intended target, as his promise to clean up Chicago's rampant lawlessness posed a threat to Al Capone and the Chicago organized crime syndicate.<ref name="FIA">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} Template:Dead link</ref><ref>Gumbel, Andrew: Steal This Vote. Nation Books, 2005; Template:ISBN, p. 157.</ref> One of the first people to suggest the organized crime theory was reporter Walter Winchell, who happened to be in Miami the evening of the shooting.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> According to Roosevelt biographer Jean Edward Smith, there is no proof for this theory.<ref>Smith, Jean Edward, FDR (2007), Random House; Template:ISBN, p. 715n.</ref>

Long-time Chicago newsman Len O’Connor offers a different view of the events surrounding the mayor's assassination. He has written that aldermen Paddy Bauler and Charlie Weber informed him that relations between Cermak and Roosevelt were strained, because Cermak fought Roosevelt's nomination at the Democratic convention in Chicago.<ref>O'Connor, Len: Clout: Mayor Daley and His City McGraw-Hill/Contemporary, 1984; Template:ISBN Template:Page needed</ref>

Author Ronald Humble provides yet another perspective as to why Cermak was killed. In his book Frank Nitti: The True Story of Chicago’s Notorious Enforcer, Humble contends that Cermak was as corrupt as Thompson, and that the Chicago Outfit hired Zangara to kill Cermak in retaliation for Cermak's attempt to murder Frank Nitti.Template:Citation needed

File:Anton-Cermak-monument-1.jpg

Monument to Anton Cermak in the town in which he was born.

Cermak died at Jackson Memorial Hospital in Miami<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> on March 6, partly due to his wounds. On March 30, however, his personal physician, Dr. Karl A. Meyer, revealed that the primary cause of Cermak's death was ulcerative colitis, commenting, "The mayor would have recovered from the bullet wound had it not been for the complication of colitis. The autopsy disclosed the wound had healed ... the other complications were not directly due to the bullet wound."<ref>Reveals Colitis Fatal to Cermak", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, March 31, 1933, pg. 1</ref> Doubts were raised at the time and later concerning whether the bullet wound directly contributed to his death. A theory raised decades later contended that the bullet had actually caused damage to his colon which led to perforation which was undiagnosed by his doctors. It alleged that "but for [the] physicians' blunders" Cermak might have survived.<ref name="picchi">Template:Cite book</ref> This theory was refuted by a later medical analysis of the event.<ref name="pappas surg">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Zangara was convicted of murder after Cermak's death under the law of transferred intent, and was executed in Florida's electric chair on March 20, 1933.<ref>Dwyer, Jim, ed. (1989). "An Assassin's Bullets for FDR". Strange Stories, Amazing Facts of America's Past. Pleasantville, New York/Montreal: The Reader's Digest Association. p. 14. Template:ISBN.</ref>

Cermak was interred in a mausoleum at the Bohemian National Cemetery in Chicago. The mayor's death was followed by a struggle for succession both to his party chairmanship, and for the mayor's office.<ref>Chicago Tribune - Assassination of Chicago Mayor Anton Cermak - March 1933, galleries.apps.chicagotribune.com; accessed April 17, 2018.</ref>

A plaque honoring Cermak still lies at the site of the assassination in Miami's Bayfront Park. It is inscribed with Cermak's alleged words to Roosevelt after he was shot, "I'm glad it was me instead of you." Following Cermak's death, 22nd Street—a major east–west artery that traversed Chicago's West Side, and the close-in suburbs of Cicero and Berwyn, areas with significant Czech populations—was renamed Cermak Road. In 1943, a Liberty ship, the SS A. J. Cermak was named in Cermak's honor. It was scrapped in 1964.Template:Citation needed

DescendantsEdit

Cermak's son-in-law, Otto Kerner Jr., served as the 33rd Governor of Illinois, and as a federal circuit judge.

His grandson, Frank J. Jirka, Jr., who was with him in Miami when he was assassinated, later became an Underwater Demolition Team officer in the United States Navy. Jirka was awarded a Silver Star and Purple Heart for his actions during the Battle of Iwo Jima; the wounds he suffered led to the amputation of both legs below the knee. After World War II, he became a physician, and in 1983, was elected president of the American Medical Association. Cermak's great niece, Kajon Cermak, is a radio broadcaster.<ref name=Cermak>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> His daughter, Lillian, was married to Richey V. Graham, who served in the Illinois General Assembly.<ref>'Illinois Blue Book 1929-1930,' Biographical Sketch of Richey V. Graham, p. 224Template:ISBN?</ref>

In popular cultureEdit

A hastily produced movie about Cermak, The Man Who Dared, was released within months of his death.
There was a made-for-TV movie, The Gun of Zangara, about Cermak's assassination. It was originally a two-part episode of The Untouchables, where it had the title "The Unhired Assassin." Cermak had a major role in the story as an honest man, and was played by Robert Middleton.
Cermak is mentioned in Stephen Sondheim’s play Assassins during the song "How I Saved Roosevelt."
Cermak and his rise to the mayoralty has also been mentioned in Jeffrey Archer’s novel Kane and Abel.
Part of the episode "Objects in Motion" of the television series Babylon 5 is based on the circumstances of Cermak’s death.<ref>Babylon 5 Magazine #4</ref>
Cermak is referenced by Kelsey Grammer’s fictional Chicago mayor, Tom Kane, in several episodes of the Starz TV series Boss.
In "Red Team III," the seventh episode in the second season of HBO's The Newsroom, Will McAvoy (Jeff Daniels) references Anton Cermak.
The history-based crime novel True Detective, the first in Max Allan Collins' Nathan Heller series, includes a fictionalized account of the Cermak slaying.
In the first episode of the second season of F Is for Family, an adult animated sitcom produced for Netflix, the fictional school of Anton Cermak Tech is mentioned during a broadcast.
In The Untouchables TV series (1993–1994), Cermak is assassinated by Zangara—a crazy lone gunman targeting FDR—after Ness prevents the assassin they believe was sent by Capone. After the Untouchables return to Chicago, their further investigation reveals a probable third gunman, whose shot actually is responsible for Cermak's death, and was a Capone hitman. The first half of the next episode partly involves Ness' Untouchables identifying the actual gunman (a Capone hitman named Charlie Ross), who goes into hiding after a raid by the Untouchables. As the Untouchables arrange to bring him in for testimony, he is gunned down, thereby forever silencing the truth about the mob killing the mayor.

NotesEdit

Template:Notelist

CitationsEdit

Template:Reflist

General sourcesEdit

Beito, David T. Taxpayers in Revolt: Tax Resistance During the Great Depression. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1989. Template:ISBN.

Pacyga, Dominic A. Clout City: The Rise and Fall of the Chicago Political Machine (U of Chicago Press, 2025) online

External linksEdit

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