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Anzia Yezierska

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Anzia Yezierska (October 29, 1880 – November 20, 1970) was an American novelist born in Plock, Poland, which was then part of the Russian Empire. She emigrated as a child with her parents to the United States and lived in Manhattan's Lower East Side ghetto.<ref name="mjlearn" /> Her depictions of turn-of-the-century Jewish-American life—Hungry Hearts, Salome of the Tenements, and Bread Givers—won acclaim for her in the 1920s, and she briefly worked as a writer in Hollywood.

Personal lifeEdit

Yezierska was born in 1880 in the shtetl of Plock (Yiddish: Plotzk) in the Russian Pale of Settlement.<ref name=Bread_Givers_intro/> Her parents were (Baruch) Bernard and Pearl. The Yezierska family emigrated to the United States in the early 1890s, following in the footsteps of her eldest brother, who had arrived in the States a few years prior.<ref>According to the 1900 census, the year was 1893.</ref> They lived in a tenement on the Lower East Side.<ref name="columbia.edu">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The family was Jewish Orthodox and assumed the surname "Mayer" while Anzia took Harriet, or Hattie, as her first name (in her late twenties, she reclaimed her original name, Anzia Yezierska). Her father was a scholar of the Torah and sacred texts. Her parents encouraged her brothers to pursue higher education, but believed Anzia and her sisters had to support their husbands and families.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Anzia rebelled against the role she was thrust into, and left home in 1900.<ref name=Bread_Givers_intro>Template:Cite book</ref>

She lived for a while at the Clara de Hirsch Home for Working Girls, where she studied domestic science. She won a scholarship in the domestic science program at Columbia Teachers College, which she attended until 1905. Following graduation, she taught home economics, first at the Lower East Side's Educational Alliance, and then in New York City public schools.Template:Sfn

In early 1910, she fell in love with Arnold Levitas, but instead married his friend Jacob Gordon, a New York attorney, in November of that year. The marriage to Gordon was quickly annulled, and she then married Levitas in a religious ceremony to avoid legal complications.Template:Sfn He was the father of her only child, Louise, born in May 1912.

Around 1914, Yezierska left Levitas and moved with her daughter to San Francisco, where she was employed as a social worker. Overwhelmed with the chores and responsibilities of working while raising a daughter, Yezierska gave up maternal rights and transferred custody to Levitas.<ref name=Bread_Givers_intro/> In 1916, she and Levitas officially divorced.<ref>Template:Cite book Kessler-Harris notes that Louise later took care of her aging mother, and wrote a 1988 biography of Anzia Yezierska under the name Louise Levitas Henriksen.</ref>

She then moved back to New York City. Starting in 1917, she had a romantic relationship with philosopher John Dewey, a professor at Columbia University. Both Dewey and Yezierska wrote about one another, alluding to the relationship.<ref name=JWA_article>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref>

Yezierska was encouraged by her sister to pursue her longtime interest in writing. She devoted the remainder of her life to it.

Yezierska was the aunt of American film critic Cecelia Ager. Ager's daughter became known as journalist Shana Alexander.

Anzia Yezierska died November 21, 1970, of a stroke in a nursing home in Ontario, California.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Writing careerEdit

Yezierska wrote about the struggles of Jewish and later Puerto Rican immigrants in New York City's ghettos. In her fifty-year writing career, she explored the cost of acculturation and assimilation among immigrants. Her stories provide insight into the meaning of liberation for immigrants—particularly Jewish immigrant women. Many of her works of fiction can be labeled semi-autobiographical, as she drew from her life growing up on the Lower East Side. Her works feature elements of realism with sharp attention to detail; she often has characters express themselves in Yiddish-English dialect.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Her highly idealized characters, along with occasional passages of sentimentalism, have prompted some critics to classify her works as romantic.

File:Yezierska Lima News July3 1922.jpg
Anzia Yezierska in 1922

Yezierska turned to writing around 1912. Turmoil in her personal life prompted her to write stories about problems faced by wives. In the beginning, she had difficulty finding a publisher. But her persistence paid off in December 1915 when her story "The Free Vacation House" was published in The Forum. She attracted more critical praise about a year later when another tale, "Where Lovers Dream", appeared in Metropolitan. In 1919, her literary endeavors received increased recognition when her rags-to-riches story "The Fat of the Land" won the coveted Edward J. O'Brien award for Best Short Story of the Year.<ref name=Bread_Givers_intro /> Yezierska's early fiction was eventually collected by publisher Houghton Mifflin and released in a book titled Hungry Hearts (1920).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Another collection of stories, Children of Loneliness, followed two years later. These stories focused on the children of immigrants and their pursuit of the American Dream.

Some literary critics argue that Yezierska's strength as an author can best be found in her novels. Her first, Salome of the Tenements (1923), was inspired by her friend Rose Pastor Stokes, as well as by Yezierska's romance with John Dewey. Rose Pastor had gained fame in 1905 as an impoverished young Jewish immigrant woman who, in what was characterized in newspapers as a Cinderella story, married a New York millionaire from a prominent Episcopalian family.<ref name=JWA_article />

Yezierska's novel Bread Givers (1925) explores the life of a Jewish-American immigrant girl, Sara Smolinsky, struggling to live from day to day while searching to find her place in mainstream society.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The novel has been reissued multiple times and remains her best-known work.<ref name=JWA_article />

Arrogant Beggar chronicles the adventures of narrator Adele Lindner. The book exposes the hypocrisy of the charitably run "Hellman Home for Working Girls", where Lindner winds up after fleeing from Lower East Side poverty.

In 1929–1930, Yezierska received a Zona Gale fellowship at the University of Wisconsin, which gave her a financial stipend. She wrote several stories and finished a novel while serving as a fellow.

The end of the 1920s marked a decline of interest in Yezierska's work. During the Great Depression, she joined the Federal Writers' Project of the Works Progress Administration (WPA) and wrote the novel, All I Could Never Be. Published in 1932, it was inspired by her own struggles.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> As portrayed in the book, she identified as an immigrant and never felt truly American, believing native-born people had an easier time. It was the last novel she published before falling into obscurity.

Her fictionalized autobiography, Red Ribbon on a White Horse (1950), was published when she was nearly 70 years old.<ref name="columbia.edu"/> It revived interest in her work, as did the trend in the 1960s and 1970s to study literature by women. "The Open Cage" is one of Yezierska's bleakest stories. She began writing it in 1962 at age 81. It compares the life of an old woman to that of an ailing bird.

Although she was nearly blind, Yezierska continued writing. She had stories, articles, and book reviews published until her death in California in 1970.

Yezierska and HollywoodEdit

The success of Anzia Yezierska's early short stories led to a brief, but significant, relationship between her and Hollywood. Movie producer Samuel Goldwyn bought the rights to Yezierska's collection Hungry Hearts.<ref name="mjlearn">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The silent film of the same title (1922) was shot on location in New York's Lower East Side. It starred Helen Ferguson, E. Alyn Warren, and Bryant Washburn.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In recent years, the film was restored through the efforts of the National Center for Jewish Film, the Samuel Goldwyn Company, and the British Film Institute; in 2006, a new score was composed to accompany it. The San Francisco Jewish Film Festival showed the restored print in July 2010. Yezierska's 1923 novel Salome of the Tenements was adapted and produced as a silent film of the same title (1925).

Recognizing the popularity of Yezierska's stories, Goldwyn gave the author a $100,000 contract to write screenplays.<ref name="columbia.edu"/> In California, her success led her to be dubbed "the sweatshop Cinderella" by publicists.<ref name="wmm">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> She was uncomfortable with being touted as a symbol of the American Dream. Frustrated by the shallowness of Hollywood and by her own alienation, Yezierska returned to New York by 1925. She continued publishing novels and stories about immigrant women struggling to establish their identities in America.

WorksEdit

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BibliographyEdit

  • "Anzia Yezierska". In Dictionary of Literary Biography, Volume 221: American Women Prose Writers, 1870–1920. A Bruccoli Clark Layman Book. Edited by Sharon M. Harris, University of Nebraska, Lincoln. The Gale Group, 2000, p. 381–387.
  • "Anzia Yezierska". In Dictionary of Literary Biography, Volume 28: Twentieth-Century American-Jewish Fiction Writers. A Bruccoli Clark Layman Book. Edited by Daniel Walden, Pennsylvania State University. The Gale Group, 1984, p. 332–335.
  • Berch, Bettina. From Hester Street to Hollywood: The Life and Work of Anzia Yezierska. Sefer International, 2009.
  • Bergland, Betty Ann. "Dissidentification and Dislocation: Anzia Yerzierska’s on a white horse". Reconstructing the 'Self' in America: Patterns in Immigrant Women's Autobiography. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Minnesota, 1990, 169244.
  • Boydston, Jo Ann, ed. The Poems of John Dewey. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1977.
  • Cane, Aleta. "Anzia Yezierska". American Women Writers, 1900–1945: A Bio-Bibliographical Critical Source Book. Ed. Laurie Champion. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 2000.
  • Dearborn, Mary V. "Anzia Yezierska and the Making of an Ethnic American Self". In The Invention of Ethnicity. Ed. Werner Solors. New York: Oxford University Press, 1980, 105–123.
  • --. Love in the Promised Land: The Story of Anzia Yezierska and John Dewey. New York: Free Press, 1988.
  • --. Pocahontas's Daughters: Gender and Ethnicity in American Culture. New York Oxford University Press, 1986.
  • Goldsmith, Meredith. "Dressing, Passing, and Americanizing: Anzia Yezierska's Sartorial Fictions". Studies in American Jewish Literature 16 (1997): 34–45.
  • Henriksen, Louise Levitas. Anzia Yezierska: A Writer's Life. New Brunswick, N.J: Rutgers University Press, 1988.
  • Henriksen, Louise Levitas. "Afterword about Anzia Yezierska". In The Open Cage: An Anzia Yezierska Collection. New York: Persea Books, 1979, 253–62.
  • Inglehart, Babbette. "Daughters of Loneliness: Anzia Yezierska and the Immigrant Woman Writer". Studies in American Jewish Literature, 1 (Winter 1975): 1–10.
  • Japtok, Martin. "Justifying Individualism: Anzia Yezierska's Bread Givers". The Immigrant Experience in North American Literature: Carving out a Niche. Eds. Katherine B. Payant and Toby Rose. Contributions to the Study of American Literature. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1999. 17–30.
  • Kessler-Harris, Alice. "Introduction". In The Open Cage: An Anzia Yezierska Collection. New York: Persea Books, 1979, v-xiii.
  • Konzett, Delia Caparoso. "Administered Identities and Linguistic Assimilation: The Politics of Immigrant English in Anzia Yezierska's Hungry Hearts". American Literature 69 (1997): 595–619.
  • Levin, Tobe. "Anzia Yezierska". Jewish American Women Writers: A Bio-Bibliographical Critical Source Book. Ed. Ann Shapiro. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1994.
  • Luzon, Danny. "The Manifold Self in Anzia Yezierska's Fiction: Tensions Between Individual and Communal Identities in Salome of the Tenements and Bread Givers." M.A. Thesis, Tel Aviv University, 2012.
  • Piehslinger, Valerie-Kristin. Portrayals of Urban Jewish Communities in U.S. American and Canadian Immigrant Fiction in Selected Texts by Anzia Yezierska and Adele Wiseman. Saarbrücken: AV Akademikerverlag, 2013.
  • Schoen, Carol B. Anzia Yezierska. Boston: Twayne, 1982.
  • Stinson, Peggy. Anzia Yezierska. Ed. Lina Mainiero. Vol. 4. New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Co., 1982.
  • Stubbs, Katherine. "Reading Material: Contextualizing Clothing in the Work of Anzia Yezierska". MELUS, 23.2 (1998): 157–72.
  • Wexler, Laura. "Looking at Yezierska". In Women of the World: Jewish Women and Jewish Writing. Ed. Judith R. Baskin. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1994, 153–181.
  • Wilentz, Gay. "Cultural Mediation and the Immigrant's Daughter: Anzia Yezierska's Bread Givers". MELSUS, 17, NO. 3(1991–1992): 33–41.
  • Zaborowska, Magdalena J. "Beyond the Happy Endings: Anzia Yezierska Rewrites the New World Woman". In How we Found America: Reading Gender through East European Immigrant Narratives. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995, 113–164.

ReferencesEdit

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External linksEdit

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