Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States

Template:Short description Template:Redirect Template:Use mdy dates Template:SCOTUS series An associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States is a justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, other than the chief justice of the United States. The number of associate justices is eight, as set by the Judiciary Act of 1869.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Article II, Section 2, Clause 2 of the Constitution of the United States grants plenary power to the president to nominate, and with the advice and consent (confirmation) of the Senate, appoint justices to the Supreme Court. Article III, Section 1 of the Constitution effectively grants life tenure to associate justices, and all other federal judges, which ends only when a justice dies, retires, resigns, or is impeached and convicted.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Each Supreme Court justice has a single vote in deciding the cases argued before it, and the chief justice's vote counts no more than that of any other justice; however, the chief justice leads the discussion of the case among the justices. Furthermore, the chief justice—when in the majority—decides who writes the court's opinion; otherwise, the senior justice in the majority assigns the writing of a decision. The chief justice also has certain administrative responsibilities that the other justices do not and is paid slightly more ($298,500 per year as of 2023, compared to $285,400 per year for an associate justice).<ref name="salary">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Associate justices have seniority in order of the date their respective commissions bear, although the chief justice is always considered to be the most senior justice. If two justices are commissioned on the same day, the elder is designated the senior justice of the two. Currently, the senior associate justice is Clarence Thomas. By tradition, when the justices are in conference deliberating the outcome of cases before the Supreme Court, the justices state their views in order of seniority. The senior associate justice is also tasked with carrying out the chief justice's duties when he is unable to, or if that office is vacant.

Current associate justicesEdit

There are currently eight associate justices on the Supreme Court. The justices, ordered by seniority, are:

Clarence Thomas official SCOTUS portrait.jpg

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Retired associate justicesEdit

An associate justice who leaves the Supreme Court after attaining the age and meeting the service requirements prescribed by federal statute (Template:USCode) may retire rather than resign. After retirement, they keep their title, and by custom may also keep a set of chambers in the Supreme Court building, and employ law clerks. The names of retired associate justices continue to appear alongside those of the active justices in the bound volumes of Supreme Court decisions. Federal statute (Template:USCode) provides that retired Supreme Court justices may serve—if designated and assigned by the chief justice—on panels of the U.S. courts of appeals, or on the U.S. district courts. Retired justices are not, however, authorized to take part in the consideration or decision of any cases before the Supreme Court (unlike other retired federal judges who may be permitted to do so in their former courts); neither are they known or designated as a "senior judge". When, after his retirement, William O. Douglas attempted to take a more active role than was customary, maintaining that it was his prerogative to do so because of his senior status, he was rebuffed by Chief Justice Warren Burger and admonished by the whole Court.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

There are currently two living retired associate justices: Anthony Kennedy, retired July 31, 2018 and Stephen Breyer, retired June 30, 2022. Neither one has performed any judicial duties since retiring.

List of associate justicesEdit

Since the Supreme Court was established in 1789, the following 104 persons have served as an associate justice:<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Associate justice			Replacing	Date confirmed (Vote)	TenureTemplate:Efn	Appointed by	Prior positionTemplate:Efn
1	File:John Rutledge color painting.jpg	John Rutledge	(new seat)	Template:Dts (Acclamation)	Template:Dts – March 4, 1791 (Resigned)Template:Efn	George Washington	31st governor of South Carolina (1779–1782)
2	File:WilliamCushing.jpg	William Cushing Template:Efn	(new seat)	Template:Dts (Acclamation)	Template:Dts – September 13, 1810 Template:Small		Chief Justice of the Massachusetts Superior Court (1777–1789)
3	File:JusticeJamesWilson.jpg	James Wilson	(new seat)	Template:Dts (Acclamation)	Template:Dts – August 21, 1798 Template:Small		Delegate to the Constitutional Convention (1787)
4	File:John Blair (page 82 crop).jpg	John Blair	(new seat)	Template:Dts (Acclamation)	Template:Dts – October 25, 1795 Template:Small		Member of the Virginia House of Burgesses (1766–1770)
5	File:JamesIredell.jpg	James Iredell	(new seat)	Template:Dts (Acclamation)	Template:Dts – October 20, 1799 Template:Small		2nd attorney general of North Carolina (1779–1782)
6	File:Thomas Johnson (governor).jpeg	Thomas Johnson	J. Rutledge	Template:Dts (Acclamation)	Template:Dts Template:Efn – January 16, 1793 Template:Small		1st governor of Maryland (1777–1779)
7	File:William Paterson copy.jpg	William Paterson	T. Johnson	Template:Dts (Acclamation)	Template:Dts – September 8, 1806 Template:Small		2nd governor of New Jersey (1790–1793)
8	File:Samuel Chase.jpg	Samuel Chase Template:Efn	Blair	Template:Dts (Acclamation)	Template:Dts – June 19, 1811 Template:Small		Chief Justice of the Maryland General Court (1791–1796)
9	File:BushrodWashington.jpg	Bushrod Washington	Wilson	Template:Dts (Acclamation)	Template:Dts Template:Efn – November 26, 1829 Template:Small	John Adams	Delegate to the Virginia Ratifying Convention (1788)
10	File:AlfredMoore.jpg	Alfred Moore	Iredell	Template:Dts (Acclamation)	Template:Dts – January 26, 1804 Template:Small	John Adams	3rd attorney general of North Carolina (1782–1791)
11	File:WilliamJohnson.jpg	William Johnson	Moore	Template:Dts (Acclamation)	Template:Dts – August 4, 1834 Template:Small	Thomas Jefferson	Speaker of the South Carolina House of Representatives (1798–1800)
12	File:Henry Brockholst Livingston.jpg	Henry Brockholst Livingston	Paterson	Template:Dts (Acclamation)	Template:Dts Template:Efn – March 18, 1823 Template:Small		Justice of the New York Supreme Court (1802–1807)
13	File:Thomas Todd SCOTUS.jpg	Thomas Todd	(new seat)	Template:Dts (Acclamation)	Template:Dts – February 7, 1826 Template:Small		Chief Justice of the Kentucky Court of Appeals (1806–1807)
14	File:GabrielDuvall.jpg	Gabriel Duvall	Chase	Template:Dts (Acclamation)	Template:Dts – January 12, 1835 Template:Small	James Madison	U.S. representative for Maryland's 2nd district (1794–1796)
15	File:Daguerreotype of Joseph Story, 1844 (edit).jpg	Joseph Story	Cushing	Template:Dts (Acclamation)	Template:Dts – September 10, 1845 Template:Small	James Madison	U.S. representative for Massachusetts's 2nd district (1808–1809)
16	File:SmithThompson.jpg	Smith Thompson	Livingston	Template:Dts (Acclamation)	Template:Dts Template:Efn – December 18, 1843 Template:Small	James Monroe	6th United States secretary of the Navy (1819–1823)
17	File:RobertTrimble.jpg	Robert Trimble	Todd	Template:Dts (25–5)	Template:Dts – August 25, 1828 Template:Small	John Quincy Adams	Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Kentucky (1817–1826)
18	File:Justice John McLean daguerreotype by Mathew Brady 1849.jpg	John McLean	Trimble	Template:Dts (Acclamation)	Template:Dts – April 4, 1861 Template:Small	Andrew Jackson	6th United States postmaster general (1823–1829)
19	File:Henry baldwin (justice).jpg	Henry Baldwin	Washington	Template:Dts (41–2)	Template:Dts – April 21, 1844 Template:Small		U.S. representative for Pennsylvania's 14th district (1817–1822)
20	File:James Moore Wayne - Brady-Handy.jpg	James Moore Wayne	W. Johnson	Template:Dts (Acclamation)	Template:Dts – July 5, 1867 Template:Small		U.S. representative for Georgia's at-large district (1829–1835)
21	File:PPBarbour.jpg	Philip P. Barbour	Duvall	Template:Dts (30–11)	Template:Dts – February 25, 1841 Template:Small		Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia (1830–1836)
22	File:John Catron - Brady-Handy.jpg	John Catron	(new seat)	Template:Dts (28–15)	Template:Dts – May 30, 1865 Template:Small		Judge of the Tennessee Supreme Court of Errors and Appeals (1824–1834)
23	File:John McKinley.jpg	John McKinley	(new seat)	Template:Dts (Acclamation)	Template:Dts Template:Efn – July 19, 1852 Template:Small	Martin Van Buren	United States senator from Alabama (1826–1831, 1837)
24	File:Peter Vivian Daniel, US Supreme Court Justice, c1860 (cropped).jpg	Peter Vivian Daniel	Barbour	Template:Dts (25–5)	Template:Dts – May 31, 1860 Template:Small	Martin Van Buren	Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia (1836–1841)
25	File:Samuel Nelson - Brady-Handy.jpg	Samuel Nelson	Thompson	Template:Dts (Acclamation)	Template:Dts – November 28, 1872 Template:Small	John Tyler	Chief Justice of the New York Supreme Court (1831–1845)
26	File:Levi Woodbury.jpg	Levi Woodbury	Story	Template:Dts (Acclamation)	Template:Dts Template:Efn – September 4, 1851 Template:Small	James K. Polk	13th United States secretary of the treasury (1834–1841)
27	File:Robert Cooper Grier - Brady-Handy.jpg	Robert Cooper Grier	Baldwin	Template:Dts (Acclamation)	Template:Dts – January 31, 1870 Template:Small	James K. Polk	Judge for the Pennsylvania state District Court for Allegheny County (1833–1846)
28	File:Benjamin Robbins Curtis - photo.png	Benjamin Robbins Curtis	Woodbury	Template:Dts (Acclamation)	Template:Dts Template:Efn – September 30, 1857 Template:Small	Millard Fillmore	Massachusetts state representative
29	File:John Archibald Campbell - Brady-Handy.jpg	John Archibald Campbell	McKinley	Template:Dts (Acclamation)	Template:Dts – April 30, 1861 Template:Small	Franklin Pierce	Alabama state representative
30	File:NClifford.jpg	Nathan Clifford	Curtis	Template:Dts (26–23)	Template:Dts – July 25, 1881 Template:Small	James Buchanan	19th United States attorney general (1846–1848)
31	File:Noah Haynes Swayne, photo, head and shoulders, seated.jpg	Noah Haynes Swayne	McLean	Template:Dts (38–1)	Template:Dts – January 24, 1881 Template:Small	Abraham Lincoln	U.S. attorney for the District of Ohio (1830–1834)
32	File:Samuel Freeman Miller - Brady-Handy.jpg	Samuel Freeman Miller	Daniel	Template:Dts (Acclamation)	Template:Dts – October 13, 1890 Template:Small		Lawyer, Private practice
33	File:DDavis.jpg	David Davis	Campbell	Template:Dts (Acclamation)	Template:Dts Template:Efn – March 3, 1877 Template:Small		Judge of the Illinois 3rd Circuit Court (1848–1862)
34	File:Stephen Johnson Field, photo half length seated, 1875.jpg	Stephen Johnson Field	(new seat)	Template:Dts (Acclamation)	Template:Dts – December 1, 1897 Template:Small		5th chief justice of California (1859–1863)
35	File:William Strong judge - Brady-Handy.jpg	William Strong	Grier	Template:Dts (Acclamation)	Template:Dts – December 14, 1880 Template:Small	Ulysses S. Grant	U.S. representative for Pennsylvania's 9th district (1847–1851)
36	File:Joseph Philo Bradley - Brady-Handy.jpg	Joseph P. Bradley	(new seat)	Template:Dts (46–9)	Template:Dts – January 22, 1892 Template:Small		Lawyer, Private practice
37	File:Ward Hunt - Brady-Handy.jpg	Ward Hunt	Nelson	Template:Dts (Acclamation)	Template:Dts – January 27, 1882 Template:Small		Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals (1868–1872)
38	File:JudgeJMHarlan.jpg	John Marshall Harlan	Davis	Template:Dts (Acclamation)	Template:Dts – October 14, 1911 Template:Small	Rutherford B. Hayes	14th attorney general of Kentucky (1863–1867)
39	File:William Burnham Woods.jpg	William Burnham Woods	Strong	Template:Dts (39–8)	Template:Dts – May 14, 1887 Template:Small	Rutherford B. Hayes	Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit (1869–1880)
40	File:Thomas Stanley Matthews - Brady-Handy.jpg	Stanley Matthews	Swayne	Template:Dts (24–23)	Template:Dts – March 22, 1889 Template:Small	James A. Garfield	United States senator from Ohio (1877–1879)
41	File:Horacegrayphoto.jpg	Horace Gray	Clifford	Template:Dts (51–5)	Template:Dts – September 15, 1902 Template:Small	Chester A. Arthur	Chief Justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court (1873–1881)
42	File:Samuel Blatchford.jpg	Samuel Blatchford	Hunt	Template:Dts (Acclamation)	Template:Dts – July 7, 1893 Template:Small	Chester A. Arthur	Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit (1878–1882)
43	File:Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar II - Brady-Handy.jpg	Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar II	Woods	Template:Dts (32–28)	Template:Dts – January 23, 1893 Template:Small	Grover Cleveland	16th United States secretary of the interior (1885–1888)
44	File:DavidBrewer.jpg	David Josiah Brewer	Matthews	Template:Dts (53–11)	Template:Dts – March 28, 1910 Template:Small	Benjamin Harrison	Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit (1884–1889)
45	File:Henry Billings Brown 2.jpg	Henry Billings Brown	Miller	Template:Dts (Acclamation)	Template:Dts – May 28, 1906 Template:Small		Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan (1875–1890)
46	File:George Shiras Jr.jpg	George Shiras Jr.	Bradley	Template:Dts (Acclamation)	Template:Dts – February 23, 1903 Template:Small		Lawyer, Private practice
47	File:Justice Howell Jackson2.jpg	Howell Edmunds Jackson	L. Lamar	Template:Dts (Acclamation)	Template:Dts – August 8, 1895 Template:Small		Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit (1891–1893)
48	File:Edward White, head-and-shoulders portrait, facing slightly left, 1905.jpg	Edward Douglass White	Blatchford	Template:Dts (Acclamation)	Template:Dts – December 18, 1910 (Continued as chief justice)Template:Efn	Grover Cleveland	United States senator from Louisiana (1891–1894)
49	File:Rufus Wheeler Peckham cph.3b30513.jpg	Rufus W. Peckham	H. Jackson	Template:Dts (Acclamation)	Template:Dts – October 24, 1909 Template:Small	Grover Cleveland	Associate Judge of the New York Court of Appeals
50	File:Joseph McKenna (assoc justice).jpg	Joseph McKenna	Field	Template:Dts (Acclamation)	Template:Dts – January 5, 1925 Template:Small	William McKinley	42nd United States attorney general (1897–1898)
51	File:Oliver Wendell Holmes, 1902.jpg	Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.	Gray	Template:Dts (Acclamation)	Template:Dts – January 12, 1932 Template:Small	Theodore Roosevelt	Chief Justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court (1899–1902)
52	File:William Rufus Day cph.3b31004.jpg	William R. Day	Shiras	Template:Dts (Acclamation)	Template:Dts – November 13, 1922 Template:Small		Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit (1899–1903)
53	File:WHMoody.jpg	William Henry Moody	Brown	Template:Dts (Acclamation)	Template:Dts – November 20, 1910 Template:Small		45th United States attorney general (1904–1906)
54	File:HoraceHarmonLurton.jpg	Horace Harmon Lurton	Peckham	Template:Dts (Acclamation)	Template:Dts – July 12, 1914 Template:Small	William Howard Taft	Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit (1893–1909)
55	File:Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes.jpg	Charles Evans Hughes	Brewer	Template:Dts (Acclamation)	Template:Dts – June 10, 1916 (Resigned)Template:Efn		36th governor of New York (1907–1910)
56	File:Willis Van Devanter.jpg	Willis Van Devanter	E. White	Template:Dts (Acclamation)	Template:Dts – June 2, 1937 Template:Small		Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit (1903–1910)
57	File:Joseph Lamar.jpg	Joseph Rucker Lamar	Moody	Template:Dts (Acclamation)	Template:Dts – January 2, 1916 Template:Small		Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of Georgia (1901–1905)
58	File:Mahlon Pitney cph.3b30300.jpg	Mahlon Pitney	J. Harlan	Template:Dts (50–26)	Template:Dts – December 31, 1922 Template:Small		U.S. representative for New Jersey's 4th district (1895–1899)
59	File:Jamescmcreynolds.jpg	James Clark McReynolds	Lurton	Template:Dts (44–6)	Template:Dts – January 31, 1941 Template:Small	Woodrow Wilson	48th United States attorney general (1913–1914)
60	File:Brandeisl.jpg	Louis Brandeis	J. Lamar	Template:Dts (47–22)	Template:Dts – February 13, 1939 Template:Small		Lawyer, Private practice: Brandeis Dunbar & Nutter<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
61	File:JohnHessinClarke.jpg	John Hessin Clarke	Hughes	Template:Dts (Acclamation)	Template:Dts – September 5, 1922 Template:Small		Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio (1914–1916)
62	File:Justice George Sutherland 5.jpg	George Sutherland	Clarke	Template:Dts (Acclamation)	Template:Dts – January 17, 1938 Template:Small	Warren G. Harding	United States senator from Utah (1905–1917)
63	File:Pierce Butler.jpg	Pierce Butler	Day	Template:Dts (61–8)	Template:Dts – November 16, 1939 Template:Small		President of the Minnesota State Bar Association
64	File:Justice Edward Terry Sanford.jpg	Edward Terry Sanford	Pitney	Template:Dts (Acclamation)	Template:Dts – March 8, 1930 Template:Small		Judge of the United States District Court for the Middle District of Tennessee (1908–1923)
65	File:Chief Justice Harlan Fiske Stone photograph circa 1927-1932.jpg	Harlan F. Stone	McKenna	Template:Dts (71–6)	Template:Dts – July 3, 1941 (Continued as chief justice)Template:Efn	Calvin Coolidge	52nd United States attorney general (1924–1925)
66	File:Owen J. Roberts cph.3b11988.jpg	Owen Roberts	Sanford	Template:Dts (Acclamation)	Template:Dts – July 31, 1945 Template:Small	Herbert Hoover	Assistant District Attorney for Philadelphia
67	File:Justice Benjamin N Cardozo 2.jpg	Benjamin N. Cardozo	Holmes	Template:Dts (Acclamation)	Template:Dts – July 9, 1938 Template:Small	Herbert Hoover	Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals (1927–1932)
68	File:HugoLaFayetteBlack.jpg	Hugo Black	Van Devanter	Template:Dts (63–16)	Template:Dts – September 17, 1971 Template:Small	Franklin D. Roosevelt	United States senator from Alabama (1927–1937)
69	File:Stanley Forman Reed.jpg	Stanley Forman Reed	Sutherland	Template:Dts (Acclamation)	Template:Dts – February 25, 1957 Template:Small		22nd United States solicitor general (1935–1938)
70	File:Frankfurter-Felix-LOC.jpg	Felix Frankfurter	Cardozo	Template:Dts (Acclamation)	Template:Dts – August 28, 1962 Template:Small		Chairman of Harvard Law School
71	File:Justice William O Douglas.jpg	William O. Douglas	Brandeis	Template:Dts (62–4)	Template:Dts – November 12, 1975 Template:Small		3rd chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission (1937–1939)
72	File:Justice Frank Murphy.jpg	Frank Murphy	Butler	Template:Dts (Acclamation)	Template:Dts – July 19, 1949 Template:Small		56th United States attorney general (1939–1940)
73	File:James F. Byrnes cph.3c32232.jpg	James F. Byrnes	McReynolds	Template:Dts (Acclamation)	Template:Dts – October 3, 1942 Template:Small		United States senator from South Carolina (1931–1941)
74	File:Roberthjackson.jpg	Robert H. Jackson	Stone	Template:Dts (Acclamation)	Template:Dts – October 9, 1954 Template:Small		57th United States attorney general (1940–1941)
75	File:Wiley Rutledge.jpg	Wiley Blount Rutledge	Byrnes	Template:Dts (Acclamation)	Template:Dts – September 10, 1949 Template:Small		Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit (1939–1943)
76	File:Harold Burton.jpg	Harold Hitz Burton	Roberts	Template:Dts (Acclamation)	Template:Dts – October 13, 1958 Template:Small	Harry S. Truman	United States senator from Ohio (1941–1945)
77	File:Official portrait of Associate Justice Tom C. Clark, Supreme Court of the United States (cropped).jpg	Tom C. Clark	Murphy	Template:Dts (73–8)	Template:Dts – June 12, 1967 Template:Small		59th United States attorney general (1945–1949)
78	File:Sherman Minton's official United States Supreme Court photograph.jpg	Sherman Minton	W. Rutledge	Template:Dts (48–16)	Template:Dts – October 15, 1956 Template:Small		Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit (1941–1949)
79	File:John Marshall Harlan II official.jpg	John Marshall Harlan	R. Jackson	Template:Dts (71–11)	Template:Dts – September 23, 1971 Template:Small	Dwight D. Eisenhower	Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit (1954–1955)
80	File:US Supreme Court Justice William Brennan - 1976 official portrait.jpg	William J. Brennan Jr.	Minton	Template:Dts (Acclamation)	Template:Dts Template:Efn – July 20, 1990 Template:Small		Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of New Jersey (1951–1956)
81	File:Charles Whittaker.jpg	Charles Evans Whittaker	Reed	Template:Dts (Acclamation)	Template:Dts – March 31, 1962 Template:Small		Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit (1956–1957)
82	File:US Supreme Court Justice Potter Stewart - 1976 official portrait.jpg	Potter Stewart	Burton	Template:Dts (70–17)	Template:Dts Template:Efn – July 3, 1981 Template:Small		Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit (1954–1958)
83	File:Justice White Official.jpg	Byron White	Whittaker	Template:Dts (Acclamation)	Template:Dts – June 28, 1993 Template:Small	John F. Kennedy	4th United States deputy attorney general (1961–1962)
84	File:Arthur Goldberg (1971).jpg	Arthur Goldberg	Frankfurter	Template:Dts (Acclamation)	Template:Dts – July 26, 1965 Template:Small	John F. Kennedy	9th United States secretary of labor (1961–1962)
85	File:SCOTUS Justice Abe Fortas.jpeg	Abe Fortas	Goldberg	Template:Dts (Acclamation)	Template:Dts – May 14, 1969 Template:Small	Lyndon B. Johnson	United States under secretary of the interior
86	File:Thurgood-marshall-2.jpg	Thurgood Marshall	Clark	Template:Dts (69–11)	Template:Dts – October 1, 1991 Template:Small	Lyndon B. Johnson	32nd solicitor general of the United States (1965–1967)
87	File:Justice Blackmun Official.jpg	Harry Blackmun	Fortas	Template:Dts (94–0)	Template:Dts – August 3, 1994 Template:Small	Richard Nixon	Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit (1959–1970)
88	File:US Supreme Court Justice Lewis Powell - 1976 official portrait.jpg	Lewis F. Powell Jr.	Black	Template:Dts (89–1)	Template:Dts – June 26, 1987 Template:Small		President of the American Bar Association (1964–1965)
89	File:William Rehnquist.jpg	William Rehnquist	J. Harlan II	Template:Dts (68–26)	Template:Dts – September 26, 1986 (Continued as chief justice)Template:Efn		United States assistant attorney general for the Office of Legal Counsel (1969–1971)
90	File:John Paul Stevens, SCOTUS photo portrait.jpg	John Paul Stevens	Douglas	Template:Dts (98–0)	Template:Dts – June 29, 2010 Template:Small	Gerald Ford	Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit (1970–1975)
91	File:Sandra Day O'Connor.jpg	Sandra Day O'Connor	Stewart	Template:Dts (99–0)	Template:Dts – January 31, 2006 Template:Small	Ronald Reagan	Judge of the Arizona Court of Appeals (1979–1981)
92	File:Antonin Scalia Official SCOTUS Portrait crop.jpg	Antonin Scalia	Rehnquist	Template:Dts (98–0)	Template:Dts – February 13, 2016 Template:Small		Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit (1982–1986)
93	File:Anthony Kennedy official SCOTUS portrait.jpg	Anthony Kennedy	Powell	Template:Dts (97–0)	Template:Dts – July 31, 2018 Template:Small		Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit (1975–1988)
94	File:DavidSouter.jpg	David Souter	Brennan	Template:Dts (90–9)	Template:Dts – June 29, 2009 Template:Small	George H. W. Bush	Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit (1990)
95	File:Clarence Thomas official SCOTUS portrait.jpg	Clarence Thomas	Marshall	Template:Dts (52–48)	Template:Dts – Incumbent	George H. W. Bush	Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit (1990–1991)
96	File:Ruth Bader Ginsburg 2016 portrait.jpg	Ruth Bader Ginsburg	B. White	Template:Dts (96–3)	Template:Dts – Template:Dts Template:Small	Bill Clinton	Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit (1980–1993)
97	File:Stephen Breyer, SCOTUS photo portrait (cropped).jpg	Stephen Breyer	Blackmun	Template:Dts (87–9)	Template:Dts – June 30, 2022 Template:Small	Bill Clinton	Chief Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit (1990–1994)
98	File:Samuel Alito official photo (cropped).jpg	Samuel Alito	O'Connor	Template:Dts (58–42)	Template:Dts – Incumbent	George W. Bush	Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit (1990–2006)
99	File:Sonia Sotomayor in SCOTUS robe.jpg	Sonia Sotomayor	Souter	Template:Dts (68–31)	Template:Dts – Incumbent	Barack Obama	Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit (1998–2009)
100	File:Elena Kagan Official SCOTUS Portrait (2013) (3x4 cropped).jpg	Elena Kagan	Stevens	Template:Dts (63–37)	Template:Dts – Incumbent	Barack Obama	45th solicitor general of the United States (2009–2010)
101	File:Associate Justice Neil Gorsuch Official Portrait (cropped).jpg	Neil Gorsuch	Scalia	Template:Dts (54–45)	Template:Dts – Incumbent	Donald Trump	Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit (2006–2017)
102	File:Associate Justice Brett Kavanaugh Official Portrait.jpg	Brett Kavanaugh	Kennedy	Template:Dts (50–48)	Template:Dts – Incumbent		Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit (2006–2018)
103	File:Amy Coney Barrett official portrait.jpg	Amy Coney Barrett	Ginsburg	Template:Dts (52–48)	Template:Dts – Incumbent		Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit (2017–2020)
104	File:Justice Jackson Official Portrait.jpg	Ketanji Brown Jackson	Breyer	Template:Dts (53–47)	Template:Dts – Incumbent	Joe Biden	Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit (2021–2022)

NotesEdit

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ReferencesEdit

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External linksEdit

Historic Supreme Court Decisions Template:Sndby Justice, Legal Information Institute, Cornell University Law School
Supreme Court of the United States (website home page)

Template:SCOTUS Justices Template:SCOTUS horizontal Template:US Order of Precedence