Auguste Piccard
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Auguste Antoine Piccard (28 January 1884 – 24 March 1962) was a Swiss physicist, inventor and explorer known for his record-breaking hydrogen balloon flights, with which he studied the Earth's upper atmosphere and became the first person to enter the Stratosphere. Piccard was also known for his invention of the first bathyscaphe, FNRS-2, with which he made a number of unmanned dives in 1948 to explore the ocean's depths.
Piccard's twin brother Jean Felix Piccard is also a notable figure in the annals of science and exploration, as are a number of their relatives, including Jacques Piccard, Bertrand Piccard, Jeannette Piccard and Don Piccard.
BiographyEdit
Piccard and his twin brother Jean Felix Piccard were born in Basel, Switzerland, on 28 January 1884.<ref name=obit/>
Showing an intense interest in science as a child, he attended the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) in Zürich and became a professor of physics in Brussels at the Free University of Brussels in 1922, the same year his son Jacques Piccard was born. He was a member of the Solvay Congress of 1922, 1924, 1927, 1930 and 1933.
In 1930, an interest in ballooning and a curiosity about the upper atmosphere led him to design a spherical, pressurized aluminum gondola that would allow ascent to a great altitude without requiring a pressure suit. Supported by the Belgian Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique (FNRS), Piccard constructed his gondola.
An important motivation for his research in the upper atmosphere was measurements of cosmic radiation, which were supposed to give experimental evidence for the theories of Albert Einstein, whom Piccard knew from the Solvay conferences and who was a fellow alumnus of ETH.
On 27 May 1931, Auguste Piccard and Paul Kipfer took off from Augsburg, Germany, in a hydrogen balloon,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and reached a record altitude of Template:Convert (FAI Record File Number 10634). During this flight, they became the first human beings to enter the stratosphere,<ref name="BPexplorer">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and were able to gather substantial data on the upper atmosphere, as well as measure cosmic rays.<ref name="Popular science August 1931 page 23"/><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
In the mid-1930s, Piccard's interests shifted when he realized that a modification of his high-altitude balloon cockpit would allow descent into the deep ocean. By 1937, he had designed the bathyscaphe, a small steel gondola built to withstand great external pressure. Construction began, but was interrupted by the outbreak of World War II. Resuming work in 1945, he completed the bubble-shaped cockpit that maintained normal air pressure for a person inside the capsule even as the water pressure outside increased to over Template:Convert. Above the heavy steel capsule, a large flotation tank was attached and filled with a low density liquid for buoyancy. Liquids are relatively incompressible and can provide buoyancy that does not change as the pressure increases. And so, the huge tank was filled with gasoline, not as a fuel, but as flotation. To make the now floating craft sink, tons of iron were attached to the float with a release mechanism to allow resurfacing. This craft was named FNRS-2 and made a number of unmanned dives in 1948 before being given to the French Navy in 1950.<ref name=brand>Template:Cite journal</ref> There, it was redesigned, and in 1954, it took a man safely down Template:Convert.
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Piccard and his son, Jacques, built a second bathyscaphe and together they dove to a record-breaking depth of Template:Convert in 1953.<ref name="BPexplorer" />
Auguste Piccard died on 24 March 1962 of a heart attack at his home in Lausanne, Switzerland; he was 78 years old.<ref name=obit>Template:Cite news</ref>
Piccard familyEdit
- Jules Piccard (professor of chemistry)
- Auguste Piccard (physicist, aeronaut, balloonist, hydronaut)
- Jacques Piccard (hydronaut, engineer, oceanographer)
- Bertrand Piccard (aeronaut, psychiatrist, balloonist)
- Jacques Piccard (hydronaut, engineer, oceanographer)
- Jean Felix Piccard (organic chemist, aeronaut, and balloonist)
- Jeannette Piccard (wife of Jean Felix) (aeronaut and balloonist)
- Don Piccard (balloonist)
- Auguste Piccard (physicist, aeronaut, balloonist, hydronaut)
References in popular cultureEdit
- Auguste Piccard was the inspiration for Professor Cuthbert Calculus in The Adventures of Tintin by Belgian cartoonist Hergé.<ref name="BPexplorer" /> Piccard held a teaching appointment in Brussels where Hergé spotted his unmistakable figure in the street. This connection was confirmed by Hergé in an interview with Numa Sadoul:
- Gene Roddenberry named Captain Jean-Luc Picard in Star Trek after one or both of the twin brothers Auguste and Jean Felix Piccard, and derived Jean-Luc Picard from their names.<ref name=UCBerkeley>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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- Will Gregory's opera, Piccard in Space, premiered at the Queen Elizabeth Hall in London on 31 March 2011. The libretto, by Hattie Naylor, focuses on Auguste Piccard's first balloon ascent with his assistant Paul Kipfer, and on the theories of Albert Einstein and Isaac Newton, who both appear as characters in the drama.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Cbignore</ref>
- In 2016, the exploits of Piccard and his son Jacques were featured in an American television commercial for Hennessy cognac.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
External linksEdit
- Footage of Auguste Piccard and his 1932 balloon ascent
- Don Piccard - 50 Years of Ballooning Memories
- The Piccard Gondola Exhibit
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