Barkham
{{#invoke:other uses|otheruses}} Template:Use British English Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox UK place
Barkham is a village and civil parish in the borough of Wokingham in Berkshire, England, located around Template:Convert southwest of the town of Wokingham.
HistoryEdit
Barkham dates back to 951, when a Saxon thane gave Bloreham to the monks of Abingdon Abbey. In Saxon times, it passed from the rule of the Abbey, and during the time of King Edward the Confessor, it was owned by a Saxon thane named Ælmer. After the Conquest, it was taken possession of by William the Conqueror.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref>
In 1630 and 1655, the inhabitants petitioned the constable of Windsor Castle against enclosures made by Richard Arrowsmith who, under licence from James I, had built a hunting lodge and formed a deer park at Bear Wood. This would later become Barkham Manor.<ref name=":0" />
John de Barkham held the fee under Henry de Early. He forfeited about 1249, but was restored before 1253, when Jon, the son of Robert de Barkham, levied a fine of lands in Barkham. In 1335, the lands passed to the Bullock family, who held it until the end of the 16th century.<ref name=":0" />
GeographyEdit
The old part of Barkham is the small settlement by the parish church and is close to Barkham Street. However most of the population lives in the north-east of the parish, around the post office, or in the Arborfield Garrison, which is largely in Barkham. It is a rural parish, mostly consisting of dairy farmland and woods, despite being surrounded by the town of Wokingham and the large villages of Winnersh, Arborfield Cross and Finchampstead.
EtymologyEdit
The toponym "Barkham" is derived from the Old English bercheham<ref name=Page>Template:Harvnb</ref> meaning "birch home" referring to the birch trees on the edge of Windsor Great Park.<ref name=rbh>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The name evolved via forms including Berkham in the 14th century and Barcombe in the 18th century.<ref name=Page/>
ManorEdit
In King Edward III's reign the income from Barkham Manor helped to pay for the rebuilding of Windsor Castle and, not long afterwards, timber from Barkham was sent to make the roof of Westminster Abbey.<ref name="rbh" />
For many centuries the manor house was a secondary home of the Bullock family.<ref name=rbh/> The Bull Inn public house in Barkham is named in reference to their surname.<ref name=rbh/> The Bullocks had inherited the manor from the family of William Neville, a 13th-century valet to Saint Thomas Cantilupe, the Bishop of Hereford and Chancellor of England, from whom the manor was originally bought.<ref name=rbh/> The manor passed by marriage and inheritance through the Standen, Waterman, Kingsmill and Pitt families. In about 1783, the manor was purchased by the Dowager Countess Gower, the third wife of John Leveson-Gower, 1st Earl Gower, and became the property of the Leveson-Gower family.<ref name=Page/> The present manor house is a late 18th-century<ref name=Page/> Georgian building of two wings of differing dates.<ref name=Pevsner>Template:Harvnb</ref> Barkham had two moated farm-houses.<ref name=Page/> One of these survives, having been divided into two cottages.<ref name=Page/>
Parish churchEdit
The earliest known record of the Church of England parish church of Saint James<ref>Arborfield and Barkham Churches</ref> dates from 1220.<ref name=Page/> The ancient church was pulled down in 1860<ref name=":0" /> and the present church building was built in 1860–61<ref name=Pevsner/> or 1862.<ref name=Page/> The ancient church door remains in the garden of Weston House in Wokingham.<ref name=":0" /> The new church was designed in a 13th-century Gothic Revival style<ref name=Page/> by the architects J.B. Clacy and Son<ref name=Pevsner/> of Reading.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The chancel and transepts were added<ref name=Pevsner/> or rebuilt<ref name=Page/> in 1887. The building retains two features from the earlier church: a late 13th-century wooden memorial effigy of a woman, thought to be that of Mistress Agnes Neville, daughter of a lord of the manor in the 14th century,<ref name=":0" /> and the late 18th-century baptismal font.<ref name=Pevsner/> The bell-tower has a ring of four bells cast in 1863 by John Warner and Sons<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> of Cripplegate in the City of London.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
A number of members of the Leveson-Gower family are buried in the church, including Lady Mary Tufton, Countess Gower, widow of the first Earl Gower; her son Admiral John Leveson-Gower (d.1792); his son, General John Leveson-Gower and daughter-in-law Isabella Mary Leveson-Gower (née Broke); as well as his grandson, John Leveson-Gower (d.1883), with his wife Charlotte (d.1876), son Sackville (d.1874), and mother-in-law the Right Hon. Lady Harriet Mitchell (d.1855).<ref name="Page"/>
Rev. David Davies (1741–1819) was Rector of Barkham from 1782 until his death in 1819.<ref name=Page/> He studied the condition of the labouring poor, recorded statistics of their wages, cost of food, etc. in various districts of England and Scotland.<ref name=Page/> He published his findings in 1785 in the form of a book called Cases of Labourers in Husbandry Stated and Considered.<ref name=Page/> Rev. Peter Ditchfield, FSA (1854–1930) was Rector of Barkham from 1886 until his death.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He was a Freemason, historian and prolific author. With William Page he co-edited three Berkshire volumes of the Victoria County History, which were published in 1907, 1923 and 1924.
Social and economic historyEdit
Another prominent farming family, that of Ball, is erroneously said to be that of George Washington's mother, Mary Ball Washington. They lived in the parish from the late 15th to the mid-17th century, but William Lee Ball, the man once thought to have emigrated to Virginia and become Mary's great grandfather, may have actually died in London and his family lived in the East Berkshire area for at least two more generations. This is still disputed by Americans relatives of Mary Ball.<ref name=rbh/> An open field system of farming prevailed in the parish until early in the 19th century. Parliament passed the Windsor Forest Act 1813 (53 Geo. 3. c. 158) authorising enclosure for Barkham, but this was not implemented until 1821.<ref name=Page/>
Parish CouncilEdit
Barkham Parish council meets regularly at the Arborfield Green Community Centre.<ref name=PC>Barkham Parish Council Template:Webarchive</ref> It has 10 councillors that are elected by the parish residents for a term of four years.<ref name=PC/>
Residents AssociationEdit
Barkham Village Residents’ Association (“BVRA”) was formed in 1987, initially in response to a Planning Application for housing development within the Coombes - a woodland rich in a diversity of wildlife and designated an area of special scientific interest. Planning issues remain an interest of the BVRA. After the threat to the Coombes subsided, the BVRA continues to contribute to Barkham's community spirit by running social events and the production of a quarterly newsletter and website.<ref>BVRA</ref>
SchoolsEdit
Bohunt School Wokingham, opened at Arborfield Green in Barkham parish in 2016, is a mixed-sex independent academy.