Batu Caves
Template:Short description Template:For Template:Infobox Hindu temple
Batu Caves is a 325-m tall<ref name="Lim2">Template:Cite journal</ref> mogote with a series of limestone caves in Gombak, Selangor, Malaysia. It is located about Template:Cvt north of the capital city of Kuala Lumpur. The cave complex contains many Hindu temples, the most popular of which is a shrine dedicated to the deity Murugan. It is the focal point of the Tamil Hindu festival of Thaipusam in Malaysia. The complex also hosts a Template:Cvt high Murugan statue, one of the largest Murugan statues in the world.
EtymologyEdit
The name for the cave complex is derived from the word batu from Malay meaning "rock".<ref name="Lim" /> The hill was called as "Kapal Tanggang" (ship of Si Tanggang) as per Si Tanggang, the Malay version of the Minang folktale Malin Kundang.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Lim">Template:Cite journal</ref> In Tamil, the temple complex is called as Pathu malai (பத்து மலை).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
HistoryEdit
The caves were used as shelters by the indigenous Temuan people, a tribe of Orang Asli.<ref name="Huff">Template:Cite news</ref> In the 1860s, Chinese settlers began excavating guano from the caves, used as fertilisers.<ref name="Cilisos">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 1878, the caves were visited by American naturalist William Hornaday.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> K. Thamboosamy, an Indian Tamil trader, promoted the cave complex as a site of Hindu worship.<ref name="Huff"/> A Hindu temple dedicated to lord Murugan was completed in 1891 with the annual Thaipusam celebrations commencing in 1892.<ref name="Brit">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Further development of religious sites has happened ever since in the region. Housing development around the region began in the late 20th century with non-governmental organisations expressing concerns about the over-development.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
GeologyEdit
The complex is a mogote with a series of limestone caves, formed more than 400 million years ago.<ref name="CNN">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> It consists of a complex cave system of 20 recognized caves including four large cave systems with multiple inter-connected chambers.<ref name="Lim"/>
The speleothems were formed by the action of water falling on the surface percolating through the surface and interacting with the sub-surface, resulting in the dissolution of limestone rocks, resulting in the formation of stalactites and stalagmites. Stalactites jutting from the ceiling and stalagmites rising from the floor form intricate formations of cave curtains, flowstones, cave pearls, and scallops. The interiors would have been damp and wet when the caves were being formed.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
BiodiversityEdit
The Batu cave system and its caverns is a biodiversity hotspot consisting of many plant and animal species, many of which are specific to such limestone environments.<ref name="Ong">Template:Cite book</ref> About 269 species of vascular plants including 56 species (21%) of calciphiles have been recorded from the site.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> There are a diverse range of cave fauna, including endemic species such as the trapdoor spider Liphistius batuensis.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> There are 21 species of bats, including several species of fruit bats. The dark cave system is home to numerous species of insects including haplotaxids, spiders, mites, ticks, scorpions, springtails, beetles, flies, ants, wasps, bees, butterflies, moths and other animals such as frogs, lizards, snakes and snails.<ref name="Ong"/><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The bat guano is home to a native species of cockroach, Pycnoscelus striatus.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
The site is also home to numerous long-tailed macaques. The monkeys often depend on people for food and might cause disturbance or nuisance.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> To preserve the cave's ecology, access is restricted in the inner cave complex which can be accessed by the educational trips organised by the Malaysian Nature Society. Development over the years, industrial activity, and the high number of footfalls due to the religious site are threats to the biodiversity in the region.<ref name="Ong"/>
Religious siteEdit
The similarity of the entrance to the cave structure to a vel (a spear) wielded by the deity Murugan is said to have inspired Thamboosamy to build a temple. The Subramanian Swamy temple is located in the largest cave in the complex.<ref name="Brit"/> Initially, the hill has to be climbed on foot to reach the shrine. In 1920, wooden steps were installed to enable the pilgrims to reach the temple. In the 1930s, the stairs began to show signs of wear and a decision was made to build concrete steps on the southern side of the cave complex. In 1940, 272 concrete steps were constructed, which exist to date.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In August 2018, the steps were re-painted with each set of particular number of steps painted in a different color.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 2024, plans were unveiled to build a multi-purpose hall in the foothills and an escalator to the temple.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
At the base of the hill are two caves, Art Gallery Cave and Museum Cave, which form the Cave Villa complex. These consist of statues and paintings from Hindu mythology, most of them relating to the life and stories of Murugan.<ref name="Brit"/> The Ramayana Cave is situated to the left, which consists of paintings from the Hindu epic Ramayana. There is a Template:Cvt tall statue of Hanuman at the entrance and a temple dedicated to Hanuman, opened in November 2001.<ref name="Brit"/>
To the right of the steps which serve as an entrance to the cave complex, a Template:Cvt tall statue of Murugan was unveiled in January 2006. Painted in gold, it is the amongst the tallest Murugan statue in the world and the tallest statue in Malaysia.<ref name="Brit"/><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Thaipusam festivalEdit
The Batu Caves serve as the focal point of the yearly Thaipusam (Template:Langx) festival, celebrated by Tamil Hindus. The temple attracts thousands of people for the elaborate festivities. Kavadi Aattam is a ceremonial act of sacrifice and offering practiced by devotees, which forms a central part of the festival.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Kavadi (meaning "burden" in Tamil) itself is a physical burden, which usually consists of two semicircular pieces of wood or steel which are bent and attached to a cross structure in its simplest form, that is balanced on the shoulders of the devotee and signifies a form of debt bondage.<ref name="Hume">Template:Cite book</ref> Worshipers often carry pot(s) of cow milk as an offering (paal kudam). The most extreme and spectacular practice is the carrying of Vel kavadi, a portable altar decorated with peacock feathers and flowers, that is attached to the body of the devotee through multiple skewers and metal hooks pierced into the skin on the chest and back.<ref name="Hume"/><ref name="BBC">Template:Cite news</ref>
People also do a form of mortification of the flesh by piercing the skin, tongue or cheeks with vel skewers and flagellation. Vibuthi, a type of holy ash is spread across the body including the piercing sites. Drumming and chanting of verses help the devotees enter a state of trance.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Devotees usually prepare for the rituals by keeping clean, doing regular prayers, following a vegetarian diet and fasting while remaining celibate for 48 days.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="BBC"/> A procession begins in the morning on Thaipusam from the Sri Mahamariamman Temple, Kuala Lumpur. A silver chariot weighing Template:Cvt carrying the idols of Murugan with his consorts Valli and Deivanai is taken along the procession, accompanied by the devotees. After ritual bathing in the nearby Sungai Batu River, the devotees make their way to the temple.<ref name="BBC"/><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Rock climbingEdit
The cave complex which exists on a hillock is a place for rock climbing. There are nearly 160 climbing routes on the north-eastern side of the cave complex, called Damai caves. The routes are scattered across the sides with hills rising to Template:Convert. These climbing routes can be accessed from the ground level with abseiling and spelunking trips organized by local companies.<ref name="Ong"/><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
TransportationEdit
Batu Caves can be reached by taking the commuter train from KL Sentral in Kuala Lumpur to the Template:KLRT color code Batu Caves Komuter station. Batu Caves may also be reached by bus 11 from Bangkok Bank stop near Central Market. Batu Caves can also be reached by car.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
External linksEdit
Template:Sister project Template:Commons category-inline
Template:Selangor Template:Hindu temples in Malaysia Template:Murugan temples Template:Malaysian historical architectures and sites Template:Authority control