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Batumi

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}}Template:Main other Batumi (Template:IPAc-en; Template:Lang-ka {{#invoke:IPA|main}}), historically Batum<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> or Batoum,<ref>The Standard History of the World, Volume 6. John Herbert Clifford, ed. New York: University Society Inc., 1907. p. 3735.</ref> is the second-largest city of Georgia and the capital of the Autonomous Republic of Adjara, located on the coast of the Black Sea in Georgia's southwest, Template:Convert north of the border with Turkey. It is situated in a subtropical zone at the foot of the Caucasus. Much of Batumi's economy revolves around tourism and gambling (it is nicknamed "The Las Vegas of the Black Sea"), but the city is also an important seaport and includes industries like shipbuilding, food processing and light manufacturing. Since 2010, Batumi has been transformed by the construction of modern high-rise buildings, as well as the restoration of classical 19th-century edifices lining its historic Old Town.<ref name="nyt">Template:Cite news</ref>

HistoryEdit

Template:Quote box {{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

Early historyEdit

Template:Unreferencedsect Batumi is located on the site of the ancient Greek colony in Colchis called "Bathus" or "Bathys", derived from (Template:Langx, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}; or {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}; lit. the 'deep harbor'). Under Hadrian (Template:Circa), it was converted into a fortified Roman port and later deserted for the fortress of Petra founded in the time of Justinian I (Template:Circa). Garrisoned by the Roman-Byzantine forces, it was formally a possession of the kingdom of Lazica until being occupied briefly by the Arabs, who did not hold it; In 780 Lazica fell to kingdom of Abkhazia via a dynastic union; the latter led the unification of the Georgian monarchy in the 11th century.

From 1010, it was governed by the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, viceroy) of the king of Georgia. In the late 15th century, after the disintegration of the Georgian kingdom, Batumi passed to the princes ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) of Guria, a western Georgian principality under the sovereignty of the kings of Imereti.

A curious incident occurred in 1444 when a Burgundian flotilla, after a failed crusade against the Ottoman Empire, penetrated the Black Sea and engaged in piracy along its eastern coastline until the Burgundians under the knight Geoffroy de Thoisy were ambushed while landing to raid Vaty, as Europeans then knew Batumi. De Thoisy was taken captive and released through the mediation of the emperor John IV of Trebizond.

Ottoman ruleEdit

Template:Unreferencedsect In the 15th century in the reign of the prince Kakhaber Gurieli, the Ottomans conquered the town and its district but did not hold them. They returned to it in force a century later and inflicted a decisive defeat on the Georgian armies at Sokhoista. Batumi was recaptured by the Georgians several times, first in 1546 by prince Rostom Gurieli, who lost it soon afterwards, and again in 1609 by Mamia II Gurieli. In 1703, Batumi again became part of the Ottoman Empire. In the one-and-a-half century of Ottoman rule it grew into a provincial port serving the Empire's hinterlands on the eastern fringes of the Black Sea. After the Ottoman conquest, Islamization of the hitherto Christian region began but this was terminated and to a great degree reversed, after the area was annexed to Russian Imperial Georgia after the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78.

Imperial Russian ruleEdit

It was the last Black Sea port annexed by Russia during the Russian conquest of that area of the Caucasus. In 1878, Batumi was annexed by the Russian Empire in accordance with the Treaty of San Stefano between Russia and the Ottoman Empire (ratified on 23 March). Occupied by the Russians on 28 August 1878, the town was declared a free port until 1886. It functioned as the center of a special military district until being incorporated in the Kutaisi Governorate on 12 June 1883.Template:Cn Finally, on 1 June 1903, with the Artvin Okrug, the Batum Okrug was established as the Batum Oblast and placed under the direct administration of the Viceroy of the Caucasus.Template:Cn

The expansion of Batumi began with the construction of the Batumi–Tiflis–Baku Transcaucasus Railway (completed in 1883<ref name=kotov>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=bnito>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>), and the Baku–Batumi pipeline which opened in 1907.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Henceforth, Batumi became the chief Russian oil port in the Black Sea. The population increased rapidly doubling within 20 years: from 8,671 inhabitants in 1882 to 12,000 in 1889. By 1902 the population had reached 16,000, with 1,000 working in the refinery for Baron Rothschild's Caspian and Black Sea Oil Company.<ref>Simon Sebag Montefiore, Young Stalin, page 77.</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

In the late 1880s and after, more than 7,400 Doukhobor emigrants sailed for Canada from Batumi, after the government agreed to let them emigrate.Template:Cn Quakers and Tolstoyans aided in collecting funds for the relocation of the religious minority, which had come into conflict with the Imperial government over its refusal to serve in the military and other positions. Canada settled them in Manitoba and Saskatchewan.Template:Cn

Russian Civil War, Soviet Union, and 1991 independenceEdit

During 1901, sixteen years prior to the October Revolution, Joseph Stalin, the future leader of the Soviet Union, lived in the city organizing strikes. On 3 March 1918, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk gave the city back to the Ottoman Empire, confirmed in the Treaty of Batum of June 1918 between the Ottoman Empire and the new Democratic Republic of Georgia. As result of the end of World War I the British took control over Batumi from December 1918,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> who stayed until July 1920 when the city and province was transferred to the Democratic Republic of Georgia, which gave Adjara autonomy. In 1921 Kemal Atatürk ceded the northern part of Adjara, including Batumi, to the Bolsheviks who reconquered the Transcaucasian republics, on the condition that it be granted autonomy for the sake of the Muslims among Batumi's mixed population.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

When Georgia regained its independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, Aslan Abashidze was appointed head of Adjara's governing council and subsequently held onto power throughout the unrest of the 1990s. While Abkhazia and South Ossetia areas attempted to break away from the Georgian state, Adjara remained an integral part of the republic. Instead, Abashidze turned Adjara into his personal fiefdom.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In May 2004, he fled to Russia<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> after mass protests in Batumi,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> which concluded the 2004 Adjara crisis.

Post-1991Edit

Batumi today is one of the main port cities of Georgia. It has the capacity for 80,000-ton tankersTemplate:Cn to take materials such as oil that are shipped through Georgia from Central Asia. Additionally, the city exports regional agricultural products. Since 1995 the freight conversion of the port has constantly risen, with an approximate 8 million tons in 2001. The annual revenue from the port is estimated at between $200 million and $300 million.Template:Cn

File:20241123 Batumi 6.jpg
Batumi at night, with lighted stadium in the centre
File:Changing skyline of Batumi, Georgia.jpg
As Georgia's Black Sea coast continues to develop, high-rises are being built amongst Batumi's traditionally classical cityscapes.

Since the change of power in Adjara, Batumi has attracted international investors, and the prices of real estate in the city have trebled since 2001. In July 2007, the seat of the Constitutional Court of Georgia was moved from Tbilisi to Batumi to stimulate regional development.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Several new hotels opened after 2009, first the Sheraton in 2010 and the Radisson Blu in 2011.Template:Cn The city features several casinos that attract tourists from Turkey, where gambling is illegal.Template:Cn

Batumi was host to the Russian 12th Military Base. Following the Rose Revolution, the central government pushed for the removal of these forces and reached an agreement in 2005 with Moscow. According to the agreement, the process of withdrawal was planned to be completed in 2008, but the Russians completed the transfer of the Batumi base to Georgia on 13 November 2007, ahead of schedule.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

GeographyEdit

ClimateEdit

File:Batumi at night (2013).jpg
Batumi at night

Batumi has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa) according to Köppen's classification. The city's climate is heavily influenced by the onshore flow from the Black Sea and is subject to the orographic effect of the nearby hills and mountains, resulting in significant rainfall throughout most of the year, making Batumi the wettest city in both Georgia and the entire Caucasus Region.

The average annual temperature in Batumi is approximately Template:Convert. January is the coldest month with an average temperature of Template:Convert. August is the hottest month, with an average temperature of Template:Convert. The absolute minimum recorded temperature is Template:Convert, and the absolute maximum is Template:Convert. The number of days with daily temperatures above Template:Convert is 239. The city receives 1958 hours of sunshine per year.

Batumi's average annual precipitation is Template:Convert. November is the wettest month with an average of Template:Convert of precipitation, while May is the driest, averaging Template:Convert. Batumi receives snow most years, but it is often limited in amount (accumulating snowfall of more than Template:Convert is rare), and the number of days with snow cover for the year is 12. The average level of relative humidity ranges from 70 to 80%.

Template:Weather box

SubdivisionsEdit

According to the 31 March 2008, decision of the Batumi City Council, Batumi is divided into seven boroughs, those of: Template:Div col

  • Old Batumi (ძველი ბათუმის უბანი)
  • Rustaveli (რუსთაველის უბანი)
  • Khimshiashvili (ხიმშიაშვილის უბანი)
  • Bagrationi (ბაგრატიონის უბანი)
  • Aghmashenebeli (აღმაშენებლის უბანი)
  • Javakhishvili (ჯავახიშვილის უბანი)
  • Tamar (თამარის უბანი)
  • Boni-Gorodok (ბონი-გოროდოკის უბანი)
  • Airport (აეროპორტის უბანი)
  • Gonio-Kvariati (გონიო-კვარიათის უბანი)
  • Kakhaberi (კახაბრის უბანი)
  • Batumi Industrial (ბათუმის სამრეწველო უბანი)
  • Green Cape (მწვანე კონცხის უბანი)<ref>Template:In lang დადგენილება N 3-1 ბათუმის უბნებიTemplate:Dead link (Decision #3.1. Boroughs of Batumi). Batumi City Council. Accessed 15 November 2009</ref>

Template:Div col end

CityscapeEdit

File:Batum.jpg
Port of Batumi in 1881

Contemporary architectureEdit

File:Square in Batumi.jpg
Batumi Neptun Square
File:Seaside of Batumi (02).jpg
Batumi boulevard and beach
File:20241123 Batumi 7a.jpg
Marriott Hotel, Batumi
File:Батуми - panoramio (5).jpg
Radisson Blu Hotel, Batumi

Batumi's skyline has been transformed since 2007 with remarkable buildings and monuments of contemporary architecture,<ref name=nyt/> including:<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

  • Marriott Hotel
  • Radisson Blu hotel
  • Public Service Hall
  • Hilton Batumi
  • Leogrand

A large Kempinski hotel and casino is to open in 2013, a Hilton Hotel as well as a 47-storey Trump Tower is also planned.<ref>"TOURISM IS FLOURISHING IN BLACK SEA RESORT", AP, November 11, 2012 Template:Webarchive</ref> Alliance Privilege, a building compromising Marriott Hotel, Casino and serviced apartments is one of the contemporary buildings with unique architecture by the beach.

Novelty architectureEdit

Novelty architecture in Batumi includes:

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Sites of interestEdit

Main sightsEdit

Attractions include

Tourist attractionsEdit

File:1071 - Kaukasus 2014 - Georgien - Batumi (16728246174).jpg
Panorama view of Batumi Europe Square and Medea Statue

Template:Div col

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> Template:Div col end

DemographicsEdit

File:Church in Batumi.jpg
Georgian Orthodox Cathedral of the Mother of God
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Year Georgians Armenians Russians Greeks Others Total
1886 2,518 17% 3,458 23.4% 2,982 20.1% 1,660 11.2% 4,185 28.3% 14,803
1897<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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6,087 21.4% 6,839 24% 6,224 21.8% 2,764 9.7% 6,594 23.1% 28,508
1916<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> 6,481 32.4% 5,524 27.6% 4,825 24.1% 3,190 15.9% 20,020
1926 17,804 36.7% 10,233 21.1% 8,760 18.1% 2,844 5.9% 8,833 18.2% 48,474
1959 40,181 48.8% 12,743 15.5% 20,857 25.3% 1,668 2% 6,879 8.4% 82,328
2002<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

104,313 85.6% 7,517 6.2% 6,300 5.2% 587 0.5% 3,089 2.5% 121,806
2014<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

142,691 93.4% 4,636 3.0% 2,889 1.9% 289 0.2% 2,334 1.5% 152,839

ReligionEdit

Of the 4,970 inhabitants in 1872, about 4,500 were Muslim (Adjarians, Turks, Circassians, and Abkhazians). In the 1897 census, the Orthodox Christian population was 15,495 (mostly Slavs) while Muslims numbered 3,156, including some of whom were citizens of Turkey.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

As of 2014, out of 152,839 inhabitants of Batumi, 68,7% is Eastern Orthodox Christian, and they primarily adhere to the national Georgian Orthodox Church.<ref name="pop">georgia-religion 2014</ref><ref name="geostat.ge">National Statistics Office of Georgia. Population Census 2014: Population by Regions and Religion Template:Webarchive, Retrieved: 6 May 2016</ref> Muslims make up 25,3% of population,<ref name="pop"/> while there are also Catholic, Armenian Apostolic, Jehovah's Witness, Seventh-day Adventist, and Jewish communities.<ref name="geostat.ge"/>

The main places of worship in the city are:

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

CultureEdit

File:20241123 Batumi 7.jpg
University of Batumi

Batumi has 18 various museums, including State Art Museum of Adjara. Rugby Union club Batumi RC competes in the Georgian Didi 10 and previously competed in the Pan-European Rugby Europe Super Cup. Football club FC Dinamo Batumi play at the Batumi stadium.

A sculpture by Tamara Kvesitadze of two standing figures on the seashore shows the story first told in the 1937 Austrian novel, Ali and Nino, of lovers who are parted after World War I. Each day, the two figures move toward each other but never stay together. Ali, an Azerbaijani Muslim, falls in love with Georgian princess, Nino, but sadly, after they are finally able to get together, the war hits home and Ali is killed. It was installed in 2010.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Notable peopleEdit

Notable people who are from or have resided in Batumi: Template:Div col

Template:Div col end

Economy and infrastructureEdit

File:Batumi seaport, Adjaria, Georgia.jpg
The seaport of Batumi with the city in the background.

TransportEdit

The city is served by Batumi Airport, one of three international airports in the country.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The main types of public transport are buses, minibusses, and taxis. Batumi has modern electric buses. Using the service is possible by BATUMICARD, transit card, or debit/credit cards. Buses connect almost everywhere in the city. A bike-sharing system named BatumVelo allows you to rent a bicycle on the street with a smart card.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The port of Batumi is on one of the routes of China's proposed Eurasian Land Bridge (part of the "New Silk Road"), which would see an eastern freight link to China via Azerbaijan and the Caspian Sea, and a western link by ferry to Ukraine and on to Europe.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

EducationEdit

Batumi has become an emerging centre for medical education in the Caucasus region, attracting international students due to its affordable tuition and English-language programs. Institutions such as Batumi Shota Rustaveli State University, BAU International University offer accredited medical degrees recognized across America, Europe and Asia.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The city’s growth in medical education is supported by modern infrastructure and increasing foreign enrollment. According to The Times of India, many Indian students choose Batumi for MBBS studies due to simplified admission processes and NMC-recognized curriculum.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Postage stampsEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

Twin towns – sister citiesEdit

Template:See also

Batumi is twinned with:<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Template:Div col

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> Template:Div col end

ReferencesEdit

Template:Reflist Template:Reflist

  • Georgian Soviet Encyclopedia. Georgian SSR (Supplementary Edition). 1981. pp. 16–18.

External linksEdit

Template:Sister project Template:Wikivoyage

Template:Cities and towns in Georgia (country) Template:Districts of Georgia Template:List of European capitals by region Template:Authority control

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