Blue law
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Blue laws (also known as Sunday laws, Sunday trade laws, and Sunday closing laws) are laws restricting or banning certain activities on specified days, usually Sundays in the western world. The laws were adopted originally for religious reasons, specifically to promote the observance of the Christian day of worship. Since then, they have come to serve secular purposes as well.
Blue laws commonly ban certain business and recreational activities on Sundays, and impose restrictions on the retail sale of hard goods and consumables, particularly alcoholic beverages.<ref>Template:Citation</ref><ref name=CourantLawsFading>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The laws also place limitations on a range of other endeavors—including travel, fashions, hunting, professional sports, stage performances, movie showings, and gambling.<ref name=FreedomForum>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> While less prevalent today, blue laws continue to be enforced in parts of the United States and Canada as well as in European countries, such as Austria, Germany, Norway, and Poland, where most stores are required to close on Sundays.<ref name=FreedomForum /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In the United States, the Supreme Court has upheld blue laws as constitutional despite their religious origins if supported by secular justifications. This has resulted to the provision of a day of rest for the general population.<ref name=SupremeMcGowan>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=SupremeTwoGuys>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Meanwhile, various state courts have struck down the laws as either unenforceable or in violation of their states' constitutions. In response, state legislators have re-enacted certain Sunday laws to satisfy the rulings while allowing some of the other statutes to remain on the books with no intention to enforce them.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Failed verification
HistoryEdit
The Roman Emperor Constantine promulgated the first known law regarding prohibition of Sunday labour for apparent religion-associated reasons in A.D. 321:
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On the venerable Day of the Sun let the magistrates and people residing in cities rest, and let all workshops be closed.{{#if:Codex Justinianus, lib. 3, tit. 12, 3|{{#if:|}}
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The earliest laws in North America addressing Sunday activities and public behavior were enacted in the Jamestown Colony in 1619 by the first General Assembly of Virginia. Among the 70 laws passed by the assembly was a mandate requiring attendance by all colonists at both morning and afternoon worship services on Sundays. The laws adopted that year also included provisions addressing idleness, gambling, drunkenness, and excessive apparel.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Similar laws aimed at keeping the Sabbath holy and regulating morals were soon adopted throughout the colonies.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The first known example of the phrase "blue laws" in print was in the March 3, 1755, edition of the New-York Mercury, in which the writer imagines a future newspaper praising the revival of "our [Connecticut's] old Blue Laws".<ref>Template:Oed</ref> In his 1781 book General History of Connecticut, the Reverend Samuel Peters (1735–1826) used the phrase to describe numerous laws adopted by 17th-century Puritans that prohibited various activities on Sunday, recreational as well as commercial.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Beyond that, Peters' book is regarded as an unreliable account of the laws and probably was written to satirize their puritanical nature.<ref name=ConnecticutHistory />
While the historical roots of Sunday trade laws in the United States are generally known, the origin of the term "blue laws" remains a mystery. According to a Time magazine editorial in 1961, the year the Supreme Court heard four cases on the issue, the color blue came to be associated with colonial laws in opposition to the red emblem of British royalty.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> Other explanations have been offered. One of the most widely circulated is that early blue laws adopted in Connecticut were printed on blue paper. However, no copies have been found that would support this claim and it is not deemed credible.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A more plausible explanation, one that is gaining general acceptance, is that the laws adopted by Puritans were aimed at enforcing morality and thus were "blue-nosed", though the term "blue" may have been used in the vernacular of the times as a synonym for puritanism itself, in effect, overly strict.<ref name=ConnecticutHistory>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=CourantLawsFading />
As Protestant moral reformers organized the Sabbath reform in 19th-century America, calls for the enactment and enforcement of stricter Sunday laws developed. Numerous Americans were arrested for working, keeping an open shop, drinking alcohol, traveling, and engaging in recreational activities on Sundays. Erwin Fahlbusch and Geoffrey William Bromiley write that throughout their existence, organizations advocating first-day Sabbatarianism, such as the Lord's Day Alliance in North America and the Lord's Day Observance Society in the British Isles, were supported by labor unions in lobbying "to prevent secular and commercial interests from hampering freedom of worship and from exploiting workers".<ref name="FahlbuschBromiley2005">Template:Cite book</ref>
In Canada, the Ligue du Dimanche, a Roman Catholic Sunday league, supported the Lord's Day Act in 1923 and promoted first-day Sabbatarian legislation.<ref name="2005Roy">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Failed verification<ref name="Rybczyński1991">Template:Cite book</ref> Beginning in the 1840s, workers, Jews, Seventh Day Baptists, freethinkers, and other groups began to organize opposition. Throughout the century, Sunday laws fueled churchTemplate:Ndashstate controversy, and as an issue that contributed to the emergence of modern American minority-rights politics.<ref>Compare: Kyle G. Volk (2014), Moral Minorities and the Making of American Democracy. New York: Oxford University Press. Template:ISBN - "To write the history of minorities and to understand the long tradition of minority-rights activism means rediscovering those in the past who found themselves in the minority and took action."</ref> On the other hand, the more recent Dies Domini, written by Pope John Paul II in 1998, advocates Sunday legislation in that it protects civil servants and workers; the North Dakota Catholic Conference in 2011 likewise maintained that blue laws, in accordance with the Compendium of the Social Doctrine of the Church, "ensure that, for reasons of economic productivity, citizens are not denied time for rest and divine worship".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Similarly, Chief Justice Earl Warren, while recognizing the partial religious origin of blue laws, acknowledged the "secular purpose they served by providing a benefit to workers at the same time that they enhanced labor productivity".<ref name="Goldberg2000">Template:Cite book</ref>
Laws by jurisdictionEdit
EuropeEdit
Green: Large supermarkets and shopping centers are generally open on Sundays.
Blue: Large supermarkets are allowed to be open for no more than 6 hours on Sundays.
Red: Large supermarkets are generally closed on Sundays.
GermanyEdit
The {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("shop closing law") on Sundays and public holidays have been in effect since 1956.
DenmarkEdit
In Denmark the closing laws restricting retail trade on Sundays were effectively abolished on October 1, 2012. Retail trade is only restricted on public holidays (New Year's Day, Maundy Thursday, Good Friday, Easter Sunday, Easter Monday, Day of Prayer, Ascension Day, Whit Sunday, Whit Monday, Christmas Day and Boxing Day) and on Constitution Day, Christmas Eve and New Year's Eve (on New Year's Eve from 3 pm only). On these days almost all shops will remain closed. Exempt are bakeries, DIYs, garden centres, gas stations and smaller supermarkets.<ref>Template:Cite act</ref>
England and WalesEdit
Before 1994Edit
Prior to 1994, trading laws forbade sale of certain products on a Sunday; the distinction between those that could and could not be sold was increasingly seen as arbitrary, and the laws were inadequately enforced and widely flouted. For example, some supermarkets would treat the relatively modest fines arising as a business cost and open nonetheless.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Since 1994Edit
The Sunday Trading Act 1994 relaxed restrictions on Sunday trading. This produced vocal opposition from bodies such as the Keep Sunday Special campaign, and the Lord's Day Observance Society: on religious grounds, on the grounds that it would increase consumerism, and that it would reduce shop assistants' weekend leisure time.
The legislation permits large shops (those with a relevant floor area in excess of 280 square metres; 3000 sq. ft.) to open for up to six hours on Sunday. Small shops, those with an area of below 280 square metres (3000 sq. ft.), are free to set their own Sunday trading times. Some large shops, such as off-licences, service stations and garages, are exempt from the restrictions.
Some very large shops (e.g. department stores) open for longer than six hours on a Sunday by allowing customers in to browse 30 minutes prior to allowing them to make a purchase, since the six-hour restriction only applies to time during which the shop may make sales.
Christmas Day and Easter Sunday are non-trading days. This applies even to garden centres, which earlier had been trading over Easter, but not to small shops (those with an area of below 280 square metres; 3000 sq. ft.).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
NetherlandsEdit
Prior to 1996, shops were generally closed on Sundays. A new law (Template:Interlanguage link) regarding opening times changed that and leaves that decision mostly up to local municipalities. This law was changed several times since.
The Zondagswet<ref name="zondagswet">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> (“Template:Interlanguage link”), a law on Sabbath desecration, is mainly to ensure that church services remain undisturbed on Sundays and Christian holidays. It forbids public festivities on a Sunday before 13:00, as well as making noise that carries farther than Template:Convert, but activities that are unlikely to disturb church services are exempt.
Northern IrelandEdit
Prior to 2008, no football was permitted to be played on Sundays by clubs affiliated to the Irish Football Association in Northern Ireland.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Shops with a floor area of over Template:Convert may only open from 1 to 6pm on Sundays.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In Belfast, public playgrounds were closed on Sundays until 1965. Swings in public parks were tied up and padlocked to prevent their use.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Similar laws formerly applied to cinemas, pubs and parks.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
PolandEdit
Since 2007, blue laws were enacted and resulted in stores closing on the 13 state holidays in Poland – these are both religious and secular days of rest. In 2014, an initiative by the Law and Justice party failed to pass the reading in the Sejm to ban trading on Sundays and state holidays. However, since 2018, the ruling government and the President of Poland has signed a law that restricts store trading from March 1, 2018, to the first and last Sunday of the month, Palm Sunday, the 3rd and 4th Advent Sundays, as well as trading until 14.00 for Easter Saturday and Christmas Eve.
In 2019, the restriction was extended, and trading was permitted solely on the last Sunday of the month, as well as Palm Sunday, the 3rd and 4th Advent Sundays, as well as trading until 14.00 for Easter Saturday and Christmas Eve. From 2020, stores may only be open on seven Sundays in the year: Palm Sunday, the 3rd and 4th Advent Sundays, the last Sunday of January, April, June and August as well as trading until 14.00 for Easter Saturday and Christmas Eve.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Dead linkTemplate:Cbignore</ref> As a result of restrictions in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic, the 2nd Advent Sunday was later added as a shopping day.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
North AmericaEdit
CanadaEdit
The Lord's Day Act, which since 1906 had prohibited business transactions from taking place on Sundays, was declared unconstitutional in the 1985 case R. v. Big M Drug Mart Ltd. Calgary police officers witnessed several transactions at the Big M Drug Mart, all of which occurred on a Sunday. Big M was charged with a violation of the Lord's Day Act. A provincial court ruled that the Lord's Day Act was unconstitutional, but the Crown proceeded to appeal all the way to the Supreme Court of Canada. In a unanimous 6–0 decision, the Lord's Day Act was ruled an infringement of the freedom of conscience and religion defined in section 2(a) of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
A Toronto referendum in 1950 allowed only team sports to be played professionally on Sunday. Theatre performances, movie screenings, and horse racing were not permitted until the 1960s.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The Supreme Court later concluded, in R. v. Edwards Books and Art Ltd. [1986] (2 S.C.R. 713), that Ontario's Retail Business Holiday Act, which required some Sunday closings, did not violate the Charter because it did not have a religious purpose. Nonetheless, as of today, virtually all provincial Sunday closing laws have ceased to exist. Some were struck down by provincial courts, but most were simply abrogated,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> often due to competitive reasons where out-of-province or foreign merchants were open.
United StatesEdit
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In the United States, judges have defended blue laws "in terms of their secular benefit to workers", holding that "the laws were essential to social well-being".<ref name="Smith2003"/> In 1896, Supreme Court Justice Stephen Johnson Field, opined with regard to Sunday blue laws:<ref name="Smith2003">Template:Cite book</ref>
Many states prohibit selling alcohol for on and off-premises sales in one form or another on Sundays at some restricted time, under the idea that people should be in church on Sunday morning, or at least not drinking.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Many blue laws in the United States restrict the purchase of particular items on Sundays. Some of these laws restrict the ability to buy cars, groceries, office supplies, and housewares among other things. Though most of these laws have been relaxed or repealed in most states, they are still enforced in some other states.
In Texas, for example, blue laws prohibited selling housewares such as pots, pans, and washing machines on Sunday until 1985. In Colorado, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Louisiana, Maine, Minnesota, Missouri, Oklahoma, New Jersey, North Dakota, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin, car dealerships continue to operate under blue-law prohibitions in which an automobile may not be purchased or traded on a Sunday. Maryland permits Sunday automobile sales only in the counties of Charles, Prince George's, Montgomery, and Howard; similarly, Michigan restricts Sunday sales to only those counties with a population of less than 130,000. Texas and Utah prohibit car dealerships from operating over consecutive weekend days. In some cases, these laws were created or retained with the support of those whom they affected, to allow them a day off each week without fear of their competitors still being open.<ref>Good Question: Why Can't We Buy Alcohol On Sunday?, WCCO-TV, November 20, 2006 Template:Webarchive</ref>
Blue laws may also prohibit retail activity on days other than Sunday. In Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Maine,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> for example, blue laws prohibit most retail stores, including grocery stores, from opening on Thanksgiving and Christmas.<ref>"A turkey of a blue law", The Boston Globe. Retrieved November 25, 2006.</ref>
Research regarding the effect of the repeal of blue laws has been conducted, with Professor Elesha Coffman of Baylor University writing:<ref name="Coffman2009">Template:Cite magazine</ref> Template:Quote
Court casesEdit
Beginning in the mid-19th century, religious and ethno-cultural minorities arrested for violating state and local blue laws appealed their convictions to state supreme courts. In Specht v. Commonwealth (Pa. 1848), for example, German Seventh Day Baptists in Pennsylvania employed attorney Thaddeus Stevens to challenge the constitutionality of Pennsylvania's Sunday law.<ref>Template:Cite court.</ref> As in cases in other states, litigants pointed to the provisions of state constitutions protecting religious liberty and maintained that Sunday laws were a blatant violation. Though typically unsuccessful (most state supreme courts upheld the constitutionality of Sunday laws), these constitutional challenges helped set a pattern by which subsequent minorities would seek to protect religious freedom and minority rights.<ref>Kyle G. Volk, Moral Minorities and the Making of American Democracy (Oxford, 2014), 59-68, 190-201.</ref>
The Supreme Court of the United States held in its landmark case, McGowan v. Maryland (1961), that Maryland's blue laws violated neither the Free Exercise Clause nor the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution.<ref>McGowan v. Maryland, {{#ifeq:no|no |{{#if:
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}}.</ref> It approved the state's blue law restricting commercial activities on Sunday, noting that while such laws originated to encourage attendance at Christian churches, the contemporary Maryland laws were intended to serve "to provide a uniform day of rest for all citizens" on a secular basis and to promote the secular values of "health, safety, recreation, and general well-being" through a common day of rest. That this day coincides with Christian Sabbath is not a bar to the state's secular goals; it neither reduces its effectiveness for secular purposes nor prevents adherents of other religions from observing their own holy days.<ref>McGowan, {{#ifeq:no|no |{{#if:
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}} "The present purpose and effect of most of our Sunday Closing Laws is to provide a uniform day of rest for all citizens; and the fact that this day is Sunday, a day of particular significance for the dominant Christian sects, does not bar the State from achieving its secular goals."</ref>
McGowan was but one of four Sunday closing cases decided together by the Court in May 1961. In Gallagher v. Crown Kosher Super Market of Mass., Inc.,<ref>Gallagher v. Crown Kosher Super Market of Mass., Inc., {{#ifeq:no|no |{{#if:
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}}.</ref> the Court ruled against a Kosher deli that closed on Saturday but was open on Sunday. The other two cases were Braunfeld v. Brown,<ref>Braunfeld v. Brown, {{#ifeq:no|no |{{#if:
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}}.</ref> and Two Guys from Harrison-Allentown, Inc. v. McGinley.<ref>Two Guys from Harrison vs. McGinley, {{#ifeq:no|no |{{#if:
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}}.</ref><ref>The LANDMARK Cases, National Sunday Law Crisis. Retrieved May 21, 2008.</ref> Chief Justice Earl Warren declared that "the State seeks to set one day apart from all others as a day of rest, repose, recreation and tranquility--a day which all members of the family and community have the opportunity to spend and enjoy together, a day on which there exists relative quiet and disassociation from the everyday intensity of commercial activities, a day on which people may visit friends and relatives who are not available during working days".<ref name="Goldberg2000"/>
In March 2006, Texas judges upheld the state blue law that requires car dealerships to close either Saturday or Sunday each weekend.<ref name="kvia.com">"'Blue Law' for car sales upheld by Judge" Template:Webarchive, KVIA, March 22, 2006. Retrieved May 28, 2008. "A Texas judge has upheld an old law that requires car dealerships in the Lone Star state to close one day each weekend. They must now choose to open either Saturday or Sunday."</ref>
OceaniaEdit
Cook Islands and NiueEdit
Blue laws also exist in the Polynesian islands of Cook Islands and Niue. In the Cook Islands, these were the first written legislation, enacted by the London Missionary Society in 1827, with the consent of the ariki (chiefs). Laws in Niue ban certain activities on Sunday, reflecting the country's history of observing the Christian Sabbath tradition.
TongaEdit
In the Kingdom of Tonga, the Vavaʻu Code (1839) was a form of blue law inspired by the teachings of Methodist missionaries. With the inauguration of the Tongan Constitution on June 4, 1875, the sixth clause stipulates: "The Sabbath Day shall be kept holy in Tonga and no person shall practise his trade or profession or conduct any commercial undertaking on the Sabbath Day except according to law; and any agreement made or witnessed on that day shall be null and void and of no legal effect."
See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
BibliographyEdit
- Algeo, Matthew (2006). Last Team Standing. Philadelphia: Da Capo Press. Template:ISBN
- Ruck, Rob; with Patterson, Maggie Jones and Weber, Michael P. (2010). Rooney: A Sporting Life. Lincoln, Neb.: University of Nebraska Press. Template:ISBN
- Sarna, Jonathan D. and Dalin, David G. (1997). Religion and State in the American Jewish Experience. Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press. Template:ISBN
- Volk, Kyle G. (2014). Minorities and the Making of American Democracy. New York: Oxford University Press. Template:ISBN.
- Westcott, Rich (2001). A Century of Philadelphia Sports. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. Template:ISBN