Template:Short description Template:About {{#invoke:Hatnote|hatnote}} Template:Use dmy datesTemplate:Jewish Christianity

The brothers of Jesus or the adelphoi (Template:Langx)<ref name="literal">Template:Bulleted list</ref>Template:Efn are named in the New Testament as James, Joses (a form of Joseph), Simon, and Jude;Template:Sfn unnamed sisters are mentioned in Mark and Matthew.Template:Sfn They may have been: (1) sons of Mary, the mother of Jesus, and Joseph; (2) sons of Joseph by a former marriage; or (3) sons of Mary of Clopas, named in Mark 15:40 as the "mother of James and Joses", who has been identified as either the sister of Mary, the mother of Jesus, or a sister-in-law to Joseph.Template:SfnTemplate:Efn

Those who uphold the perpetual virginity of Mary reject the idea of biological brethren and maintain that the brothers and sisters were either cousins of Jesus (option 3, the position of the Catholic Church) or children of Joseph from a previous marriage (option 2, the Eastern Orthodox Church).Template:Sfn Some Lutheran Churches have accepted both option 2 and option 3 as being valid explanations for the doctrine of the perpetual virginity of Mary.<ref name="Futrell2013">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Erasmus1998" />

EtymologyEdit

According to context, the Greek plural noun ἀδελφοί (adelphoi), from a- ('same') and delphys ('womb'),<ref name="literal" /> may mean physical brothers, physical brothers and sisters, figurative brothers, or figurative brothers and sisters.Template:Sfn Adelphoi sometimes means more than a blood brother, e.g., Gen 29:12; Rom 9:3 (kinsman); Matt 5:22–3 (neighbor); Mark 6:17–8 (step-brother). In such instances the context must determine the meaning.Template:Sfn Adelphoi is distinct from anepsios, meaning cousin, nephew, niece, and this word is never used to describe James and the other siblings of Jesus.Template:Sfn The word "anepsios" is only employed once in the entire New Testament, being used in Paul's Epistle to the Colossians. Although neither Hebrew nor Aramaic had a word for "cousin", both customarily spoke of a cousin as a "son of an uncle" (Heb. ben dod; Aram. bar dad)Template:Sfn and the Septuagint, the Greek translation of the Old Testament, never translates either expression as "brother" or "sister".Template:Sfn

The Vulgate renders with the Latin word frater (e.g. Mark 6:3), which, even in classical Latin, can also mean "maternal cousin" or "paternal cousin".<ref>Article "Frater" in Karl Ernst Georges, Oreste Badellino, Ferruccio Calonghi, Dizionario Latino-Italiano, Rosenberg & Sellier.</ref>

Adelphoi (brethren) of JesusEdit

File:James the Just (Novgorod, 16 c.).jpg
James the Just, 16th-century Russian icon

Mark 6Template:Bibleverse names James, Joses, Judas (conventionally known in English as Jude) and Simon as the brothers of Jesus, and Matthew 13Template:Bibleverse, which probably used Mark as its source, gives the same names in different order, James, Joseph, Simon and Judas.Template:Sfn "Joseph" is simply the longer form of "Joses", and so it appears that James was the eldest and Joses/Joseph the next, but as Matthew has reversed the order of the last two it is uncertain who was the youngest.Template:Sfn Unnamed sisters are mentioned in Mark 6:3 and Matthew 13:56 and may be implied in Mark 3:35 and Matthew 12:46, but their number is unknown.Template:Sfn

The gospels indicate a rift between Jesus and his brothers in the early part of his ministry (see Mark 3:31-35 and the parallel passages in Matthew 12:46-50 and Luke 8:19-21), and they never appear among his followers during his lifetime.Template:Sfn John has Jesus's brothers advising him to go to Judea despite being aware that his life would be in danger, and they are absent from his burial, which should have been their responsibility,Template:Sfn but they do appear in Acts 1:14 with the Eleven (i.e., the remaining disciples after the betrayal by Judas Iscariot): "These all (the Eleven) were persevering in prayer along with the women, with Mary the mother of Jesus, and with his brothers."Template:Sfn

In 1 Corinthians 15:3–7 Paul lists a "James" among those to whom the risen Christ had appeared,Template:Sfn and most scholars agree that this refers to James the brother of Jesus.Template:Sfn The 2nd century historian Hegesippus (c.110 – 180 AD) reports that James the brother of Jesus came to be known as James the Just,Template:Sfn and Eusebius of Caesarea (died 339) says that he spent so much of his life in prayer that his knees became "like the knees of a camel."Template:Sfn According to Clement of Alexandria, reported by Eusebius, he was chosen as bishop of Jerusalem,Template:Sfn and from the time when Peter left Jerusalem after Herod's attempt to kill him (Acts 12) he appears as the principal authority in the Jerusalem church, presiding at the Council of Jerusalem recorded in Acts 15.Template:Sfn In Galatians 1:19 Paul tells how he went to Jerusalem a few years after his conversion and met Cephas (Peter) but no other apostles, only "James, the brother of the Lord";Template:Sfn Paul's Greek leaves it unclear whether he includes, or does not include, James among the apostles.Template:Sfn He goes on to describe a second visit fourteen years later when he met the "pillars of the Church", James and Peter and John; James is mentioned first and seems to be the primary leader among these three.Template:Sfn In chapter 2 he describes how he and Peter were later in Antioch and in the habit of dining with gentile Christians in breach of Jewish torah, until "certain people from James" came and Peter withdrew, "fearing those who belong to the circumcision."Template:Sfn The 1st century historian Josephus tells how he was martyred by the Jews in 62 CE on charges of breaking the Jewish Law.Template:Sfn

Paul records in 1 Corinthians that the other brothers of Jesus (that is, other than James, who is portrayed as rooted in Jerusalem) travelled as evangelists, and that they were married ("Do we not have the right to be accompanied by a believing wife, as do the other apostles and the brothers of the Lord and Cephas (Peter)?" - 1 Corinthians 9:5).Template:Sfn The 3rd century Apostolic Father Eusebius left a list of 12 bishops of the early church, of whom two, Joseph/Joses and Jude, may be the brothers of Jesus.Template:Sfn The number of sisters and their names are not specified in the New Testament, but the apocryphal 3rd century Gospel of Philip mentions a Mary, and Salome, who appears in the late 2nd century Gospel of James, is arguably the other sister.Template:Sfn

The author of the epistle of James introduces himself as "James, a servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ".Template:Sfn He does not identify himself as the brother of Jesus or an apostle or a leader of the church in any way,Template:Sfn but one recent study characterises this letter as "the most Jewish text in the New Testament".Template:Sfn The epistle of Jude identifies its author as "Jude...the brother of James", but today there is widespread, although not unanimous, support for the view that it was composed in the early part of the 2nd century by an unknown author borrowing the name of the brother of Jesus.Template:Sfn Hegesippus mentions a Simon or Simeon (the names are equivalent) who became leader of the Jerusalem church after the death of James, but makes this Simon a son of Clopas, the brother of Joseph.Template:Sfn

Of the "brothers," however, no direct relationship to Mary or Joseph is ever indicated. Only Jesus is referred to as "son of Mary," "the son of Mary," or "son of Joseph." Only Jesus is the subject of the Old Testament messianic prophecies and only of him is the genealogy proposed.<ref>Frédéric Manns, Trenta domande (e Trenta Risposte) su Maria e la Nascita Di Gesù, Milano, Vita e Pensiero, 2007, p. 31.</ref>

Relationship to JesusEdit

The 19th century scholar J.B. Lightfoot identified three possible positions on the relationship to Jesus of those called his brothers and sisters by reference to their 4th century advocates, namely the Helvidian (after Helvidius, who wrote Template:Circa), the Epiphanian (after Epiphanius of Salamis, 315-403), and the Hieronymian (after Jerome, 349-419/20).Template:Sfn A fourth position, not mentioned by Lightfoot, is that the adelphoi were full-blooded brothers and sisters of Jesus.Template:Sfn

Full blood-brothers and sisters of JesusEdit

This position rejects the virgin birth of Jesus and argues his brothers and sisters were full siblings. Main proponents of this belief were the Ebionites, a 2nd century Jewish Christian sect, who rejected both the incarnation and divinity of Jesus.Template:Sfn

Half-brothers and sisters of Jesus (Helvidian view)Edit

The view of Helvidius was that the adelphoi were half siblings of Jesus born to Mary and Joseph after the firstborn Jesus.Template:Sfn This is the most common Protestant position.Template:Sfn

The following hypothetical family tree is based on the book Jesus and His World written by John J Rousseau and Rami Arav: <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Sfn

Template:Tree chart/start Template:Tree chart Template:Tree chart Template:Tree chart Template:Tree chart Template:Tree chart Template:Tree chart Template:Tree chart Template:Tree chart Template:Tree chart Template:Tree chart Template:Tree chart/end

Stepbrothers of Jesus (Epiphanian view)Edit

The Epiphanian view, named after its main proponent, the fourth-century bishop Epiphanius, and championed by the third century theologian Origen and fourth-century bishop Eusebius, the “brothers” and “sisters” mentioned in the New Testament are sons of Joseph from a previous marriage, and hence stepbrothers of Jesus. This is still the official position of the Eastern Orthodox Church.Template:Sfn

Template:Tree chart/start Template:Tree chart Template:Tree chart Template:Tree chart Template:Tree chart/end

Cousins of Jesus (Hieronymian view)Edit

The Hieronymian view was put forward in the 4th century by Jerome, who argued that not only Mary, but Joseph too, had been a life-long virgin.Template:Sfn Apparently voicing the general opinion of the Church, he held that the "brothers of Jesus" were the sons of Mary the "mother of James and Joses" mentioned in Mark 15:40, whom he identified with the wife of Clopas and sister of Mary, the mother of Jesus mentioned in John 19:25.Template:Sfn The Catholic Church continues to teach that the adelphoi were cousins of Jesus.Template:Sfn

The following family tree is from Richard Bauckham, "Jude and the Relatives of James":Template:Sfn

Template:Tree chart/start Template:Tree chart Template:Tree chart Template:Tree chart Template:Tree chart Template:Tree chart Template:Tree chart/end

Jerome's argument produces the unlikely result of two sisters both named Mary.Template:Sfn A modern variant eliminates this by identifying Clopas as the brother of Joseph, thereby making the two Marys sisters-in-law; in this version Jesus's cousin Simon is identified with Symeon the second leader of the church in Jerusalem.Template:Sfn<ref>Roberto Reggi, I fratelli di Gesù, EDB, Bologna, 2010.</ref>

The following family tree is from Richard Bauckham, "Jude and the Relatives of James":Template:Sfn

Template:Tree chart/start Template:Tree chart Template:Tree chart Template:Tree chart Template:Tree chart Template:Tree chart Template:Tree chart/end

Development of the traditionEdit

File:Otsy.jpg
The Church Fathers in an 11th-century depiction from Kiev

From the 2nd century onward the developing emphasis on ascetism and celibacy as the superior form of Christian practice, together with an emphasis on the chastity of Mary, led to the idea that she had been a virgin not only before, but during and after, the birth of Christ.Template:Sfn There is no direct biblical basis for this idea,Template:Sfn which in its earliest assertion appears in the mid-2nd century Protoevangelium of James;Template:Sfn this depicts Mary as a life-long virgin, Joseph as an old man who marries her without physical desire, and the brothers of Jesus as Joseph's sons by an earlier marriage.Template:Sfn

By the 3rd century, the doctrine of the perpetual virginity of Mary had become well established, but the unequivocal scriptural references to the brethren of Jesus raised obvious problems.Template:Sfn The heretical antidicomarianites ("opponents of Mary") maintained that, when Joseph became Mary's husband, he was a widower with six children, and he had normal marital relations with Mary, but they later held Jesus was not born of these relations.Template:Sfn Bonosus was a bishop who in the late 4th century held Mary had other children after Jesus, for which the other bishops of his province condemned him.Template:Sfn Important orthodox theologians such as Hippolytus<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> (170–235), Eusebius (260/265–339/340) and Epiphanius (c. 310/320–403) defended the perpetual virginity of Mary. Eusebius and Epiphanius held the adelphoi were Joseph's children from a previous marriage. Epiphanius adds Joseph became the father of James and his three brothers (Joses, Simeon, Judah) and two sisters (a Salome and a Mary or a Salome and an Anna)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> with James being the elder sibling. James and his siblings were not children of Mary but were Joseph's children from a previous marriage. Joseph's first wife died; many years later, at the age of eighty, "he took Mary (mother of Jesus)". According to Epiphanius the Scriptures call them "brothers of the Lord" to confound their opponents.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Origen (184–254) also wrote "according to the Gospel of Peter the brethren of Jesus were sons of Joseph by a former wife, whom he married before Mary".<ref name="perpvirg">Template:Citation.</ref>

The History of Joseph the Carpenter, probably written in Egypt in the 5th century and heavily indebted to the Protoevangelium of James, depicts Joseph as an old widower with children from a previous marriage, thus clarifying the New Testament references to Jesus's brothers.Template:Sfn

According to the surviving fragments of the work Exposition of the Sayings of the Lord of the Apostolic Father Papias of Hierapolis, who lived circa 70–163 AD, "Mary the wife of Cleophas or Alphaeus" would be the mother of James the Just, Simon, Judas (identified as Jude the Apostle), and Joseph (Joses). Papias identifies this "Mary" as the sister of Mary, mother of Jesus, and thus as the maternal aunt of Jesus.<ref name="papias">Template:Cite book</ref> The Anglican theologian J.B. Lightfoot dismissed Papias' evidence as spurious.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew, which was probably written in the seventh century, states the brothers of Jesus were his cousins.<ref>Template:CitationTemplate:Dead link</ref>

Both the Eastern and Western traditional churches maintain that Mary was a perpetual virgin;<ref name="perpvirg" /> early Protestant leaders, including the Reformer Martin Luther,<ref>Template:Citation.</ref> and Reformed theologian Huldrych Zwingli,<ref>Template:Citation</ref> also held this view, as did John Wesley, one of the founders of Methodism.<ref>Template:Citation.</ref> Eine Christliche Lehrtafel (A Christian Catechism), issued by Anabaptist leader Balthasar Hubmaier, teaches the perpetual virginity of the Virgin Mary too.<ref name="Yarnell2013">Template:Cite book</ref> The Catholic Church, following Jerome, conclude that the adelphoi were Jesus's cousins, while the Eastern Orthodox Church, following Eusebius and Epiphanius, argue they were Joseph's children from a previous marriage. Lutherans have accepted both views as being valid explanations of the doctrine of the perpetual virginity of Mary.<ref name="LongeneckerGustafson2003">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Erasmus1998">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Futrell2013" />

Other Christian denominations, such as some Baptist groups,<ref name="Radano2012">Template:Cite book</ref> view the adelphoi as Jesus's half-brothers or do not specify,<ref name="LongeneckerGustafson2003" /> since the accounts in the Gospels do not speak of Mary's relationship to them but only to Jesus.<ref name="protestantfam">Template:Citation.</ref>

Absence of Jesus's brothersEdit

There are some events in scripture where brothers or sisters of Jesus are not shown, e.g., when Jesus was lost in the Temple and during his crucifixion. Template:Bibleref2 reports the visit of Mary, Joseph, and Jesus to the Temple in Jerusalem when Jesus was 12 years old but does not mention any siblings. Robert Eisenman is of the belief Luke sought to minimise the importance of Jesus's family by whatever means possible, editing James and Jesus's brothers out of the Gospel record.<ref name="Eisenman">Template:Citation.</ref> The Catholic apologist Karl Keating argues Mary and Joseph rushed without hesitation straight back to Jerusalem when they realized Jesus was lost, which they would surely have thought twice about doing if there were other children (Jesus's blood brothers or sisters) to look after.<ref name="Keating" />

The Gospel of John records the sayings of Jesus on the crossTemplate:Broken anchor, i.e., the pair of commands "Woman, behold your son!" and "Behold, thy mother!" (Template:Bibleref2), then states "from that hour the disciple took her unto his own home". Since the era of the Church Fathers this statement has been used to reason that after the death of Jesus there were no other biological children to look after Mary, and she had to be entrusted to the disciple.<ref name="Miravalle2008">Arthur B. Calkins, "Our Lady's Perpetual Virginity," in Mark Miravalle, ed. (2008), Mariology: A Guide for Priests, Deacons, Seminarians, and Consecrated Persons Template:ISBN pp. 308–309</ref><ref name="Miravalle62">Mark Miravalle, 1993, Introduction to Mary, Queenship Publishing Template:ISBN, pp. 62–63</ref><ref name="KBaker334">Fundamentals of Catholicism, Kenneth Baker 1983 Template:ISBN pp. 334–35</ref> Constantine Zalalas argues it would have been against Jewish custom for Jesus to give his mother to the care of the disciple if Mary had other living sons, because the eldest son would always take responsibility for his mother.<ref>Template:Citation.</ref> Karl Keating says, "It is hard to imagine why Jesus would have disregarded family ties and made this provision for his Mother if these four [James, Joseph/Joses, Simon, Jude] were also her sons".<ref name="Keating">Template:Citation</ref> Pope John Paul II also says the command "Behold your son!" was the entrustment of the disciple to Mary in order to fill the maternal gap left by the death of her only son on the cross.<ref>L'Osservatore Romano, weekly ed. in English, 30 April 1997, p. 11 Article at EWTN Template:Webarchive</ref> Vincent Taylor points out difficulties in this interpretation of the text: it ignores both the fact that Jesus's brothers opposed his claims, and the position of honour of John, the beloved disciple.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>

Descendants of Jesus's familyEdit

File:Eusebius of Caesarea Armenian Gospel Icon.png
Eusebius of Caesarea, medieval Armenian manuscript from Isfahan, Persia

The early Christian historian Sextus Julius Africanus (died Template:Circa), in his "Genealogy of the Holy Gospels", referred to "relatives of our Lord according to the flesh" whom he called desposyni, meaning "from the Lord's family".Template:Sfn Of these individuals, only the 2nd century Bishop of Jerusalem Judah Kyriakos is historically attested by name.

See alsoEdit

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