Campobello Island

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Campobello Island (Template:IPAc-en,<ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref><ref>Template:Cite Merriam-Webster</ref> also Template:IPAc-en)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> is the largest and only inhabited island in Campobello Parish in southwestern New Brunswick, Canada,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> near the border with Maine, United States.<ref>Community Profile: Campobello Parish, Charlotte County, New Brunswick Template:Webarchive; Statistics Canada.</ref> It is the site of the Roosevelt Campobello International Park, Head Harbour Lighthouse, and of Herring Cove Provincial Park.

It has been an incorporated rural community since 2010 and is a member of the Southwest New Brunswick Service Commission (SNBSC).<ref>Template:Citation</ref> Despite the name, the rural community also includes all other islands in the parish.

The island is part of Charlotte County, which was formed in 1784 when New Brunswick was partitioned from Nova Scotia.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In 1770, the island was granted to Capt. William Owen, who named it in honour of Lord William Campbell,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> who was governor of Nova Scotia, and noting "Campo Bello" meant "Beautiful Field" in Italian.<ref name = bio4>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref>

History

File:Capt. William Owen, R.N.png

Captain William Owen

The island was originally settled by the Passamaquoddy Nation, who called it Ebaghuit.Template:Fact

The first Europeans were from the French expedition of Pierre Dugua de Mons and Samuel de Champlain, who founded the nearby Saint Croix Island settlement in 1604.<ref name-"rich">Pedersen, Mark. "Islands Rich in History", Leader-Post, April 13 1974</ref> France named the island Port aux Coquilles ("Seashell Harbour"). It has been speculated that the fort of Jean Serreau di St Aubin, known to have been built somewhere in the Passamaquoddy Bay but vacated in the years surrounding King William's War and Benjamin Church's 1704 expulsion of the French from the Bay, may have been situated on Campobello Island.<ref>Proceedings and Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, 1883, https://archive.org/details/proceedingstrans2121roya/page/n415/mode/2up?q=%22deer+island%22</ref>

Following the War of the Spanish Succession, under terms of the Treaty of Utrecht (1713), the island became part of the British colony of Nova Scotia. Its first post office opened in 1795.<ref name="KateGW">Template:Cite journal</ref>

In 1770, the island was granted to Captain Owen who immediately set to work building a town he dubbed New Warrington (Wilson's Beach, today) but after only a year on the island in June 1771, Owen was recalled to active military service; he never returned to Campobello Island although still advertising for industrious farmers to help settle it before his 1778 death in India.

The population was increased by United Empire Loyalists after the American Revolutionary War. Smuggling was a major part of the island's prosperity around this time, starting as soon as 1807.<ref name="salt">Template:Cite news</ref> In later years, it was remarked that merchant ships secretly putting ashore at Eastport, Maine would report in ledgers that they travelled to "Sweden" once or twice a day with their wares.<ref name="salt" /> The first major smuggling trial in the Bay of Fundy convicted Gillam Butler, of Campobello Island in 1796 of illegally importing US whale oil under the pretense it was harvested in New Brunswick.<ref name="petty">Craven, Paul. "Petty Justice: Low Law and the Sessions System in Charlotte County"</ref>

During the War of 1812 the Royal Navy seized coastal lands of Maine as far south as the Penobscot River but returned them following the war, except for offshore islands. Capt. Owen wrote to the Prince Regent, noting that if the Crown insisted on ordering Campobello residents to perform military drills on the mainland as he had cautioned against, the Crown may find Campobello fighting against it, and stating "the Crown alone, without our consent, has no right to tax us.<ref name=KateGW/>

In 1817, the United States relinquished its claim to Campobello, Deer, and Grand Manan islands, in exchange for islands in Cobscook Bay. The provincial government of New Brunswick funded the construction of Head Harbour Lighthouse, or East Quoddy Head Light, in 1829; this light station would be a counterpart to West Quoddy Head Light which the United States built in the previous decades. As of 1842, Thomas Wyer was one of three commissioners of the lighthouses on Machias Seal Island, Campobello and at Saint Andrews.<ref>https://ia804501.us.archive.org/8/items/cihm_38425/cihm_38425.pdf</ref>

File:WFW Owen renting out Campobello.png

1837 advertisement by WFW Owen, seeking tenants for the island

In 1835, the illegitimate son of Captain Owen, Vice-Admiral William Fitzwilliam Owen, became sole proprietor of the island and took great interest in his advanced years in building the island community but struggled with an "addiction" to local women.<ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref>

In 1866, a band of more than 700 members of the Fenian Brotherhood arrived at the Maine shore opposite the island with the intention of seizing Campobello<ref name="Crump2010">Template:Cite book</ref> but were dispersed by British warships from Halifax.<ref>Buescher, John. "What Happened to the Fenians After 1866?" Teachinghistory.org, accessed 8 October 2011</ref>

British naval officer John James Robinson became owner of the island in 1857 by virtue of having married Owen's daughter.<ref name="lorimer">Lorimer, John G. "History of Islands and Islets in the Bay of Fundy, Charlotte County, New Brunswick", Archive.org copy, 1876</ref> In 1881, it was sold to a group of American businessmen, including James Roosevelt. In the 1880s, the island was developed as a resort summer colony for wealthy Canadians and Americans, as was nearby St. Andrews, New Brunswick and Bar Harbor, Maine. A luxurious resort hotel and many grand estates were built.<ref name="Waters2010">Template:Cite book</ref> From 1883, the Roosevelt family famously made Campobello Island their summer home.<ref name-"rich">Pedersen, Mark. "Islands Rich in History", Leader-Post, April 13 1974</ref>

By the mid-1800s, Campobello Island had a population in excess of 1,000, which grew to 1,230 by 1910.

Geography

The island is at the entrance to Passamaquoddy Bay, adjacent to the entrance to Cobscook Bay, and within the Bay of Fundy. The island is one of the Fundy Islands. The island has no road connection to the rest of Canada; it is connected by the Franklin Delano Roosevelt Bridge to nearby Lubec, Maine. Reaching mainland Canada by car without crossing an international border is possible only during the summer season and requires two separate ferry trips, first to nearby Deer Island, then to L'Etete.<ref name="Karr2005">Template:Cite book</ref>

The ferry to Deer Island was stopped in 2017 after the boat sank, leaving the island without a direct connection to the rest of Canada.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Service was restored and became year-round due to the COVID pandemic.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

The jurisdiction of the eponymous rural community and of the census division include Head Harbour Island.

Measuring Template:Convert long and about Template:Convert wide, it has an area of Template:Convert. On the north is a high bluff headland, East Quoddy Point.<ref name="Survey1879">Template:Cite book</ref> On the west are Charley Point and the Mulholland Point navigation light.<ref name="Survey1879"/>

Economy

File:Fisherman at Malloch Beach, Campobello Island, New Brunswick, Canada, 1973.JPG

Campobello fisherman in 1973

The island has several good harbours,<ref name="Clover1891">Template:Cite book</ref> and the majority of residents are employed in the fishing, aquaculture or tourism industries.

The two major tourist attractions on the island are Herring Cove Provincial Park and Roosevelt Campobello International Park. The latter was created in 1964 and was officially opened by U.S. President Lyndon Johnson and Canadian Prime Minister Lester Pearson in 1966.

Infrastructure

File:Franklin D. Roosevelt on Campobello Island - NARA - 196819.jpg

Franklin D. Roosevelt on Campobello, 1933

The island's only highway, Route 774, is connected by the Franklin Delano Roosevelt Bridge to Lubec, Maine – the easternmost town in the continental United States. The only transportation link with the rest of Canada is a seasonal ferry service to Deer Island.<ref name="Goss2002">Template:Cite book</ref>

United States Customs and Border Protection service began searching packages to the island, originating in Canada, in 2019, prompting outcry.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="thestar_2021-01-03">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In late 2020, residents renewed their demands for the Canadian government to build a bridge to the New Brunswick mainland given the current ferry cannot operate in winter (three other New Brunswick islands do benefit from year-round ferry services). Driving to mainland Canada requires travel into Maine via the bridge, which proved difficult during the restrictions imposed on both sides of the border during the COVID-19 pandemic in North America. The border closure meant driving to and from the island was prohibited, except for essential purposes.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The government agreed to pay for an extension of the ferry service until 10 January 2021; however, winter weather after this was too dangerous. Member of Parliament John Williamson said "I think we’re in a position that some infrastructure dollars could be made available once the province has a plan and proposal ready to submit".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="thestar_2021-01-03"/>

The island has one school, Campobello Island Consolidated School, for all school grades, in the Anglophone South School District.

Communities

Communities within the rural community:<ref name="CadMap">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} Remainder of parish on maps 108, 117, 118, 129, and 130 at same site.</ref><ref name="Mapbook">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} Remainder of parish on mapbook 503 at same site.</ref><ref name="CGNDB">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• North Road
• Otter Cove
• Welshpool
• Wilsons Beach

Bodies of water

Bodies of water<ref group="lower-alpha">Not including brooks, ponds or coves.</ref> at least partly within the rural community:<ref name="CadMap" /><ref name="Mapbook" /><ref name="CGNDB" /> Template:Div col

• Friars Bay
• Lake Glensevern
• Harbour de Lute
• Head Harbour
• Head Harbour Passage
• Lubec Channel
• Lubec Narrows
• Mill Cove Creek
• Mill Stream
• Quoddy Narrows
• Passamaquoddy Bay

Other islands

Other named islands within the rural community:<ref name="CadMap" /><ref name="Mapbook" /><ref name="CGNDB" />

• Duck Islands
• Duck Rock
• Head Harbour Island
• Little Island
• Sugar Loaf Rock

Conservation areas

Conservation areas at least partly within the rural community:<ref name="CadMap" /><ref name="Mapbook" /><ref name="CGNDB" />

• Herring Cove Provincial Park<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
• Roosevelt Campobello International Park

Demographics

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Campobello Island had a population of Template:Val living in Template:Val of its Template:Val total private dwellings, a change of Template:Percentage from its 2016 population of Template:Val. With a land area of Template:Convert, it had a population density of Template:Pop density in 2021.<ref name=2021census>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Template:Canada census

Language

Canada census mother tongue - Campobello Parish, New Brunswick<ref name="scpast"/>
Census		Total		English {{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }}				French {{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }}				English & French {{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }}				Other {{safesubst:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }}
Year		Responses		Count	Trend	Pop %		Count	Trend	Pop %		Count	Trend	Pop %		Count	Trend	Pop %
check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }}		check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }}		885	Template:Decrease 10.2%	98.88%		5	Template:Decrease 83.3%	0.56%		0	Template:Steady 0.0%	0.00%		5	Template:Decrease 75.0%	0.56%
check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }}		check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }}		985	Template:Decrease 15.4%	95.17%		30	Template:Increase n/a%	2.90%		0	Template:Steady 0.0%	0.00%		20	Template:Increase n/a%	1.93%
check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }}		check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }}		1,165	Template:Decrease 9.0%	100.00%		0	Template:Steady 0.0%	0.00%		0	Template:Steady 0.0%	0.00%		0	Template:Steady 0.0%	0.00%
check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }}		check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }}		1,280	n/a	100.00%		0	n/a	0.00%		0	n/a	0.00%		0	n/a	0.00%

See also

• List of communities in New Brunswick
• List of islands of New Brunswick