Cana
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Cana of Galilee (Template:Langx; Template:Langx) is the location of the Wedding at Cana, at which the miracle of turning water into wine took place in the Gospel of John.
The location is disputed, with the four primary locations being Kafr Kanna, Khirbet Qana and Reineh in Lower Galilee and Qana in Upper Galilee in Lebanon. The Arabic name "Qana al-Jalil" has been said to apply to a number of sites. Template:Sfn The name possibly derives from the Hebrew or Aramaic word for reeds.<ref name=ewing1915/>
Written references to CanaEdit
Biblical referencesEdit
Among Christians and other students of the New Testament, Cana is best known as the place where, according to the Fourth Gospel, Jesus performed "the first of his signs", his first public miracle, the turning of a large quantity of water into wine at a wedding feast (John 2, Template:Bibleverse) when the wine provided by the bridegroom had run out. Although none of the synoptic gospels record the event, mainstream Christian tradition holds that this is the first public miracle of Jesus.<ref>Towner, W. S. (1996), Wedding, in P. J. Achtermeier (Ed.), Harper Collins Bible dictionary (pp. 1205–1206). San Francisco: Harper</ref>
The other biblical references to Cana are also in John: John 4 (Template:Bibleverse), which mentions that Jesus is visiting Cana when he is asked to heal the son of a royal official at Capernaum; and John 21 (Template:Bibleverse), where it is mentioned that Nathanael (sometimes identified with the Bartholomew included in the synoptic gospels' lists of apostles) comes from Cana.<ref name="ewing no cana">Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref>
The Book of Joshua mentions one city (Template:Bibleverse-nb) and one brook (Template:Bibleverse-nb; Template:Bibleverse-nb) named Kanah (Cana) – neither is likely to be the Cana of Galilee.<ref name="ewing no cana"/>
Other referencesEdit
In secular history, the annals of Assyrian king Tiglath-Pileser III, who conquered the Galilee in a 733 BC campaign, contain a badly preserved list of cities<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Dead link, also in Template:ISBN, p. 61ff.</ref> that had been thought to mention a certain Kana.<ref name=Maisler33>Benjamin Mazar identifies it with Cana "without doubt": Template:Cite journal In Digital Library for International Research Archive, Item #1599.</ref><ref>The translations of the inscription by Smith, Rost and Oppenheim all sport the same name.
- Template:Cite book
- Rost, Paul, chapter translator (orig. 1893). Template:Cite book
- A. Leo Oppenheim, chapter translator. Template:Cite book</ref> It relates that six hundred fifty captives were taken there. However, a revised transliteration revealed the one well-preserved syllable to be Ku, not Ka.<ref name=Tadmor67>Template:Cite book</ref>
Flavius Josephus mentions more than one place named Cana.<ref name=ewing1915/><ref name=smith1854>Template:Cite dictionary</ref> In the context of the Galilee, there are two mentions in his Life: one is a place on the road from Iulias,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Dead link</ref> and the other is a place where he resided, about a day's walk from Tiberias.<ref name=ewing1915>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Dead link</ref>
Locating CanaEdit
There has been much speculation about where Cana might be. In his Gospel, the author makes no claim to have been at the wedding. Many would regard the story of the wedding at Cana as of theological rather than historical or topographical significance;Template:According to whom it is the first of the seven miraculous "signs" by which Jesus's divine status is attested, and around which the gospel is structured.
The consensus of modern scholarshipTemplate:Weaselword is that the Fourth Gospel was addressed to a group of Jewish Christians, and very possibly a group living in Judea province; so it is unlikely that the evangelist would have mentioned a place that did not exist.Template:Citation needed There is a minority view that the gospel was written for a gentile audience, and those who take this view assert that the description in the passage about the marriage at Cana of "six stone water jars there for the Jewish rites of purification", in spite of reflecting good knowledge of the ritual washing habits among Jews at the time,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> is specifically for a gentile audience, who would not know the topography of the Holy Land. On this hypothesis, the name "Cana" might have some purely symbolic significance.Template:Citation needed
There are four primary locations which have been under consideration as the New Testament Cana:Template:Sfn
- Upper Galilee
- Lower Galilee
- Kafr Kanna, Israel (also spelled Kefar Kenna)
- Karm er-Ras, the western part of Kafr Kanna<ref name=Alexandre>Alexandre, Y. (2017). Karm er-Ras (Areas AB, AC): Final Report. Hadashot Arkheologiyot: Excavations and Surveys in Israel / חדשות ארכיאולוגיות: חפירות וסקרים בישראל, 129. Retrieved July 22, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/26693775</ref>
- Khirbet Qana, Israel
- Ain Qana, Israel
- Kafr Kanna, Israel (also spelled Kefar Kenna)
Qana, LebanonEdit
The village of Qana, about Template:Convert from Tyre, Lebanon, is traditionally held to be the correct site by most Christians, and is Eusebius's pick in his 4th century Onomasticon.<ref name=ewing1915/><ref name="onomwolf">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> It is a popular tourist site commemorating the miracle.Template:Sfn
Kafr Kanna and Karm er-RasEdit
The first time this site is associated with New Testament Cana is in a mid-17th century report to the Pope by Francesco Quaresimo, the papal emissary to Palestine, where he noted there were two possible candidates: Khirbet Qana and Kafr Kanna.Template:Sfn According to the Catholic Encyclopedia, a tradition dating back to the 8th century<ref name=cathen>Template:Cite Catholic Encyclopedia</ref> identifies Cana with the modern Arab town of Kafr Kanna, at the foot of the Nazareth range, about Template:Convert northeast of Nazareth.
Some scholars believe, according to archaeological evidence, that the identification of Kafr Kanna was the result of the decline of Khirbet Qana beginning in the Mamluk period. They note that it was a common practice for new and more affluent and easily accessible sites to be established in place of old ones to accommodate increases in pilgrim traffic, particularly in the late Medieval and Ottoman periods.Template:Sfn
Karm er-Ras, the western part of Kafr Kanna, was recently excavated by Israeli archaeologist Yardenna Alexandre.<ref name=Alexandre/> The excavation revealed evidence of a substantial Roman village with a Jewish population which declined considerably in the Late Roman period, and which was finally abandoned in the Byzantine Period, explaining why the pilgrim route was shifted to Kafr Kanna. Alexandre believes the site is precisely identified by Josephus, but other scholars disagree.Template:Sfn
Khirbet Kana, IsraelEdit
Another possible candidate is the ruined village of Khirbet Qana, meaning "the ruins of Cana." Overlooking the Beit Netofa Valley from the north, it is located about Template:Convert north of Kafr Kanna and has been noticed by pilgrims since the 12th century or earlier.<ref name=er1841>Template:Cite book pp. 204-208.</ref> However, this could either be an ancient retention, as Edward Robinson maintained,<ref name=er1841 /> or may have been attached to the place in conversation with querying pilgrims.<ref name=ewing1915/>
This site is located on a limestone outcropping that rises Template:Convert above the floor of the Bet Netofa Valley, Template:Convert from Nazareth and Template:Convert northeast of Sepphoris in lower Galilee. It also has long been identified as the true location of New Testament Cana. Excavations by archaeologist Douglas Edwards of the University of Puget Sound and archaeologist Tom McCollough reveal architectural and numismatic remains demonstrating that the site contained a modest-sized village from the Hellenistic period onward (c. 200 BCE–650 CE), including a structure that bears similarities to Roman-period synagogues, and several mikveh pools for Jewish ceremonial bathing.Template:Sfn Most importantly, they uncovered a cave complex on the south slope of the site that showed indications of use as a center for worship, including a sarcophagus lid or altar and a shelf that held two stone vessels in situ, and space for another four vessels, suggesting that Khirbet Kana was regarded as New Testament Cana from a very early time. Remains of an Arab village and a church or monastery were also uncovered immediately south of the cave complex.Template:Citation needed
Other historical evidence from the Byzantine and Medieval periods show that Khirbet Kana was regarded as the true site of New Testament Cana from a very early period. A guidebook written by Theodosius between 517 and 527 CE titled The Layout of the Holy Land identifies Khirbet Kana and indicates that two of the vessels were still at the location. A pilgrim account written by Saewulf in 1101 to 1103 CE also identifies the site, as do Belard of Ascoli (c. 1155 CE) and Dominican friar Burchard of Mount Sion (1283 CE), and a map by noted cartographer Petrus Vesconte in 1321 CE. Burchard of Mount Sion describes a cave complex located there that was used as a veneration site: "the place is shown at this day where the six water pots stood, and the dining-room where the tables were placed."Template:Sfn
'Ain Kanah, Reineh, IsraelEdit
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Just about 1.5 miles northeast from Nazareth is the Arab town of Reineh, and on the way out of it toward Mount Tabor there is a small spring named 'Ain Kânah, which was identified by Claude Reignier Conder his Tent Work in Palestine (1878) as the better candidate for the location of Cana, based on etymological grounds.<ref name=Conder>Template:Cite book</ref> Some early Christian pilgrim reports mention a spring in association with the Cana of Galilee, but no excavations have been conducted there yet.Template:Sfn
ReferencesEdit
External linksEdit
- Comprehensive list of online resources and references relating to John 2:1–11 at The Text This Week
- Entry on Cana in Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)
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