Carsten Borchgrevink

Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Use British English Template:Infobox person Carsten Egeberg Borchgrevink (1 December 1864Template:Snd21 April 1934) was a Norwegian polar explorer and a pioneer of Antarctic travel. He inspired Sir Robert Falcon Scott, Sir Ernest Shackleton, Roald Amundsen, and others associated with the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>

Borchgrevink was born and raised in Christiania (now Oslo) as the son of a Norwegian lawyer and an English-born immigrant mother. He began his exploring career in 1894 by joining a Norwegian whaling expedition, during which he became one of the first people to set foot on the Antarctic mainland. This achievement helped him to obtain backing for his Southern Cross expedition, which became the first to overwinter on the Antarctic mainland, and the first to visit the Great Ice Barrier since the expedition of Sir James Clark Ross nearly sixty years earlier.

The expedition's successes were received with only moderate interest by the publicTemplate:Sndand by the British geographical establishment, whose attention was by then focused on Scott's upcoming Discovery expedition. Some of Borchgrevink's colleagues were critical of his leadership, and his own accounts of the expedition were regarded as journalistic and unreliable.

From 1898 to 1900, Borchgrevink led the British-financed Southern Cross expedition. He was one of three scientists in 1902 to report on the aftermath of the Mount Pelée eruption on Martinique. Thereafter he returned to Kristiania, leading a life mainly away from public attention. His pioneering work was subsequently recognised and honoured by several countries, and in 1912 he received a tribute from Roald Amundsen, leader of the first expedition to reach the South Pole.

In 1930, the Royal Geographical Society acknowledged Borchgrevink's contribution to polar exploration and awarded him its Patron's Medal. The Society acknowledged in its citation that justice had not previously been done to the work of the Southern Cross expedition.

Early lifeEdit

Carsten Borchgrevink was born in Christiania on 1 December 1864, the son of a Norwegian lawyer, Henrik Christian Borchgrevink, and an English-born mother Annie, née Ridley.<ref name= Borchbiog>Template:Cite book</ref> The Borchgrevink family has distant Dutch roots and immigrated to Denmark in the 16th century and Norway in the late 17th century.<ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> The family lived in the Uranienborg neighbourhood, where Roald Amundsen, an occasional childhood playmate, also grew up.<ref name="k491">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Huntford (Last Place on Earth), p. 28</ref> Borchgrevink was educated at Gjertsen College, Oslo, and later (1885–1888) at the Royal Saxon Academy of Forestry at Tharandt, Saxony, in Germany.<ref name=Borchexped>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

According to the historian Roland Huntford, Borchgrevink had a restless nature, with a passion for adventure which took him, after his forestry training, to Australia.<ref>Huntford (Shackleton), p. 27</ref> For four years he worked with government surveying teams in Queensland and New South Wales before settling in the small town of Bowenfels, where he became a teacher in languages and natural sciences at Cooerwull Academy.<ref name= Borchbiog/> His initial interest in polar exploration developed from reading press reports about the work of local scientists on the first Australian Antarctic Exploration Committee.<ref name= Borchbiog/> This organisation, founded in 1886, was investigating the possibility of establishing permanent scientific research stations in the Antarctic regions. These plans were not realised; it was a revival of interest in commercial whaling in the early 1890s that gave Borchgrevink the opportunity, in 1894, to sign up for a Norwegian expedition to Antarctica.<ref name= AAD>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Whaling voyageEdit

The expedition that Borchgrevink joined was organised by Henryk Bull, a Norwegian businessman and entrepreneur who, like Borchgrevink, had settled in Australia in the late 1880s.<ref> McConville (In search of the Last Continent) pp. 137-140 </ref> Bull planned to make a sealing and whaling voyage into Antarctic waters; after failing to interest Melbourne's learned societies in a cost-sharing venture of a commercial–scientific nature,<ref name= McConville>Template:Cite journal Template:Subscription required</ref> he returned to Norway to organise his expedition there. He met Svend Foyn, the 84-year-old "father of modern whaling" and inventor of the harpoon gun. With Foyn's help he acquired the whaler Kap Nor ("North Cape"), which he renamed Antarctic.<ref name= Burton677>Burton, pp. 677–678</ref> A Mr Sanne was appointed captain initially but was quickly replaced by Leonard Kristensen. The ship sailed left Norway in September 1893.<ref> McConville(In search of the Last Continent) p. 140 </ref> <ref name= Burton677/><ref name=Forex>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> When Borchgrevink learned that Antarctic was due to visit Melbourne in September 1894, he hurried there hoping to find a vacancy. He was fortunate; William Speirs Bruce, later an Antarctic expedition leader in his own right, had intended to join Bull's expedition as a natural scientist but could not reach the ship before it left Norway. This created an opening for Borchgrevink, who met Bull in Melbourne and persuaded him to take him on as a deck-hand and part-time scientist.<ref name= Burton677/>

File:SSAntarctic.jpg

Henryk Bull's ship Antarctic in the pack ice

During the following months, Antarctic's sealing activities around the subantarctic islands were successful, but whales proved difficult to find. Bull and Kristensen decided to take the ship further south, to areas where the presence of whales had been reported by earlier expeditions.<ref name=FirstLanding>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The ship penetrated a belt of pack ice and sailed into the Ross Sea, but whales were still elusive. On 17 January 1895, a landing was made at Possession Island, where Sir James Clark Ross had planted the British flag in 1841. Bull and Borchgrevink left a message in a canister to prove their presence there.<ref name = Southpole>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> On the island Borchgrevink found a lichen, the first plant life discovered south of the Antarctic Circle.<ref name= Burton677/>

On 24 January, the ship reached the vicinity of Cape Adare, at the northern extremity of the Victoria Land coastline of the Antarctic mainland.<ref name="nbl" /> Ross's 1841 expedition been unable to land here, but as Antarctic neared the cape, conditions were calm enough for a boat to be lowered. A party including Bull, Kristensen, Borchgrevink and others then headed for a shingled foreshore below the cape. Exactly who went ashore first was disputed, between Kristensen, Borchgrevink,<ref name="FirstLanding" /> and a 17-year-old New Zealand seaman, Alexander von Tunzelmann, who said that he had "leapt out to hold the boat steady".<ref name="Burton677" /> The party claimed this was the first landing on the Antarctic mainland, although they may have been preceded by the Anglo-American sealing captain John Davis, on the Antarctic Peninsula on 7 February 1821, or by other whaling expeditions.<ref name="Burton677" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

While ashore at Cape Adare, Borchgrevink collected further specimens of rocks and lichens, the latter of which were of great interest to the scientific community, which had doubted the ability of vegetation to survive so far south.<ref>Borchgrevink, p. iii</ref> He also made a careful study of the foreshore, assessing its potential as a site where a future expedition might land and establish winter quarters.<ref name= Borchbook4>Borchgrevink, pp. 4–5</ref> When Antarctic reached Melbourne, Bull and Borchgrevink left the ship. Each hoped to raise funds for a further Antarctic expedition, but their efforts were unsuccessful.<ref name= Southpole/> An animosity developed between them, possibly because of their differing accounts of the voyage on the Antarctic; each emphasised his own role without fully acknowledging that of the other.<ref name= Speak38>Speak, pp. 38–40</ref>

Making plansEdit

International Geographical Congress 1895Edit

To promote his developing ideas for an expedition that would overwinter on the Antarctic continent at Cape Adare, Borchgrevink hurried to London, where the Royal Geographical Society was hosting the Sixth International Geographical Congress. On 1 August 1895 he addressed the conference, giving an account of the Cape Adare foreshore as a place where a scientific expedition might establish itself for the Antarctic winter.<ref name= Borchbook4/> He described the site as "a safe situation for houses, tents and provisions", and said there were indications that in this place "the unbound forces of the Antarctic Circle do not display the full severity of their powers".<ref name= Borchbook4/> He also suggested that the interior of the continent might be accessible from the foreshore by an easy routeTemplate:Snda "gentle slope". He ended his speech by declaring his willingness to lead an expedition there himself.<ref name= Borchbook4/>

Hugh Robert Mill, the Royal Geographical Society's librarian, who was present at the Congress, reported reactions to the speech: "His blunt manner and abrupt speech stirred the academic discussions with a fresh breeze of realism. Nobody liked Borchgrevink very much at that time, but he had a dynamic quality and a set purpose to get out again to the unknown South that struck some of us as boding well for exploration".<ref name= Southpole/> The Congress did not, however, endorse Borchgrevink's ideas. Instead, it passed a general resolution in support of Antarctic exploration, to the effect that "the various scientific societies throughout the world should urge, in whatever way seems to them most effective, that this work be undertaken before the close of the century".<ref name= Borchbook9>Borchgrevink, pp. 9–10</ref>

Seeking supportEdit

File:ClementsRMarkham geographer.jpg

Sir Clements Markham, the Royal Geographical Society president who opposed Borchgrevink's Antarctic plans

For the next two years Borchgrevink travelled in Europe and in Australia, seeking support and backing for his expedition ideas without success.<ref name= Forex/> One of those with whom he sought to join forces was William Speirs Bruce, who was planning his own Antarctic expedition. Their joint plans foundered when Borchgrevink, who had severed relations with Henryk Bull, learned that Bruce was in discussions with him; "I regret therefore that we cannot collaborate," wrote Borchgrevink to Bruce.<ref name= Speak38/> He also discovered that the Royal Geographical Society had been planning its own Antarctic expedition since 1893.Template:Cn

Under the influence of its president, Sir Clements Markham, this RGS project was envisaged not only as a scientific endeavour, but as an attempt to relive the former glories of Royal Naval polar exploration.<ref name="Crane, p. 75">Crane, p. 75</ref> This vision would eventually develop into the National Antarctic Expedition with the Template:RRS, under Robert Falcon Scott, and it was this that attracted the interest of the learned societies rather than Borchgrevink's more modest proposals. Markham was fiercely opposed to private ventures that might divert financial support from his project, and Borchgrevink found himself starved of practical help: "It was up a steep hill," he wrote, "that I had to roll my Antarctic boulder."<ref name= Borchbook9/>

Sir George NewnesEdit

During his search for backers, Borchgrevink met Sir George Newnes, a leading British magazine publisher and cinema pioneer whose portfolio included the Westminster Gazette, Tit-Bits, Country Life and the Strand Magazine.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It was not unusual for publishers to support explorationTemplate:SndNewnes's great rival Alfred Harmsworth (later Lord Northcliffe) had recently financed Frederick Jackson's expedition to Franz Josef Land, and had pledged financial backing to the National Antarctic Expedition.<ref name= Jones59>Jones, p. 59</ref> Newnes was sufficiently impressed by Borchgrevink to offer the full costs of his proposed expeditionTemplate:Sndaround £40,000<ref name = Jones59/> (at least £3Template:Nbsmillion in 2008 values).<ref name= Measuringworth>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> This generosity infuriated Sir Clements Markham and the geographical establishment, who saw Borchgrevink as a penniless Norwegian nobody who had secured British money which they believed ought to have been theirs.<ref name= Hux>Huxley, p. 25</ref> Markham maintained an attitude of hostility and contempt towards Borchgrevink,<ref name= Hux/> and chastised Mill for attending the launch of his expedition.<ref>Jones, p. 60</ref>

Newnes stipulated that the expedition should sail under a British flag, and should be styled the "British Antarctic Expedition".<ref name= Preston14>Preston, p. 14</ref> In the end, of the total party of 29, only two were British, with one Australian and the rest Norwegian.<ref name= Jones59/> Despite this, Borchgrevink took steps to emphasise the expedition's British character, flying the personal flag of the Duke of York and taking 500 bamboo poles with miniature Union Jacks for, as he put it, "purpose of survey and extension of the British Empire".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Southern Cross ExpeditionEdit

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File:Man with binoculars 1899, British Antarctic (Southern Cross) Expedition (cropped).jpg

Expedition member with binoculars, Antarctica, 1899

Winter in AntarcticaEdit

With funding assured, Borchgrevink purchased the whaling ship Pollux, renamed her Template:SS, and had her fitted out for Antarctic service.<ref name= Southpole/> Southern Cross sailed from London on 22 August 1898, and after a three-week pause in Hobart, Tasmania, reached Cape Adare on 17 February 1899.<ref name=nbl/> Here, on the site which Borchgrevink had described to the Congress, the expedition set up the first shore base on the Antarctic continent, in the midst of a penguin colony. It was named "Camp Ridley" in honour of Borchgrevink's mother.<ref name= ForgotExped/>

In 1901, Borchgrevink published the book First on the Antarctic Continent. He wrote in a chapter dedicated to Adélie penguins: "We all watched the life of the penguins with the utmost interest, and I believe and hope that some of us learnt something from their habits and characteristics."<ref name=FirstBook>Template:Cite book</ref> On 2 March, the ship departed for New Zealand to winter there, leaving a shore party of ten men with their provisions, equipment and seventy dogs.<ref name= anta-canterbury-arrival>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> These were the first dogs brought to the Antarctic; likewise, the expedition pioneered the use of the Primus stove, invented in Sweden six years earlier.<ref>Rubin, p. 38.</ref>

Louis Bernacchi, the party's Australian physicist, was later to write: "In many respects, Borchgrevink was not a good leader".<ref name= Crane74>Crane, pp. 74–75.</ref> Borchgrevink was evidently no autocrat but, Bernacchi said, without the framework of an accepted hierarchy a state of "democratic anarchy" prevailed, with "dirt, disorder and inactivity the order of the day".<ref>Fiennes, p. 43.</ref> Furthermore, as winter developed, Borchgrevink's hopes that Cape Adare would escape the worst Antarctic weather proved false; he had chosen a site which was particularly exposed to the freezing winds blown northwards from the inland ice.<ref>Mills, pp. 94–95.</ref> As time progressed, tempers wore thin; the party became irritable and boredom set in.<ref>Crane, p. 153.</ref>

On January 23rd, the anniversary of my first landing on the Antarctic continent in 1894, I found that the season in regard to climate and ice conditions was not as favorable as in that yearTemplate:Nbs[...] It was insufferable inside now, as the smell of the guano deposits was very strong. The wet loose snow which settles in drifts during the recent long gale melted rapidly, and the vapour there-from made the air muggy inside the huts. Besides, our humour always fell with the barometer, and did not always rise as quickly, especially now that, while waiting for the vessel, the time hung heavily on our hands, although there were so many matters to be considered and talked over.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>{{#if:|{{#if:|}}
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There were accidents: a candle left burning caused extensive fire damage, and on another occasion several members of the party were almost asphyxiated by fumes from the stove.<ref name= Southpole/> Borchgrevink attempted to establish a routine, and scientific work was carried on throughout, but as he wrote himself, referring to the general lack of fellowship: "The silence roars in one's ears".<ref name= Preston14/> Further lowering the group's spirits, their Norwegian zoologist, Nicolai Hanson, fell ill, failed to respond to treatment, and died on 14 October 1899.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

When the southern winter ended and sledging activity became possible, Borchgrevink's assumptions about an easy route to the interior were shattered; the glaciated mountain ranges adjoining Cape Adare precluded any travel inland, restricting exploration to the immediate area around the cape.<ref name= Preston14/><ref name= Crane74/> Borchgrevink's basic expedition planTemplate:Sndto overwinter on the Antarctic continent and carry out scientific observations thereTemplate:Sndhad been achieved. When Southern Cross returned at the end of January 1900, Borchgrevink decided to abandon the camp, although there were sufficient fuel and provisions left to last another year.<ref name = AntaDepart>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Instead of returning home directly, Southern Cross sailed south until it reached the Great Ice Barrier, discovered by Sir James Clark Ross during his 1839–1843 voyage and later renamed the Ross Ice Shelf in his honour.<ref name= Southpole/> No one had visited the Barrier since, and Ross had been unable to land. Borchgrevink discovered an inlet in the Barrier edge; this was later named the "Bay of Whales" by Shackleton.<ref name= ForgotExped/> Here, on 16 February 1900, Borchgrevink, William Colbeck and the Sami dog-handler, Per Savio, made the first landing on the Barrier and, with dogs and sledges, travelled Template:Convert south to set a new Farthest South record at 78°Template:Nbs50′.<ref name= Southpole/><ref>Mill. p. 402.</ref> Southern Cross visited other Ross Sea islands before turning for home, reaching New Zealand on 1 April 1900.<ref name=ForgotExped>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Borchgrevink then took a steamer to England, arriving early in June.<ref>Coleman, p. 243.</ref>

Return and receptionEdit

File:Carsten Borchgrevink 1901 collotype portrait.jpg

Borchgrevink around 1901

The reception afforded to the expedition on its return to England was lukewarm. Public interest and attention was fixed on the forthcoming national expedition of which Robert Falcon Scott had just been appointed commander,<ref>Crane, p. 89.</ref> rather than on a venture which was considered British only in name.Template:Cn

In spite of the Southern Cross expedition's achievements, there was still resentment in geographical circlesTemplate:Sndharboured especially by Sir Clements Markham Template:Sndabout Borchgrevink's acceptance of Newnes's gift.<ref name= Southpole/> Also, Bruce complained that Borchgrevink had appropriated plans that he had developed but been forced to abandon.<ref name= Speak38/> Borchgrevink's credibility was not helped by the boastful tone sounded in various articles which were published in Newnes's magazines,<ref name= Hux/> nor by the journalistic style of his rapidly written expedition account, First on the Antarctic Continent, the English edition of which appeared in 1901.<ref name= Borchbiog/>

In hailing his expedition as a great success, Borchgrevink spoke of "another Klondyke", an abundance of fish, seals and birds, and of "quartz, in which metals are to be seen".<ref name = anta>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In his book, he listed the expedition's main achievements: proof that an expedition could live on Victoria Land over winter; a year's continuous magnetic and meteorological observations; an estimate of the current position of the south magnetic pole; discoveries of new species of insects and shallow-water fauna; coastal mapping and the discovery of new islands; the first landing on Ross Island and, finally, scaling the Great Ice Barrier and sledging to "the furthest south ever reached by man".<ref name= Borchbook7>Borchgrevink, p. 7.</ref>

Other commentators have observed that the choice of the winter site at Cape Adare had ruled out any serious geographical exploration of the Antarctic interior.<ref name="Crane, p. 75"/> The scientific results of the expedition were less than had been anticipated, due in part to the loss of some of Nicolai Hanson's natural history notes;<ref name=Mill403/> Borchgrevink may have been responsible for this loss;<ref>Coleman, p. 240.</ref> He was later involved in a dispute with Hanson's former employers, Natural History Museum, London, over these missing notes and other specimens collected by Hanson.<ref name= AntaWhat/>

Following his return Borchgrevink was honoured by the American Geographical Society, and was made a Knight of the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav by King Oscar II.<ref name= Forex/> He received honours from Denmark and Austria, but in England his work was for many years largely disregarded, despite Mill's acknowledgement of "a dashing piece of pioneer work, useful in training men for later service".<ref name= Mill403>Mill, p. 403.</ref> The historian David Crane suggests that if Borchgrevink had been a British naval officer, England would have taken his achievements more seriously.<ref name= Crane74/>

Post-expedition lifeEdit

Mount Pelée disasterEdit

In 1902, Borchgrevink was one of three geographers invited by the National Geographic Society (NGS) to report on the after-effects of the catastrophic eruptions of Mount Pelée, on the French-Caribbean island of Martinique.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} (Chapter XXIII by Trumbull White)</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> These eruptions, in May 1902, had destroyed the town of Saint-Pierre, with enormous loss of life.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Borchgrevink visited the island in June, when the main volcanic activity had subsided, and found the mountain "perfectly quiet", and the islanders recovered from their panic.<ref name= NYT>Template:Cite news</ref> He did not think that Saint-Pierre would ever be inhabited again.<ref name= NYT/> He reported a narrow escape when, at the foot of the mountain, a jet of steam came out of the ground over which he and his party had just passed: "If it had struck any one of us we would have been scalded to death."<ref name= NYT/> He later presented his report to the NGS in Washington,<ref name= NYT/> although it is unclear if he did that. His account of the Mt Pelee eruption published in Frank Leslie's Monthly<ref>Borchgrevink (1902)</ref> drew sharp criticism in the Science journal from expert Edmund Otis Hovey.<ref> McConville (In search of the Last Continent) p. 173 </ref>

RetirementEdit

On his return from Washington, Borchgrevink retired into private life. On 7 September 1896, he had married an English woman, Constance Prior Standen, with whom he settled in Slemdal, in Oslo, where two sons and two daughters were born.<ref name=nbl>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> Borchgrevink devoted himself mainly to sporting and literary activities, producing a book entitled The Game of Norway.<ref name= Southpole/><ref name= AntaWhat/> On two occasions he apparently considered returning to the Antarctic; in August 1902 he stated his intention to lead a new Antarctic expedition for the NGS, but nothing came of this, and a later venture, announced in Berlin in 1909, was likewise unfulfilled.<ref name= AntaWhat>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Although he remained out of the limelight, Borchgrevink retained his interest in Antarctic matters, visiting Scott shortly before the Template:Ship sailed on Scott's last expedition in June 1910. When news of Scott's death reached the outside world, Borchgrevink paid tribute: "He was the first in the field with a finely organised expedition and the first who did systematic work on the great south polar continent."<ref>Template:Cite news Template:Subscription required</ref> In a letter of condolence to John Scott Keltie, the Royal Geographical Society's secretary, Borchgrevink said of Scott: "He was a man!"<ref>Jones, p. 248.</ref>

In Norway differing assessments of Borchgrevink were made by the country's polar elite: Roald Amundsen was a long-time friend and supporter,<ref name="Preston14"/> whereas Fridtjof Nansen, according to Scott, spoke of him as a "tremendous fraud".<ref>Crane, p. 94</ref> When Amundsen returned from his South Pole conquest in 1912, he paid full tribute to Borchgrevink's pioneering work: "We must acknowledge that in ascending the Barrier, Borchgrevink opened the way to the south and threw aside the greatest obstacle to the expeditions that followed."<ref>Amundsen, pp. 25–26.</ref>

During his later years Borchgrevink lived quietly. In 1929 the Parliament of Norway awarded him a pension of three thousand Norwegian kroner.<ref name=nbl/> In 1930 came belated recognition from LondonTemplate:Sndthe Royal Geographical Society awarded him its Patron's Medal, proclaiming that the magnitude of the difficulties overcome by Borchgrevink had initially been underestimated: "It was only after the work of Scott's Northern PartyTemplate:Nbs... that we were able to realise the improbability that any explorer could do more in the Cape Adare district than Mr Borchgrevink had accomplished. It appeared, then, that justice had not been done at the time to the pioneer work of the Southern Cross expedition, which had been carried out under the British flag and at the expense of a British benefactor."<ref name= Southpole/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Death and commemorationEdit

File:Borchgrevink Hut.jpg

A 1992 photograph of the Southern Cross expedition huts at Cape Adare. The accommodation hut is on the left.

Carsten Borchgrevink died in Oslo on 21 April 1934. Despite what one biographer describes as his obsessive desire to be first, and his limited formal scientific training, he has been acknowledged as a pioneer in Antarctic work and as a forerunner of later, more elaborate expeditions.<ref name= Borchbiog/> Several geographical features in Antarctica commemorate his name, including the Borchgrevink Coast of Victoria Land, between Cape Adare and Cape Washington, the Borchgrevink Glacier in Victoria Land, and the Borchgrevinkisen glacier in Queen Maud Land.<ref name= Forex/> His name is also carried by the small Antarctic fish Pagothenia borchgrevinki<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and by the extinct arthropod Borchgrevinkium taimyrensis.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> His expedition's accommodation hut remains at Cape Adare, under the care of The New Zealand Antarctic Heritage Trust which acts as guardian to this hut and to those of Scott and Shackleton elsewhere on the continent.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Borchgrevink hut was designated by the Trust as Antarctic Specially Protected Area (ASPA) No. 159 in 2002. In June 2005 the Trust adopted a management plan for its future maintenance and accessibility.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>