Cephem
Cephems are a sub-group of β-lactam antibiotics including cephalosporins and cephamycins.<ref name="Hamilton-Miller_2003">Template:Cite journal</ref> It is one of the most common 4-membered ring heterocycles.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Produced by actinomycetes, cephamycins were found to display antibacterial activity against a wide range of bacteria, including those resistant to penicillin and cephalosporins.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The antimicrobial properties of Cephem include the attachment to certain penicillin-binding proteins that are involved in the production of cell walls of bacteria.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
ResearchEdit
Researchers have developed antibiotics that include cephems and they have tried to test them clinically.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite journal</ref> Many of the antibiotics that are manufactured have different efficiencies based on the amount used, their strength, and their antibacterial spectra.<ref name=":0" /> Research was conducted on drugs that contain cephem to investigate their pharmacokinetics in the exudate of the space behind the peritoneum after radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy. <ref name=":0" />