Chaco Province
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Chaco ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}; Wichi: To-kós-wet<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>), officially the Province of Chaco (Template:Langx {{#invoke:IPA|main}}) is one of the 23 provinces of Argentina. Its capital and largest city is Resistencia.<ref name="EB1911" /> It is located in the north-east of the country.
It is bordered by Salta and Santiago del Estero to the west, Formosa to the north, Corrientes to the east, and Santa Fe to the south.<ref name=EB1911>Template:Cite EB1911</ref> It also has an international border with the Paraguayan department of Ñeembucú. With an area of Template:Convert and a population of 1,142,963 as of 2022, it is the twelfth most extensive, and the eleventh most populated, of Argentina's provinces.
In 2010, Chaco became the second province in Argentina to adopt more than one official language. These are the Kom, Moqoit and Wichí languages, spoken by the Toba, Mocovi and Wichí peoples respectively. Chaco has historically been among Argentina's poorest provinces, and currently ranks last both by GDP per capita and Human Development Index.
EtymologyEdit
Chaco derives from chaku, the Quechua word used to name a hunting territory or the hunting technique used by the people of the Inca Empire.
Annually, large groups of up to thirty thousand hunters would enter the territory, forming columns and circling their prey.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Jesuit missioner Pedro Lozano wrote in his book Chorographic Description of the Great Chaco Gualamba, published in Cordoba, Spain in 1733: "Its etymology indicates the multitude of nations that inhabit that region. When they go hunting, the Indians gather from many parts the vicuñas and guanacos; that crowd is called chacu in the Quechua language, which is common in Peru, and that Spaniards have corrupted into Chaco".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
However, the earliest known mention of the term in a document was in a letter written to Fernando Torres de Portugal y Mesía, Viceroy of Peru, dated in 1589, by the then Governor of Tucumán, Juan Ramírez de Velasco, who referred to the region as Chaco Gualamba.<ref name="etymology">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> (The term Gualamba is of uncertain origin and has since fallen into disuse.<ref name="etymology" />)
GeographyEdit
The province of Chaco lies within the southern part of the Gran Chaco region, a vast lowland plain that covers territories in Argentina, Paraguay, and Bolivia.
Chaco Province covers an area of Template:Convert and ranks as the twelfth largest Argentinian province. The highest ground in the province is also the most western, near the municipality of Taco Pozo, at an elevation of Template:Convert above sea level.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The Paraná and Paraguay rivers separate Chaco province from Corrientes Province and the Republic of Paraguay. To the north, the river Bermejo forms another natural border, dividing Chaco Province from Formosa Province.
In the south, the border follows the 28th parallel south, separating the region from Santa Fe Province, while in the west it borders Salta and Santiago del Estero.
Other important rivers include: the Negro, Tapenagá, Palometa, and Salado, all tributaries or anabranches of the river Paraná.
ClimateEdit
The province has a subtropical climate.<ref name=UNNEclimate>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It is divided in two different climate zones: a more humid one in the east and a drier subtropical climate in the center and west.<ref name=anlisclimate>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The eastern parts of the province have a humid subtropical climate (Cfa under the Köppen climate classification) with no dry season.<ref name=IRN>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In the west where precipitation is lower, it has a subtropical climate with a dry winter and is classified as a semi-arid climate (BS under the Köppen climate classification) due to potential evapotranspiration exceeding precipitation.<ref name=IRN/>
PrecipitationEdit
In the most humid (eastern) parts of the province, precipitation falls throughout the year with no dry season.<ref name=IRN/> These areas receive around Template:Convert of precipitation per year.<ref name=IRN/> Precipitation decreases westwards and become more concentrated in the summer months.<ref name=UNNEclimate/><ref name=IRN/>
TemperatureEdit
Mean annual temperatures range between Template:Convert, which decreases from north to south.<ref name=IRN/> Summers are hot with temperatures that can reach up to Template:Convert in the eastern parts of the province.<ref name=IRN/> The western parts experience more variation in temperatures due continental influences;<ref name=UNNEclimate/> extreme temperatures in summer are more extreme with temperatures that frequently exceed Template:Convert.<ref name=IRN/> During winters, incursions of cold, polar air from the south can lead to frosts and temperatures that fall below freezing.<ref name=IRN/> Being under an area of high solar radiation during summer, a consequence is that a low pressure system forms over the province during summer.<ref name=IRN/>
HumidityEdit
Humidity in the province is high due to its climate, particularly in the north, the wettest portion of the province.<ref name=IRN/> Most of the winds that transport humid air come from the north and east.<ref name=IRN/> Winters are the most humid seasons (high humidity) due to this season being characterized by frequent fogs.<ref name=IRN/>
HistoryEdit
The area was originally inhabited by various hunter-gatherers speaking languages from the Mataco-Guaicru family. Native tribes including the Toba, and Wichí survive in the region and have important communities in this province as well as in Formosa Province.
In 1576, the governor of a province in Northern Argentina commissioned the military to search for a huge mass of iron, which he had heard that natives used for their weapons. The natives called the area Heavenly Fields, which was translated into Spanish as Campo del Cielo. This area is now a protected region situated on the border between the provinces of Chaco and Santiago del Estero where a group of iron meteorites fell in a Holocene impact event some four to five thousand years ago. In 2015, Police arrested four alleged smugglers trying to steal over a ton of legally protected meteoric iron.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The first European settlement was founded by Spanish conquistador Alonso de Vera y Aragón, in 1585, and was called Concepción de Nuestra Señora. It was abandoned in 1632. During its existence, it was one of the most important cities in the region, but attacks from local Indians forced the residents to leave. In the 17th century, the San Fernando del Río Negro Jesuit mission was founded in the area of the modern-day city of Resistencia, but it was abandoned fifteen years later.
The Gran Chaco region remained largely unexplored, and uninhabited, by either Europeans or Argentines until the late 19th century, after numerous confrontations between Argentina and Paraguay during the War of the Triple Alliance. San Fernando was re-established as a military outpost, and was renamed Resistencia in 1876.
The Territorio Nacional del Gran Chaco was established in 1872. This territory, which included the current Formosa Province and lands presently inside Paraguay, was superseded by Territorio Nacional del Chaco upon its administrative division, in 1884.
20th centuryEdit
Between the end of the nineteenth and the first decades of the twentieth centuries, the province received a variety of immigrants, among them Volga Germans and Mennonites from Russia, Germany, and Canada. They, alongside other immigrants, transformed Chaco into a productive farming region known for its dairy and beef production.
Political structureEdit
In 1951, the territory became a province; further, its name was changed to Provincia Presidente Perón. The province was renamed again in 1955 when the government of President Juan Perón was overthrown, returning to the historical name of Chaco. Chaco voters, however, continued to support Peronist candidates in subsequent elections, notably Deolindo Bittel whose three terms as governor in the 1960s and 1970s were each cut short by military intervention. Bitell subsequently ran for vice-president in the 1983 Argentine Presidential elections and later served as mayor of the provincial capital, Resistencia.
InfrastructureEdit
With few paved highways, and thus an overdependence on passenger rail services, Chaco was adversely impacted by the national rail privatizations and line closures of the early 1990s. In 1997, the services that had been previously run by the state-owned company Ferrocarriles Argentinos since railway nationalization in 1948, were taken over by the Servicios Ferroviarios del Chaco S.A. (SEFECHA) (Chaco Railway Services), making SEFECHA, at the time, the only publicly owned commuter rail service in Argentina. SEFECHA currently carries nearly a million passengers a year and has contributed to the province's vigorous recovery from the 2002 crisis.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
PovertyEdit
Chaco Province continues to suffer from the worst social indicators in the country with 49.3% of its population living below the poverty line by income and with 17.5% of children between the ages of two and five in a state of malnutrition in 2009.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Among Argentine provinces, it ranks last by GDP per capita and 21st by Human Development Index, only above its neighbors Formosa and Santiago del Estero.
Official languagesEdit
In 2010, Chaco became the second province in Argentina to declare indigenous languages official within the province, after Corrientes.<ref>Template:Cite Argentine law</ref> Three local languages gained official status in Chaco besides Spanish: Kom, Moqoit, and Wichí.<ref>Template:Cite Argentine law, Link Template:Webarchive</ref>
DemographicsEdit
According to the 2022 Argentine national census, the province of Chaco has 1,142,963 inhabitants.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
EconomyEdit
Chaco's economy, like most in the region, is relatively underdeveloped, yet has recovered vigorously since 2002. It was estimated to be US$4.397 billion in 2006, or US$4,467 per capita (half the national average and the third-lowest in Argentina).<ref name="pbg">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Chaco's economy is diversified, but its agricultural sector has suffered from recurrent droughts over the past decade.
Agricultural development in Chaco is predominantly associated with the commercial growing of quebracho wood and cotton. Chaco currently produces 60% of Argentina's national cotton production. Agricultural food production accounts for 17% of Argentina's output. This includes crops such as soy, sorghum, and maize. Sugarcane is also cultivated in the south, as well as rice and tobacco to a lesser degree.
Cattle breeds consisting of crosses with zebu are regarded as better adapted to the high temperatures, grass shortage and occasional flooding than intensively reared pure-breeds.
Industrial contributes approximately 10% to the provincial economy and includes textiles produced from local cotton, oil and coal production, and sugar, alcohol and paper, all derived from sugar cane.
Chaco is home to the Chaco National Park, but tourism is not a well-developed industry in the province. The province's main airport, Resistencia International Airport, serves around 100,000 passengers annually.
GovernmentEdit
The provincial government is divided into the usual three branches: the executive, headed by a popularly elected governor, who appoint the cabinet; the legislative; and the judiciary, headed by the Supreme Court and completed by several inferior tribunals. {{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The Constitution of Chaco Province forms the formal law of the province.
In Argentina, the most important law enforcement organization is the Argentine Federal Police; additional work is also carried out by the Chaco Provincial Police.
Political organizationEdit
The province is divided into 25 departments (Spanish: departamentos).
| Department | Seat | Area (km2) |
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}}Template:Dead link</ref> |
Population (2001)<ref name="censo2010"/> |
Density (2010) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Almirante Brown | Pampa del Infierno | 17,276 | 34,075 | 29,086 | 1.97 | |
| Bermejo | La Leonesa | 2,562 | 25,052 | 24,215 | 9.77 | |
| Chacabuco | Charata | 1,378 | 30,590 | 27,813 | 22.19 | |
| Comandante Fernández | Presidencia Roque Sáenz Peña | 1,500 | 96,944 | 88,164 | 64.63 | |
| 12 de Octubre | General Pinedo | 2,576 | 22,281 | 20,149 | 8.65 | |
| 2 de Abril | Hermoso Campo | 1,594 | 7,432 | 7,435 | 4.66 | |
| Fray Justo Santa María de Oro | Santa Sylvina | 2,205 | 11,826 | 10,485 | 5.36 | |
| General Belgrano | Corzuela | 1,218 | 11,988 | 10,470 | 9.84 | |
| General Donovan | Makallé | 1,487 | 13,490 | 13,385 | 9.07 | |
| General Güemes | Juan José Castelli | 25,487 | 67,132 | 62,227 | 2.63 | |
| Independencia | Campo Largo | 1,871 | 22,411 | 20,620 | 11.98 | |
| Libertad | Puerto Tirol | 1,088 | 12,158 | 10,822 | 11.17 | |
| Libertador General San Martín | General José de San Martín | 7,800 | 59,147 | 54,470 | 7.58 | |
| Maipú | Tres Isletas | 2,855 | 25,288 | 24,747 | 8.85 | |
| Mayor Luis J. Fontana | Villa Ángela | 3,708 | 55,080 | 53,550 | 14.85 | |
| 9 de Julio | Las Breñas | 2,097 | 28,555 | 26,955 | 13.61 | |
| O'Higgins | San Bernardo | 1,580 | 20,131 | 19,231 | 12.74 | |
| Presidencia de la Plaza | Presidencia de la Plaza | 2,284 | 12,499 | 12,231 | 5.47 | |
| Primero de Mayo | Margarita Belén | 1,864 | 10,322 | 9,131 | 5.53 | |
| Quitilipi | Quitilipi | 1,545 | 34,081 | 32,083 | 22.05 | |
| San Fernando | Resistencia | 3,489 | 390,874 | 365,637 | 112.03 | |
| San Lorenzo | Villa Berthet | 2,135 | 14,702 | 14,252 | 6.88 | |
| Sargento Cabral | Colonia Elisa | 1,651 | 15,899 | 15,030 | 9.63 | |
| Tapenagá | Charadai | 6,025 | 4,097 | 4,188 | 0.68 | |
| 25 de Mayo | Machagai | 2,358 | 29,215 | 28,070 | 12.39 |
VillagesEdit
See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
External linksEdit
Template:Departments Chaco {{#invoke:Navbox|navbox}}