Salta Province

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}}Template:Main other Salta ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}) is a province of Argentina, located in the northwest of the country. Neighboring provinces are from the east clockwise Formosa, Chaco, Santiago del Estero, Tucumán and Catamarca. It also surrounds Jujuy. To the north it borders Bolivia and Paraguay and to the west lies Chile.

HistoryEdit

File:Martín Miguel de Güemes 1.jpg

Martín Miguel de Güemes, a soldier and politician who fought in the Argentine War of Independence.

Before the Spanish conquest, numerous native peoples (now called Diaguitas and Calchaquíes) lived in the valleys of what is now Salta Province; they formed many different tribes, the Quilmes and Humahuacas among them, which all shared the Cacán language. The Atacamas lived in the Puna, and the Wichís (Matacos), in the Chaco region.

The first conquistador to venture into the area was Diego de Almagro in 1535; he was followed by Diego de Rojas. Hernando de Lerma founded San Felipe de Lerma in 1582, following orders of the viceroy Francisco de Toledo, Count of Oropesa; the name of the city was soon changed to "San Felipe de Salta". By 1650, the city had around five hundred inhabitants.

File:Cabildo - Salta (5708).jpg

Colonial Cabildo in the city of Salta.

An intendency of "Salta del Tucumán" was created within the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata. In 1774, San Ramón de La Nueva Orán was founded between Salta and Tarija (Tarija was added to the intendency later, in 1807). In 1783, in recognition of the growing importance of the city, the capital of the intendency of Salta del Tucumán was moved from San Miguel de Tucumán to Salta.

The battle of Salta in 1813 freed the territory from Spain, but occasional attacks were mounted from the Viceroyalty of Peru as late as 1826. Gervasio de Posadas created the province of Salta in 1814, containing the current provinces of Salta, Jujuy, and parts of southern Bolivia and northern Chile.

Exploiting internal Argentine conflicts that arose after the Argentine Declaration of Independence, Bolivia annexed Tarija in 1826. In 1834, Jujuy withdrew from Salta and became a separate province. The borders of Salta were further reduced in 1900, with the loss of Yacuiba to Bolivia.

The National Government of Los Andes, constituted from the province in 1902 with a capital at San Antonio de los Cobres, was returned to Salta Province in 1943 as the Department of Los Andes.

Antonio Alice's painting, La muerte de Güemes, which received a gold medal at the Centenary Exposition, is on display at the offices of the Salta Provincial Government.<ref name="Parker">Template:Cite book</ref>

GeographyEdit

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File:Nevado de Cachi.JPG

View of Nevado de Cachi.

File:Cuesta del Obispo en la Provincia de Salta - Argentina.JPG

View of the Cuesta del Obispo.

The total land area of the province is Template:Convert, making it the sixth largest province by area in Argentina.<ref name=anuario2016>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Rp The main rivers of the province are the Pilcomayo, Bermejo, and the Juramento, which later becomes the Salado River.<ref name=anuario2016/>Template:Rp Salta Province is located at a geologically active region, and suffers from occasional earthquakes. There have been four earthquakes of note in the province:

In 1692, registering 7.0 on the Richter magnitude scale, and at IX (Violent) on the Mercalli intensity scale,
In 1844, registering 6.5 on the Richter magnitude scale, and VII (Very strong) Mercalli intensity,
In 1948, registering 7.0 on the Moment magnitude scale (MMS), and IX (Violent) Mercalli intensity, and
In 2010, registering 6.1 or 6.3 (MMS), and VI (Strong) Mercalli intensity.

The 1692 earthquake was the inspiration for Salta's annual citywide festival, held on 16 September, in honor of El Señor y la Virgen del Milagro.<ref name="Virgen del Milagro">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

ClimateEdit

File:Salta Köppen.svg

Köppen climate map of Salta, Argentina

Although Salta Province is located near the Tropic of Capricorn, it has a wide range of climates due to variation in altitude and the influence of orography.<ref name=portalclima>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The orientation of the Andes influences the distribution of precipitation within the province.<ref name=portalclima/>

The easternmost parts of the province have a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen BSh) with a rainy season in the summer.<ref name=portalclima/><ref name=turismoclima>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The mean annual temperature and precipitation are Template:Convert and Template:Convert.<ref name=portalclima/><ref name=turismoclima/> Temperatures can reach up to Template:Convert during summer, while they can fall down to Template:Convert during winter.<ref name=portalclima/><ref name=turismoclima/>

File:Yungas en Villa San Lorenzo Salta 2.jpg

View of the Southern Andean Yungas in Villa San Lorenzo.

The first slopes of the Andes force the moist, easterly winds to rise, provoking very high condensation leading to the formation of clouds that generate copious amounts of rain.<ref name = Bobba2011>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The eastern slopes of the mountains receive between Template:Convert of precipitation a year, although some places receive up to Template:Convert of precipitation annually owing to orographic precipitation.<ref name=Bobba2011/><ref name = Ahumada2002>Template:Cite journal</ref> Most of the precipitation is concentrated in the summer, with winters being dry.<ref name=uwo>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The high rainfall on these first slopes creates a thick jungle that extends in a narrow strip along these ranges, creating an area of great species diversity.<ref name=portalclima/><ref name=uwo/> At higher altitudes on these slopes, the climate is cooler and more humid, with the vegetation consisting of deciduous and pine trees.<ref name=uwo/>

Between the high altitudes to the west and the low plains to the east lie the valleys.<ref name=turismoclima/> The climate of these valleys is either humid subtropical with dry winters (Köppen Cwa) or subtropical highland (Cwb), favouring human settlement and agricultural activities.<ref name=turismoclima/> Mean annual precipitation is around Template:Convert, most of it during summer.<ref name=turismoclima/> Mean temperatures exceed Template:Convert during the summer, while during winter, they are below Template:Convert.<ref name=turismoclima/>

File:Los Cardones National Park 04.jpg

The High Monte landscape in Los Cardones National Park.

Further west, the Altiplano is a plateau at Template:Convert above sea level. This region has a cool semi-arid climate (Köppen BSk): high temperatures vary little (since the warmer season is cloudy, and the cooler sunny), ranging from Template:Convert; night temperatures go from Template:Convert in midsummer, to Template:Convert in midwinter, and extremes under Template:Convert might be recorded. All rain falls exclusively in the summer, with annual totals between Template:Convert. Several salt flats exist in this area.

The highest altitudes found in the western parts of the province have a cool arid climate (Köppen BWk), with large diurnal ranges (temperature range between day and night).<ref name=portalclima/>

EconomyEdit

File:ViñedoCafayate.jpg

A winery located between the mountains in Cafayate.

Salta's economy is relatively underdeveloped, yet diverse. Its economy in 2006 was estimated at US$5.141 billion or, US$4,764 per capita, 45% below the national average.<ref name=pbg>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2012, its economy was estimated at $30.613 billion pesos (about US$6.743 billion) or $23,971 pesos (about US$5,280) per capita.<ref name=gdp>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=exchangerate>The average exchange for 1 US dollar was 4.54 Argentine pesos in 2012 according to the World Bank</ref>

Manufacturing plays a significant role in Salta, adding 20% to the economy. Gas and petroleum from the Tartagal, Aguas Blancas, Madrejones and Campo Durán centres is transported to Buenos Aires and Rosario by pipes. There is also an oil refinery located at Campo Durán. Mining includes uranium at Iruya, La Poma and San Carlos; and silver at the Diablillos mine.

Agriculture and its derived industries are still an important activity in the province, adding over 10% to output. Tobacco, sugar cane and viticulture are the most important and produce most of the exports from the area. Other crops mostly for local consumption are maize, beans, citrus, bananas, and tomatoes. The sugar cane is processed in plants in Salta before it is sent to the rest of Argentina and other countries. The plant in San Martín de Tabacal is the most important of them. The famous wines of the Valles Calchaquíes region (mainly Torrontés, Malbec and Cabernet Sauvignon) near Cafayate are produced in numerous vineyards of diverse sizes. American breeds of cattle are raised only on the humid subtropical east, along with some sheep and goats.

TourismEdit

File:Museo de Arqueología de Alta Montaña.JPG

The Museum of High Altitude Archaeology, Salta

The Salta province is home to a number of natural, social and historic attractions.

The provincial capital city, also named Salta and nicknamed "La Linda" ("The beautiful") is both an important tourist destination, and the centre point for visiting the rest of the province. The city holds different attractions; among them are its colonial houses and cathedral, and the Museum of High Altitude Archaeology (Spanish:Museo de Arqueología de Alta Montaña de Salta) that holds the three frozen Inca mummies found at the Llullaillaco volcano and known as the Children of Llullaillaco .

The Tren a las Nubes ("Train to the Clouds") crosses canyons and cliffs before arriving at the 3,775 metres altitude (12,500 feet) of San Antonio de los Cobres. The red-rock formations of the Valles Calchaquíes and the wine-town of Cafayate are the second most visited place in the province. Many visit the Cachi mountains and the villages (such as Payogasta) around it.

There are three national parks in Salta: El Rey National Park in the Yungas jungle, Baritú National Park and Los Cardones National Park.

File:Polvorilla.jpg

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DemographicsEdit

Template:Historical populations

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According to the results from the Template:Census-ar, the province has a population of 1,214,441.<ref name=pop/> It constitutes 3.0% of the total population in Argentina.<ref name=indectomoI>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Rp This represented a 12.5% increase in the population compared to Template:Census-ar which had 1,079,051 inhabitants.<ref name=pop1>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> 6.5% of the population or 79,204 persons declared themselves as having Indigenous background,<ref name=pueblosoriginarios>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Rp making it one of the provinces that has a high percentage of indigenous people, being ranked 5th behind Chubut, Neuquén, Jujuy and Río Negro.<ref name=indectomoI/>Template:Rp The most populous indigenous groups in the province are the Wichí, which make up 24.9% of the total indigenous population followed by the Kolla (21.6%), and the Guaraní (13.7%).<ref name=pueblosoriginarios/>Template:Rp As well, only 4,189 persons declared themselves to be Afro-Argentine.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

File:Iglesia ortodoxa San Jorge-Salta.JPG

Antiochian Orthodox Saint George Church.

The province hosts a diverse foreign community: Christian Levantines of Syrian-Lebanese origin, Spaniards and Italians make up the largest groups. A small Ukrainian community has been there since the collapse of the Soviet Union and an Indian Sikh community has been living in Rosario de la Frontera since the 1940s. Other foreign people settled in the province are the Greek Cypriots, the Chinese, the Germans, the Francs, the Chileans, the Bolivians, the Paraguayans and the Slavs from the Adriatic (mainly Serbs and Croats). The Jewish community has a synagogue and the Muslims have a mosque, both in Salta City. Salta's Jews are mostly of Ashkenazim origin, but there are also a few Sefardim families.

PoliticsEdit

File:Legislatura provincial salta.jpg

Legislature of Salta

The province is governed as representative and republican form of government.<ref name=anuario2016/>Template:Rp The provincial government is divided into three branches: the executive, headed by a popularly elected governor, who appoints the cabinet; the legislative; and the judiciary, headed by the Supreme Court. {{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The Constitution of Salta Province forms the formal law of the province.

In Argentina, the most important law enforcement organization is the Argentine Federal Police but the additional work is carried out by the Salta Provincial Police.

Political divisionEdit

File:Salta-VallesCalchaquies-P3140151.JPG

Valles Calchaquíes near Cafayate.

File:Sunny evening in Salta.jpg

View of the Lerma Valley and the city of Salta.

The province is divided in 23 departments (Template:Langx), containing 59 municipalities (Template:Langx).<ref name=politicaldivision>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The capital of the province is the city of Salta, which is where the provincial government is located at.<ref name=politicaldivision/>

Map	Departament	Area<ref name=anuario2016/>Template:Rp	Population (2010 Census)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1\|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Towns and municipalities (in bold: department capital)<ref name=anuario2016/>Template:Rp
File:Departamento Anta (Salta - Argentina).png	Anta	Template:Convert	57,411	Apolinario Saravia El Quebrachal General Pizarro Joaquín Víctor González Las Lajitas
File:Departamento Cachi (Salta - Argentina).png	Cachi	Template:Convert	7,315	Cachi Payogasta
File:Departamento Cafayate (Salta - Argentina).png	Cafayate	Template:Convert	14,850	Cafayate
File:Departamento Capital (Salta - Argentina).png	Capital	Template:Convert	536,113	Salta Villa San Lorenzo
File:Departamento Cerrillos (Salta - Argentina).png	de Cerrillos	Template:Convert	35,789	Cerrillos La Merced
File:Departamento Chicoana (Salta - Argentina).png	Chicoana	Template:Convert	20,710	Chicoana El Carril
File:Departamento General Güemes (Salta - Argentina).png	General Güemes	Template:Convert	47,226	Campo Santo El Bordo General Güemes
File:Departamento General José de San Martín (Salta - Argentina).png	General José de San Martín	Template:Convert	156,910	Aguaray Embarcación General Ballivián General Mosconi Salvador Mazza Tartagal
File:Departamento Guachipas (Salta - Argentina).png	Guachipas	Template:Convert	3,187	Guachipas
File:Departamento Iruya (Salta - Argentina).png	Iruya	Template:Convert	5,987	Iruya Isla de Cañas
File:Departamento La Caldera (Salta - Argentina).png	La Caldera	Template:Convert	7,763	La Caldera Vaqueros
File:Departamento La Candelaria (Salta - Argentina).png	La Candelaria	Template:Convert	5,704	El Jardín El Tala La Candelaria
File:Departamento La Poma (Salta - Argentina).png	La Poma	Template:Convert	1,738	La Poma
File:Departamento La Viña (Salta - Argentina).png	La Viña	Template:Convert	7,435	Coronel Moldes La Viña
File:Departamento Los Andes (Salta - Argentina).png	Los Andes	Template:Convert	6,050	San Antonio de los Cobres Tolar Grande
File:Departamento Metán (Salta - Argentina).png	Metán	Template:Convert	40,351	El Galpón San José de Metán Río Pîedras
File:Departamento Molinos (Salta - Argentina).png	Molinos	Template:Convert	5,652	Molinos Seclantás
File:Departamento Orán (Salta - Argentina).png	Orán	Template:Convert	138,838	Colonia Santa Rosa Hipólito Yrigoyen Pichanal San Ramón de la Nueva Orán Urundel
File:Departamento Rivadavia (Salta - Argentina).png	Rivadavia	Template:Convert	30,357	Rivadavia Banda Norte Rivadavia Banda Sur Santa Victoria Este
File:Departamento Rosario de la Frontera (Salta - Argentina).png	Rosario de la Frontera	Template:Convert	28,993	El Potrero Rosario de la Frontera
File:Departamento Rosario de Lerma (Salta - Argentina).png	Rosario de Lerma	Template:Convert	38,702	Campo Quijano Rosario de Lerma
File:Departamento San Carlos (Salta - Argentina).png	San Carlos	Template:Convert	7,016	Angastaco Animaná San Carlos
File:Departamento Santa Victoria (Salta - Argentina).png	Santa Victoria	Template:Convert	10,344	Los Toldos Nazareno Santa Victoria Oeste