Christopher Hitchens

Christopher Eric Hitchens (13 April 1949 – 15 December 2011) was a British and American author and journalist.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He was the author of 18 books on faith, religion, culture, politics, and literature. He was born and educated in Britain, graduating in 1970 from the University of Oxford with a degree in philosophy, politics, and economics.<ref>Britannica</ref> In the early 1980s, he emigrated to the United States and wrote for The Nation and Vanity Fair. Known as one of the "Four Horsemen" of New Atheism (along with Richard Dawkins, Sam Harris, and Daniel Dennett), he gained prominence as a columnist and speaker. His epistemological razor, which states that "what can be asserted without evidence can also be dismissed without evidence", is still of mark in philosophy and law.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Hitchens's political views evolved greatly throughout his life.Template:Efn<ref name=Pallardy-2022>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> Originally describing himself as a democratic socialist,<ref>Template:Cite AV media</ref> he was a member of various socialist organisations in his early life, including the Trotskyist International Socialists.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Hitchens was critical of aspects of American foreign policy, including its involvement in Vietnam, Chile, and East Timor. However, he also supported the United States in the Kosovo War. Hitchens emphasised the centrality of the American Revolution and Constitution to his political philosophy.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> He held complex views on abortion: being ethically opposed to it in most instances, and believing that a foetus was entitled to personhood; while holding ambiguous, changing views on its legality.<ref name=Hitchens-2019>Template:Cite magazine</ref> He supported gun rights and supported same-sex marriage, while opposing the war on drugs.Template:Efn<ref name=Carter-2021>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Beginning in the 1990s, and particularly after 9/11, his politics were widely viewed as drifting to the right, but Hitchens objected to being called 'conservative'.<ref name="Pallardy-2022"/><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> During the 2000s, he argued for the invasions of Iraq and Afghanistan, endorsed the re-election campaign of US President George W. Bush in 2004, and viewed Islamism as the principal threat to the Western world.<ref name="Parker-2006a">Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Hitchens described himself as an antitheist and saw all religions as false, harmful, and authoritarian.Template:Efn<ref name=Hitchens-2005-LtaYC>Template:Cite book</ref> He endorsed free expression, scientific scepticism, and separation of church and state, arguing science and philosophy are superior to religion as an ethical code of conduct for human civilisation.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Hitchens notably wrote critical biographies of Catholic nun Mother Teresa in The Missionary Position, Bill Clinton in No One Left to Lie To, and American diplomat Henry Kissinger in The Trial of Henry Kissinger. Hitchens died from complications related to oesophageal cancer in December 2011, at the age of 62.<ref name="Video 1995">Template:YouTube</ref>

Early life and education

Hitchens was born in Portsmouth, Hampshire, the elder of two boys; his brother, Peter, became a socially conservative journalist.<ref name=Wilby-2011/> Their parents, Commander Eric Ernest Hitchens (1909–1987) and Yvonne Jean Hitchens (née Hickman; 1921–1973), met in Scotland when serving in the Royal Navy during World War II.<ref name="Hitchens-2010"/> His mother had been a Wren, a member of the Women's Royal Naval Service.<ref name="Walsh-2010">Template:Cite news</ref> She was of Jewish origin, something that Hitchens discovered when he was 38; he thus came to identify as a Jew.<ref name="Gordon-2007">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Tracy-2011">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Barber-2002a">Template:Cite news</ref>

Hitchens often referred to his father simply as 'the Commander'. Eric Hitchens was deployed on Template:HMS, which took part in the sinking of the Template:Ship in the Battle of the North Cape on 26 December 1943. He paid tribute to his father's contribution to the war: "Sending a Nazi convoy-raider to the bottom is a better day's work than any I have ever done." Eric's naval career required the family to move from base to base throughout Britain and its colonies; including to Malta, where Peter Hitchens was born in Sliema in 1951.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Eric later worked as a bookkeeper for boatbuilders, speedboat manufacturers, and a prep school.<ref name="Hitchens-2010">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Hitchens attended two private schools—Mount House School, Tavistock, Devon, from the age of eight, and the Leys School in Cambridge.<ref name=Barber-2002/> Hitchens went up to Balliol College, Oxford, in 1967 where he read philosophy, politics and economics and was tutored by Steven Lukes and Anthony Kenny. He graduated in 1970 with a third-class degree.<ref name="Wilby-2011"/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In his adolescence, he was "bowled over" by Richard Llewellyn's How Green Was My Valley, Arthur Koestler's Darkness at Noon, Fyodor Dostoyevsky's Crime and Punishment, R. H. Tawney's critique on Religion and the Rise of Capitalism, and the works of George Orwell.<ref name="Walsh-2010"/> In 1968, he took part in the TV quiz-show University Challenge.Template:Efn<ref name=Hitchens-2010-H22>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In the 1960s, Hitchens joined the political left; drawn by disagreement over the Vietnam War, nuclear weapons, racism, and oligarchy, including that of "the unaccountable corporation".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> He expressed affinity with the politically charged counter-cultural and protest movements of the 1960s and 1970s. He avoided the recreational drug-use of the time, saying "in my cohort we were slightly anti-hedonistic ... it made it very much easier for police provocation to occur, because the planting of drugs was something that happened to almost everyone one knew."<ref name="Robinson-2007">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Hitchens was inspired to become a journalist after reading a piece by James Cameron.<ref name=Barber-2002>Template:Cite news</ref>

Hitchens was bisexual during his younger days; and joked that as he aged, his appearance "declined to the point where only women would go to bed with [him]".<ref name="Aitkenhead-2010">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He said he had sexual relations with two male students at Oxford who would later become government ministers during the premiership of Margaret Thatcher, although he would not reveal their names publicly.<ref name="Aitkenhead-2010"/>

Hitchens joined the Labour Party in 1965, but along with the majority of the Labour students' organisation was expelled in 1967, because of what Hitchens called "Prime Minister Harold Wilson's contemptible support for the war in Vietnam".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Under the influence of Peter Sedgwick, who translated the writings of the Russian revolutionary and Soviet dissident Victor Serge, Hitchens forged an ideological interest in Trotskyism and anti-Stalinist socialism.<ref name="Walsh-2010"/> Shortly after, he joined "a small but growing post-Trotskyist Luxemburgist sect", the International Socialists.<ref name="Hithens-2005">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Hitchens recruited James Fenton to the International Socialists.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Career

Journalistic career in the UK (1971–1981)

Early in his career Hitchens began working as a correspondent for the magazine International Socialism,<ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> published by the International Socialists, the forerunners of today's British Socialist Workers Party. This group was broadly Trotskyist, but differed from more orthodox Trotskyist groups in its refusal to defend communist states as "workers' states". Their slogan was "Neither Washington nor Moscow but International Socialism".

In 1971 after spending a year travelling the United States on a scholarship, Hitchens went to work at the Times Higher Education Supplement where he served as a social science correspondent.<ref name="Farndale-2010">Template:Cite news</ref> Hitchens was fired after six months in the job.<ref name="Farndale-2010"/> Next he was a researcher for ITV's Weekend World.<ref name="Eaton-2012">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In 1973 Hitchens went to work for the New Statesman, where his colleagues included the authors Martin Amis, whom he had briefly met at Oxford, as well as Julian Barnes and James Fenton, with whom he had shared a house in Oxford.<ref name="Eaton-2012"/> Amis described him at the time as, "handsome, festive [and] gauntly left-wing".<ref name="Amis-2010">Template:Cite book</ref> Around that time, the Friday lunches began, which were attended by writers including Clive James, Ian McEwan, Kingsley Amis, Terence Kilmartin, Robert Conquest, Al Alvarez, Peter Porter, Russell Davies, and Mark Boxer. At the New Statesman Hitchens acquired a reputation as a left-winger while working as a war correspondent from areas of conflict such as Northern Ireland, Libya, and Iraq.<ref name="Eaton-2012"/>

In November 1973, while in Greece, Hitchens reported on the constitutional crisis of the military junta. It became his first leading article for the New Statesman.<ref name=Barber-2002/> In December 1977 Hitchens interviewed Argentine dictator Jorge Rafael Videla, a conversation he later described as "horrifying".<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> In 1977, unhappy at the New Statesman, Hitchens moved to the Daily Express, where he became a foreign correspondent. He returned to the New Statesman in 1978 where he became assistant editor and then foreign editor.<ref name="Eaton-2012"/>

American writings (1981–2011)

File:Christopher Hitchens, ATF Party 2005.JPG

Hitchens in 2005

Hitchens went to the United States in 1981 as part of an editor exchange programme between the New Statesman and The Nation.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> After joining The Nation, he penned vociferous critiques of Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush and American foreign policy in South and Central America.<ref name="Gordon-2007"/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Southan-2001">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Raz-2006">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Parker-2006">Template:Cite magazine</ref>

Hitchens became a contributing editor of Vanity Fair in 1992,<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> writing ten columns a year. He left The Nation in 2002 after profoundly disagreeing with other contributors over the Iraq War.<ref>Taking Sides Template:Webarchive, The Nation, Christopher Hitchens, 26 September 2002. Retrieved 22 May 2022.</ref>

There is speculation that Hitchens was the inspiration for Tom Wolfe's character Peter Fallow in the 1987 novel The Bonfire of the Vanities,<ref name="Southan-2001"/> but others—including Hitchens—believe it to be Spy MagazineTemplate:'s "Ironman Nightlife Decathlete", Anthony Haden-Guest.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 1987, Hitchens's father died of cancer of the oesophagus, the same disease that would later claim his own life.<ref name="Hitchens-2010a">Template:Cite magazine</ref> In April 2007, Hitchens became a US citizen; he later stated that he saw himself as Anglo-American.Template:Efn<ref name=Hitchens-2010-06-07-ABC>Template:Cite AV media</ref>

He became a media fellow at the Hoover Institution in September 2008.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> At Slate, he usually wrote under the news-and-politics column Fighting Words.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Hitchens spent part of his early career in journalism as a foreign correspondent in Cyprus.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Through his work there he met his first wife, Eleni Meleagrou, a Greek Cypriot, with whom he had two children, Alexander and Sophia. His son, Alexander Meleagrou-Hitchens, born in 1984, has worked as a policy researcher in London. Hitchens continued writing essay-style correspondence pieces from a variety of locales, including Chad, Uganda<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and the Darfur region of Sudan.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 1991, he received a Lannan Literary Award for Nonfiction.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Hitchens met Carol Blue in Los Angeles in 1989 and they married in 1991. Hitchens called it love at first sight.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 1999, Hitchens and Blue, both harsh critics of Bill Clinton, submitted an affidavit to the trial managers of the Republican Party in the impeachment of Clinton. Therein they swore that their then-friend Sidney Blumenthal had described Monica Lewinsky as a stalker. This allegation contradicted Blumenthal's own sworn deposition in the trial,<ref name="Marshall-1999">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and it resulted in a hostile exchange of opinion in the public sphere between Hitchens and Blumenthal. Following the publication of Blumenthal's The Clinton Wars, Hitchens wrote several pieces in which he accused Blumenthal of manipulating the facts.<ref name="Marshall-1999"/><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The incident ended their friendship and sparked a personal crisis for Hitchens, who was stridently criticised by friends for what they saw as a cynical and ultimately politically futile act.<ref name="Gordon-2007"/>

Before Hitchens's political shift, the American author and polemicist Gore Vidal spoke of Hitchens as his "dauphin" or "heir".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 2010 Hitchens attacked Vidal in a Vanity Fair piece headlined "Vidal Loco", calling him a "crackpot" for his adoption of 9/11 conspiracy theories.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> On the back of Hitchens's memoir Hitch-22, among the praise from notable figures, Vidal's endorsement of Hitchens as his successor is crossed out in red and annotated "NO, C.H." Hitchens's strong advocacy of the war in Iraq gained him a wider readership, and in September 2005 he was named as fifth on the list of the "Top 100 Public Intellectuals" by Foreign Policy and Prospect magazines.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> An online poll ranked the 100 intellectuals, but the magazines noted that the rankings of Hitchens (5), Noam Chomsky (1), and Abdolkarim Soroush (15) were partly due to their respective supporters' publicising of the vote. Hitchens later responded to his ranking with a few articles about his status as such.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Hitchens did not leave his position writing for The Nation until after the September 11 attacks, stating that he felt the magazine had arrived at a position "that John Ashcroft is a greater menace than Osama bin Laden".<ref name="Chomsky-2001">Template:Cite news</ref> The September 11 attacks "exhilarated" him, bringing into focus "a battle between everything I love and everything I hate" and strengthening his embrace of an interventionist foreign policy that challenged "fascism with an Islamic face".<ref name="Parker-2006"/> His numerous editorials in support of the Iraq War caused some to label him a neoconservative, although Hitchens insisted he was not "a conservative of any kind", and his friend Ian McEwan described him as representing the anti-totalitarian left.<ref name="Eaton-2010">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Hitchens recalls in his memoir having been "invited by Bernard-Henri Lévy to write an essay on political reconsiderations for his magazine Template:Ill. I gave it the partly ironic title: 'Can One Be a Neoconservative?' Impatient with this, some copy editor put it on the cover as 'How I Became a Neoconservative.' Perhaps this was an instance of the Cartesian principle as opposed to the English empiricist one: It was decided that I evidently was what I apparently only thought." Indeed, in a 2010 BBC interview, he stated that he "still [thought] like a Marxist" and considered himself "a leftist".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In 2007, Hitchens published one of his most controversial articles titled "Why Women Aren't Funny" in Vanity Fair. While providing no empirical evidence, he argued that there is less societal pressure for women to practice humour and that "women who do it play by men's rules".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Over the following year, Vanity Fair published several letters that it received, objecting to the tone or premise of the article, as well as a rebuttal by Alessandra Stanley.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Amid further criticism, Hitchens reiterated his position in a video and written response.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>

In 2007 Hitchens's work for Vanity Fair won the National Magazine Award in the category "Columns and Commentary".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He was a finalist in the same category in 2008 for some of his columns in Slate but lost out to Matt Taibbi of Rolling Stone.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Hitch-22 was short-listed for the 2010 National Book Critics Circle Award for Autobiography. He won the National Magazine Award for Columns about Cancer in 2011.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Hitchens also served on the advisory board of Secular Coalition for America and offered advice to the Coalition on the acceptance and inclusion of nontheism in American life.<ref name="SCfA">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In December 2011, prior to his death, Asteroid 57901 Hitchens was named after him.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Literature reviews

Hitchens wrote a monthly essay in The Atlantic magazine<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and occasionally contributed to other literary journals. One of his books, Unacknowledged Legislation: Writers in the Public Sphere, collected these works. In Why Orwell Matters, he defends Orwell's writings against modern critics as relevant today and progressive for his time. In the 2008 book Christopher Hitchens and His Critics: Terror, Iraq, and the Left, many literary critiques are included of essays and other books of writers, such as David Horowitz and Edward Said.

During a three-hour In Depth interview on Book TV, he named authors who influenced his views, including Aldous Huxley, George Orwell, Evelyn Waugh, Kingsley Amis, P. G. Wodehouse and Conor Cruise O'Brien.Template:EfnTemplate:Efn<ref>Template:Cite episode</ref>

He once remarked on the adage "everyone has a book inside of them" that this is "exactly where I think it should, in most cases, remain".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Professorships

Hitchens was a visiting professor in the following institutions:

• University of California, Berkeley<ref name=Wilby-2011>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=H22>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref name=BerkCH>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• The University of Pittsburgh<ref name=H22/><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
• The New School of Social Research<ref name=Wilby-2011/><ref name=H22/><ref name=BerkCH/>

Relationship with his brother

The journalist and author Peter Hitchens is Christopher's younger brother by two years. Christopher said in 2005 the main difference between the two is belief in the existence of God.<ref name=Katz-2005>Template:Cite news</ref> Peter became a member of the International Socialists (forerunners of the modern Socialist Workers' Party) from 1968 to 1975 (beginning at age 17) after Christopher introduced him to them.<ref name=Jones-2015>Template:Cite news</ref>

The brothers reportedly fell out after Peter wrote a 2001 article in The Spectator which allegedly characterised Christopher as a Stalinist.<ref name=Katz-2005/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> After the birth of Peter's third child, the brothers were reconciled.<ref name=Katz-2006>Template:Cite news</ref> Peter's review of God Is Not Great led to a public argument between the brothers but no renewed estrangement.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In 2007 the brothers appeared as panellists on BBC TV's Question Time, where they clashed on a number of issues.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 2008, in the US, they debated the 2003 invasion of Iraq and the existence of God.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2010 at the Pew Forum, the pair debated the nature of God in civilisation.<ref name=Marrapodi-2010>Template:Cite news</ref> At the memorial service held for Christopher in New York, Peter read a passage from St Paul's Epistle to the Philippians.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Political views

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In 2009 Hitchens was listed by Forbes magazine as one of the 25 “most influential liberals” in the US media.<ref>Template:Cite press release</ref> The article also noted that he would "likely be aghast to find himself on this list", as it reduces his self-styled radicalism to mere liberalism. Hitchens's political perspectives also appear in his wide-ranging writings, which include many dialogues.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He said of Ayn Rand's objectivism, "I have always found it quaint, and rather touching, that there is a movement in the US that thinks Americans are not yet selfish enough."<ref name="Masciotra, David-2015">Template:Cite magazine</ref>

Hitchens disagreed with the premise of a Jewish homeland<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and had said of himself, "I am an Anti-Zionist. I'm one of those people of Jewish descent who believes that Zionism would be a mistake even if there were no Palestinians."<ref name=Hölbling-2004>Template:Cite book</ref>

Having long described himself as a socialist and a Marxist, Hitchens began his break from the established political left after what he called the "tepid reaction" of the Western left to the controversy over The Satanic Verses,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> followed by what he saw as the left's embrace of Bill Clinton and the anti-war movement's opposition to NATO intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the 1990s.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He later became a so-called liberal hawk and supported the War on Terror, but he had some reservations, such as his characterisation of waterboarding as torture after voluntarily undergoing the procedure.<ref name=believeme>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="vfwaterboardvideo">Template:Cite magazine</ref> In January 2006, he joined four other individuals and four organisations, including the ACLU and Greenpeace, as plaintiffs in a lawsuit, ACLU v. NSA, challenging Bush's NSA warrantless surveillance; the lawsuit was filed by the ACLU.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Hitchens was an avid critic of President Slobodan Milošević of Serbia and other Serbian politicians of the 1990s. He called Milošević a "fascist" and a "Nazi" after the Bosnian genocide and ethnic cleansing of Albanians in Kosovo and expressed a positive reaction to his death. Hitchens often accused the Serbian government of committing numerous war crimes during the Yugoslav Wars. He denounced Noam Chomsky and Edward S. Herman, who criticised the NATO intervention there. Hitchens also criticised Croatian president Franjo Tuđman and the policies of the Croatian government, which he saw as reviving "Ustashe formations".<ref name="Hari-2004">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Hitchens held complex views on abortion; being ethically opposed to it in most instances, and believing that a foetus was entitled to personhood, while holding ambiguous and changing views on its legality.<ref name="Vanity Fair-2003">Template:Cite magazine</ref> In a 1988 interview with Crisis Magazine, Hitchens wrote: "It might interest your readers to know that Margaret Thatcher voted to keep capital punishment, to keep homosexuality criminal, to make divorce harder to get, and for the abortion bill. I gather that she's since changed her position on the latter. My own vote would have been, as so often, exactly the reverse of hers."<ref name="Hitchens-2019"/> However, Hitchens argued that the issue was cynically used by self-described pro-life politicians, and doubted that they sincerely desired to legally prohibit abortion.<ref name="Vanity Fair-2003"/> In the same 1988 interview with Crisis Magazine he stated:<ref name="Hitchens-2019"/> "Once you allow that the occupant of the womb is even potentially a life, it cuts athwart any glib invocation of "the woman's right to choose"<ref name="Hitchens-2019"/> and that:

I would like to see something much broader, much more visionary. We need a new compact between society and the woman. It's a progressive compact because it is aimed at the future generation. It would restrict abortion in most circumstances. Now I know most women don't like having to justify their circumstances to someone. 'How dare you presume to subject me to this?' some will say.{{#if:|{{#if:|}}

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Hitchens was a supporter of the European Union. In an appearance on C-SPAN in 1993, Hitchens said, "As of 1992, there is now a Euro passport that makes you free to travel within the boundaries of ... member countries, and I've always liked the idea of European unity, and so I held out for a Euro passport. So I travel as a European."<ref>Template:YouTube</ref> Speaking at the launch of his brother Peter's book, The Abolition of Britain, at Conway Hall in London, Hitchens denounced the so-called Eurosceptic movement, describing it as "the British version of fascism". He went on to say, "Scepticism is a title of honour. These people are not sceptical. They're fanatical. They're dogmatic".<ref>Template:YouTube</ref>

Critiques of specific individuals

Hitchens wrote book-length biographical essays on Thomas Jefferson (Thomas Jefferson: Author of America), Thomas Paine (Thomas Paine's "Rights of Man": A Biography), and George Orwell (Why Orwell Matters).

He also became known for excoriating criticisms of public contemporary figures, including Mother Teresa, Bill Clinton, and Henry Kissinger, the subjects of three full-length texts: The Missionary Position: Mother Teresa in Theory and Practice, No One Left to Lie To: The Triangulations of William Jefferson Clinton, and The Trial of Henry Kissinger.

Writers Nancy Gibbs and Michael Duffy published an article in Time in 2007,<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> claiming that Hitchens, while promoting his book God Is Not Great: How Religion Poisons Everything, described the Christian evangelist Billy Graham as "a self-conscious fraud" and "a disgustingly evil man" and that the evangelist had made a living by "going around spouting lies to young people. What a horrible career. I gather it's soon to be over. I certainly hope so."

They challenged Hitchens's suggestion that Graham went into ministry to make money. They argued that during his career Graham "turn[ed] down million-dollar television and Hollywood offers". They also pointed out that having established the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association in 1950, Graham drew a straight salary, comparable to that of a senior minister, irrespective of the money raised by his meetings.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In 1999, Hitchens wrote a profile of Donald Trump for The Sunday Herald. Trump had expressed interest in running in the 2000 United States presidential election as a candidate for the Reform Party. Of Trump, Hitchens said:

Hitchens had previously written that Trump demonstrated how "nobody is more covetous and greedy than those who have far too much".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Criticism of religion

Template:See also Hitchens was an antitheist, and said that a person "could be an atheist and wish that belief in God were correct", but that "an antitheist, a term I'm trying to get into circulation, is someone who is relieved that there's no evidence for such an assertion".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He often spoke against the Abrahamic religions. When asked by readers of The Independent what he considered to be the "axis of evil", Hitchens replied "Christianity, Judaism, Islam – the three leading monotheisms".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In debates Hitchens often posed what has become known as "Hitchens's Challenge": to name at least one moral action that a person without a faith (i.e. an atheist or antitheist) could not possibly perform, and conversely, to name one immoral action that only a person with a faith could perform or has performed in the past.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In his best-seller God Is Not Great, Hitchens expanded his criticism to include all religions, including those rarely attacked by Western secularists, such as Hinduism, Buddhism and neo-paganism. Hitchens said that organised religion is "the main source of hatred in the world", calling it "violent, irrational, intolerant, allied to racism, tribalism, and bigotry, invested in ignorance and hostile to free inquiry, contemptuous of women and coercive toward children: [it] ought to have a great deal on its conscience".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In the same work Hitchens says that humanity therefore needs a renewed Enlightenment.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The book received mixed responses, ranging from praise in The New York Times for his "logical flourishes and conundrums"<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> to accusations of "intellectual and moral shabbiness" in the Financial Times.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> God Is Not Great was nominated for a National Book Award on 10 October 2007.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

God Is Not Great affirmed Hitchens's position within the "New Atheism" movement. Hitchens was made an honorary associate of the Rationalist International and the National Secular Society shortly after its release, and was later named to the honorary board of distinguished achievers of the Freedom From Religion Foundation.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He also joined the advisory board of the Secular Coalition for America, a group of atheists and humanists.<ref name="SCfA"/> Hitchens said he would accept an invitation from any religious leader who wished to debate with him. On 30 September 2007, Richard Dawkins, Hitchens, Sam Harris, and Daniel Dennett met at Hitchens's residence for a private, unmoderated discussion lasting two hours. The event was videotaped and entitled "The Four Horsemen".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}.</ref> In it, Hitchens stated that he saw the Maccabean Revolt as the most unfortunate event in human history, due to the reversion from Hellenistic thought and philosophy to messianism and fundamentalism that it constituted.Template:EfnTemplate:Efn

That year Hitchens began a series of written debates on the question "Is Christianity Good for the World?" with the Christian theologian and pastor Douglas Wilson, published in Christianity Today magazine.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> This exchange eventually became a book with the same title published in 2008. During their promotional tour of the book, they were accompanied by the producer Darren Doane's film crew. Thence Doane produced the film Collision: Is Christianity GOOD for the World?, which was released on 27 October 2009.<ref name="collisionmovie.com">Template:Usurped</ref><ref name="christianitytoday.com">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> On 4 April 2009, Hitchens debated William Lane Craig on the existence of God at Biola University.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> On 19 October 2009, Intelligence Squared explored the question "Is the Catholic Church a force for good in the world?".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> John Onaiyekan and Ann Widdecombe argued that it was, while Hitchens joined Stephen Fry in arguing that it was not. The latter won the debate according to an audience poll.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Hitchens referred to 'Islamophobia' as a "fake term" that is "dangerous" because it "insinuates that any reservations about Islam must ipso facto be 'phobic'. A phobia is an irrational fear or dislike. Islamic preaching very often manifests precisely this feature, which is why suspicion of it is by no means irrational".<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> On 5 October 2010, Hitchens debated with Tariq Ramadan as to whether Islam was a religion of peace, at 92NY.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

On 26 November 2010, Hitchens appeared in Toronto, Ontario, at the Munk Debates, where he debated religion with the former British prime minister Tony Blair, a convert to Roman Catholicism. Blair argued that religion is a force for good, while Hitchens argued against.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Throughout these debates, Hitchens became known for his persuasive and enthusiastic rhetoric. "Wit and eloquence", "verbal barbs and linguistic dexterity", and "self-reference, literary engagement and hyperbole" are all elements of his speeches.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Ellis-2015">Template:Cite magazine</ref> The term "hitch-slap" has been used as an informal term among his supporters for a carefully crafted remark designed to humiliate his opponents.<ref name="Ellis-2015"/><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> Hitchens's line "one asks wistfully if there is no provision in the procedures of military justice for them to be taken out and shot", condemning the perpetrators of the Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse, was cited by The Humanist as an example.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A tribute in Politico stated that this was a trait Hitchens shared with his fellow atheist and intellectual Gore Vidal.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Personal life

File:HitchensTalk.JPG

Hitchens after a talk at The College of New Jersey in March 2009

Hitchens was raised nominally Christian and attended Christian boarding schools, but from an early age he declined to participate in communal prayers. Later in life, Hitchens discovered that he was of Jewish descent on his mother's side and that his Jewish ancestors were immigrants from Eastern Europe (including Poland).<ref name=Barber-2002/><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Hitchens was married twice, first to Eleni Meleagrou, a Greek Cypriot, in 1981; the couple had two children, a son and a daughter.<ref name="Grimes-2011">Template:Cite news</ref>

In 1991 Hitchens married his second wife, Carol Blue, an American screenwriter,<ref name="Gordon-2007"/> in a ceremony held at the apartment of Victor Navasky, editor of The Nation. They had a daughter together, Antonia.<ref name="Gordon-2007"/>

Hitchens considered reading, writing, and public speaking not as a job or career but as "what I am, who I am, [and] what I love."<ref name=Hitchins-2007-08-28-CSPAN/>Template:Efn

In November 1973 Hitchens's mother died by suicide in Athens in a pact with her lover, a defrocked clergyman named Timothy Bryan.<ref name="Walsh-2010"/> The pair overdosed on sleeping pills in adjoining hotel rooms and Bryan slashed his wrists in the bathtub. Hitchens flew alone to Athens to recover his mother's body, initially under the impression that she had been murdered.

In 2007, after living in the United States for twenty-five years, he became an American citizen, electing to retain his UK citizenship.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Illness and death

File:Hitchens 2010.jpg

Hitchens in November 2010

Template:External media On 8 June 2010, Hitchens was on tour in New York promoting his memoirs Hitch-22 when he was taken into emergency care suffering from a severe pericardial effusion. Soon after, he announced he was postponing his tour to undergo treatment for oesophageal cancer.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In a Vanity Fair piece published in 2010, titled "Topic of Cancer",<ref name="Hitchens-2010a"/> he stated that he was undergoing treatment for cancer. He said that he recognised the long-term prognosis was far from positive and he would be a "very lucky person to live another five years".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> A heavy smoker and drinker since his teenage years, Hitchens acknowledged that these habits were likely to have contributed to his illness.<ref name="Video 1995"/> During his illness, Hitchens was under the care of Francis Collins and was the subject of Collins's new cancer treatment, which maps out the human genome and selectively targets damaged DNA.Template:Efn<ref name=Cole-2011>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

According to Christopher Buckley, before Hitchens died, his estranged friend Sidney Blumenthal wrote to Hitchens. Buckley said the letter contained words of "tenderness and comfort and implicit forgiveness".<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>

Hitchens died of pneumonia on 15 December 2011 in the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, aged 62.<ref name="Grimes-2011"/><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> According to Andrew Sullivan, his last words were "Capitalism. Downfall."<ref name="Sullivan-2012-04-20" />Template:Efn In accordance with Hitchens’s wishes, his body was donated to medical research.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Mortality, a collection of seven of Hitchens's Vanity Fair essays about his illness, was published posthumously in September 2012.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Reactions to death

File:Hitchens Blair.jpg

Former British prime minister Tony Blair and Hitchens at the Munk debate on religion, Toronto, November 2010

Former British prime minister Tony Blair said, "Christopher Hitchens was a complete one-off, an amazing mixture of writer, journalist, polemicist and unique character. He was fearless in the pursuit of truth and any cause in which he believed. And there was no belief he held that he did not advocate with passion, commitment and brilliance. He was an extraordinary, compelling and colourful human being whom it was a privilege to know."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=WTimes>Template:Cite news</ref>

Richard Dawkins said of Hitchens, "He was a polymath, a wit, immensely knowledgeable, and a valiant fighter against all tyrants, including imaginary supernatural ones."<ref name=WTimes/> Dawkins later described Hitchens as "probably the best orator I've ever heard", and called his death "an enormous loss".<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> Template:External media The American theoretical physicist and cosmologist Lawrence Krauss said: Template:Quote

Bill Maher paid tribute to Hitchens on his show Real Time with Bill Maher, saying, "We lost a hero of mine, a friend, and one of the great talk show guests of all time."<ref>Template:Cite episode</ref> Salman Rushdie and Stephen Fry paid tribute at the Christopher Hitchens Vanity Fair Memorial 2012.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The British conservative author and friend of Hitchens Douglas Murray paid tribute to him in an article in The Spectator, recalling personal experiences with him.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Three weeks before Hitchens's death, George Eaton of the New Statesman wrote, "He is determined to ensure that he is not remembered simply as a 'lefty who turned right' or as a contrarian and provocateur. Throughout his career, he has retained a commitment to the Enlightenment values of reason, secularism, and pluralism. His targets—Mother Teresa, Bill Clinton, Henry Kissinger, God—are chosen not at random, but rather because they have offended one or more of these principles. The tragedy of Hitchens's illness is that it came at a time when he enjoyed a larger audience than ever. The great polemicist is certain to be remembered, but, as he was increasingly aware, perhaps not as he would like."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Chronicle of Higher Education asked if Hitchens was the last public intellectual.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

During an interview with Alex O'Connor, the discussion turned to Larry Taunton's book, The Faith of Christopher Hitchens, released after Hitchens's death, which claimed that Hitchens started to flirt with spirituality. Richard Dawkins replied, "It's a disgraceful book. [Taunton] took advantage of a long car journey he had with Christopher Hitchens and I think Christopher was probably being polite and talking seriously to him about his religion." Dawkins added, "Religious apologists are so eager to get deathbed conversions that you have to watch it. Well actually, Christopher I think himself said that, 'if anybody claims that I had a deathbed conversion you can be absolutely sure that I wasn't in my right mind when its happened'."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> David Frum, writing in The Atlantic, states, "In the months before he died, Hitchens repeatedly and emphatically warned that claims like Taunton's would be forthcoming and should be disbelieved."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In his posthumously published book, Mortality, Hitchens wrote, "If I convert it's because it's better that a believer dies than that an atheist does."<ref>Hitchens, Christopher. Mortality. New York: Twelve (2012), p. 91.</ref>

The Hitchens Prize

In 2015, an annual prize of $50,000 was established in his honour by The Dennis and Victoria Ross Foundation for "an author or journalist whose work reflects a commitment to free expression and inquiry, a range and depth of intellect, and a willingness to pursue the truth without regard to personal or professional consequence". The foundation's website states the Hitchens Prize "seeks to advance what he was dedicated to throughout his life: vigorous, honest, and open public debate and discussion, with no tolerance of orthodoxy, no reverence for authority, and a belief in reasoned dialogue as the best path to the truth". The 2024 winner was Errol Morris.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Film and television appearances

Year	Film, DVD, or TV episode
1984	Opinions: "Greece to their Rome"
	Firing Line: "Is There a Liberal Crack-Up?"
1989	Frontiers: "Cyprus: Stranded in Time"
1993	Everything You Need to Know
	The Opinions Debate<ref>The Opinions Debate, transmitted by Channel 4 on 28 March 1993 (the eve of the 50th birthday of the then Prime Minister John Major)</ref>
1994	Tracking Down Maggie: The Unofficial Biography of Margaret Thatcher
	Hell's Angel (documentary)
1996	Where's Elvis This Week?
1996–2010	Charlie Rose (13 episodes)
1998	Real Stories: Diana: The Mourning After<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
	Uncommon Knowledge: "The Sixties"
1999–2001	Politically Incorrect with Bill Maher
1999–2002	Dennis Miller Live (TV show; 4 episodes)
2000	The Other Side: Hitch Hike
2002	The Trials of Henry Kissinger
2003	Hidden in Plain Sight
2003–09	Real Time with Bill Maher (TV show; 6 episodes)
2004	Mel Gibson: God's Lethal Weapon
	Texas: America Supersized<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
2004–06	Newsnight (TV show; 3 episodes)
2004–10	The Daily Show (TV show; 4 episodes)
2005	Penn & Teller: Bullshit! (TV show; 1 episode, s03e05)
	The Al Franken Show (Radio show; 1 episode)
	Confronting Iraq: Conflict and Hope
	Heaven on Earth: The Rise and Fall of Socialism
2005–08	Hardball with Chris Matthews (TV show; 3 episodes)
2006	American Zeitgeist
	Blog Wars
2007	Manufacturing Dissent
	Question Time (1 episode)
	Your Mommy Kills Animals
	Personal Che
	Heckler
	In Pot We Trust
	Hannity's America
	In Depth (C-Span2 Book TV)
2008	Can Atheism Save Europe? (DVD; 9 August 2008 debate with John Lennox at the Edinburgh International Festival)
	Discussions with Richard Dawkins: Episode 1: "The Four Horsemen" (DVD; 30 September 2007)
	Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed
2009	Holy Hell (Chap. 5 in 6 Part Web Film on iTunes)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
	God on Trial (DVD; September 2008 debate with Dinesh D'Souza)
	President: A Political Road Trip
	Collision: "Is Christianity GOOD for the World?" (DVD; Fall 2008 debates with Douglas Wilson)
	Does God Exist? (DVD; 4 April 2009 debate with William Lane Craig)
	Fighting Words<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> (TV movie; 2009)
2010	Phil Ochs: There But For Fortune
	The God Debates, Part I: A Spirited Discussion (DVD; debate with Shmuley Boteach; Host: Mark Derry; Commentary: Miles Redfield)
2011	Is God Great? (DVD; 3 March 2009 debate with John Lennox at Samford University)
	92Y: Christopher Hitchens (DVD; 8 June 2010 dialogue with Salman Rushdie at 92nd Street Y)
	ABC Lateline<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> (TV show, 2 episodes)
	Texas Freethought Convention (DVD; 8 October 2011 Recipient of Richard Dawkins Award, final public appearance)
2013	Gore Vidal: The United States of Amnesia<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> (DVD Documentary)
2015	Best of Enemies (Posthumous release)

Books

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

File:Christopher Hitchens reading his book Hitch 22.jpg

Hitchens reading his memoir Hitch-22 (2010)

• 1984: Cyprus. Quartet. Revised editions as Hostage to History: Cyprus from the Ottomans to Kissinger, 1989 (Farrar, Straus & Giroux) and 1997 (Verso),Template:ISBN
• 1987: Imperial Spoils: The Curious Case of the Elgin Marbles, Hill and Wang, Template:ISBN
• 1988: Blaming the Victims: Spurious Scholarship and the Palestinian Question (contributor; co-editor with Edward Said), Verso, Template:ISBN. Reissued, 2001
• 1988: Prepared for the Worst: Selected Essays and Minority Reports, Hill and Wang, Template:ISBN
• 1990: The Monarchy: A Critique of Britain's Favorite Fetish, Chatto & Windus Ltd, Template:ISBN
• 1990: Blood, Class and Nostalgia: Anglo-American Ironies, Farrar Straus & Giroux (T), Template:ISBN
• 1993: For the Sake of Argument: Essays and Minority Reports, Verso, Template:ISBN
• 1995: The Missionary Position: Mother Teresa in Theory and Practice, Verso
• 1997: The Parthenon Marbles: The Case for Reunification, Verso, Template:ISBN
• 1999: No One Left to Lie To: The Values of the Worst Family, original hardcover title: No One Left to Lie To: The Triangulations of William Jefferson Clinton, Verso
• 2000: Unacknowledged Legislation: Writers in the Public Sphere, Verso
• 2001: The Trial of Henry Kissinger, Verso, Template:ISBN
• 2001: Letters to a Young Contrarian, Basic Books
• 2002: Left Hooks, Right Crosses: A Decade of Political Writing, Bold Type Books, Template:ISBN
• 2002: Orwell's Victory, Allen Lane/Penguin Press, Template:ISBN (UK Edition). US edition as Why Orwell Matters, Basic Books, Template:ISBN
• 2003: A Long Short War: The Postponed Liberation of Iraq, Plume/Penguin Group, Template:ISBN
• 2004: Love, Poverty, and War: Journeys and Essays, Thunder's Mouth, Nation Books, Template:ISBN
• 2005: Thomas Jefferson: Author of America, Eminent Lives/Atlas Books/HarperCollins Publishers, Template:ISBN
• 2007: Thomas Paine's Rights of Man: A Biography, Atlantic Monthly Press, Template:ISBN
• 2007: God Is Not Great: How Religion Poisons Everything, Twelve/Hachette Book Group USA/Warner Books, Template:ISBN / Published in the UK as God is not Great: The Case Against Religion, Atlantic Books, Template:ISBN
• 2007: The Portable Atheist: Essential Readings for the Non-Believer, [Editor] Perseus Publishing. Template:ISBN
• 2008: Christopher Hitchens and His Critics: Terror, Iraq and the Left (with Simon Cottee and Thomas Cushman), New York University Press, Template:ISBN
• 2008: Is Christianity Good for the World? (co-author, with Douglas Wilson), Canon Press, Template:ISBN
• 2010: Hitch-22: A Memoir, Twelve, Template:ISBN Template:Oclc
• 2011: Arguably: Essays by Christopher Hitchens, Twelve. UK edition as Arguably: Selected Prose, Atlantic, Template:ISBN
• 2012: Mortality, Twelve, Template:ISBN. UK edition as Mortality, Atlantic Books, Template:ISBN
• 2015: And Yet...: Essays, Simon & Schuster, Template:ISBN
• 2024: A Hitch in Time: Reflections Ready for Reconsideration, Twelve, Template:ISBN<ref name="Gardner-2024">Template:Cite news</ref>

External links

• 2010 archive of official website
• Memorial webpage
• Contributor page at Vanity Fair
• Columnist at Slate
• Column archive at The Atlantic
• Article archive at The Guardian
• Template:Guardian topic
• Template:NYTtopic
• Template:C-SPAN
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