Circassian languages

Template:Short description Template:Infobox language family

CircassianTemplate:Efn (Template:Langx; Template:Langx), also known as Cherkess (Template:IPAc-en Template:Respelling), is a subdivision of the Northwest Caucasian language family, spoken by the Circassian people. There are two main variants of the Circassian language, defined by their literary standards, Adyghe ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}; also known as West Circassian) and Kabardian ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}; also known as East Circassian). The languages are highly mutually intelligible with one another, but differ to a degree where they would be considered clear-cut dialects. The earliest extant written records of the Circassian language are in the Arabic script, recorded by the Turkish traveller Evliya Çelebi in the 17th century,<ref name="refMuratpapşualfabe">Papşu, Murat (2006)."Çerkes-Adığe yazısının tarihçesi Template:Webarchive". Nart, İki Aylık Düşün ve Kültür Dergisi, Sayı 51, Eylül-Ekim 2006. Template:In lang</ref> although the Greek and Georgian alphabets were adapted for them in ancient and medieval times.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

There is consensus among the linguistic community about the fact that Adyghe and Kabardian are typologically distinct languages.<ref name="Kuipers">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Smeets">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Hewitt05">Template:Cite journal</ref> However, the local terms for these languages refer to them as dialects. The Circassian people call themselves {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Template:Transliteration; English: Adyghe) in their native language. In the southwestern part of European Russia, there is also a Federal Subject called Adygea (Template:Langx, Template:Transliteration), enclaved within Krasnodar Krai, which is named after the Circassian endonym. In the Russian language, the Circassian subdivision is treated as a group of languages and called {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Template:Transliteration, meaning the Adyghe languages), whereas the Adyghe language is called {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Template:Transliteration, meaning the language of those in [the Republic of] Adygea). The terms Circassian and Cherkess are sometimes used in several languages as synonyms for the Northwest Caucasian languages in general or the Adyghe language in particular.

Circassian languagesEdit

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File:WIKITONGUES- Yinal speaking Adyghe and Kabardian.webm

Yinal speaking Adyghe and Kabardian

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Circassian languages
- Adyghe language
  - The Black Sea coast dialects
    - Zhaney dialect
    - Natukhai dialect (Template:Langx; Template:Transliteration)
    - Shapsug dialect (Template:Langx; Template:Transliteration)
      - North Shapsugs, Great Shapsugs, Kuban Shapsugs dialect (Template:Langx; Template:Transliteration)
      - Temirgoy-Shapsugs, Pseuşko accent (Template:Langx; Template:Transliteration)
      - South Shapsugs, Small Shapsugs, Coastal Shapsugs Black Sea Shapsugs (Template:Langx; Template:Transliteration) dialect.
      - Kfar Kama dialect (Template:Langx; Template:Transliteration): Shapsug dialect spoken by the villagers of Kfar Kama in Israel.
      - Hakuchi dialect (Template:Langx; Template:Transliteration)
  - The Kuban river dialects
    - Bzhedug dialect (Template:Langx; Template:Transliteration) : Spoken by the Circassians in Republic of Adygea and Biga.
    - Temirgoy (Template:Langx; Template:Transliteration) : Literary Adyghe. Also spoken by the Circassians in Republic of Adygea.
    - Abzakh dialect (Template:Langx; Template:Transliteration) : Spoken by the Circassians in Rehaniya in Israel and the Circassians in Syria from Golan Heights.
    - Mamkhegh dialect
    - Yegeruqway dialect
    - Hatuqwai dialect
    - Makhosh dialect
- Kabardian language<ref name="Kuipers" />
  - Kabardian
    - West Kabardian
      - Kuban
      - Kuban-Zelenchuk (Cherkess)
    - Central Kabardian
      - Baksan (Basis for the literary language)
      - Malka
    - Eastern Kabardian
      - Terek
      - Mozdok
    - North Kabardian
      - Mulka
      - Zabardiqa (1925 until 1991 Soviet Zaparika)
  - Baslaney dialect (Template:Langx; Template:Transliteration)

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AlphabetsEdit

Adyghe language (also known as West Circassian, Template:Langx; Template:Transliteration, Template:Langx) — The language of the west Circassian tribes: Shapsug, Abzakh, Natukhai, Bzhedug, Temirgoy. The Alphabet is based on the Temirgoy dialect. The Circassian alphabet was created in 1918 by the Kabardian linguist Naguma Shora.

Adyghe alphabet
А а Template:IPAblink	Б б Template:IPAblink	В в Template:IPAblink	Г г Template:IPAblink or Template:IPAblink	Гу гу Template:IPAblink	Гъ гъ Template:IPAblink	Гъу гъу Template:IPAblink	Д д Template:IPAblink
Дж дж Template:IPAblink	Дз дз Template:IPAblink	Дзу дзу Template:IPAblink	Е е [ja/aj]	Ё ё [jo]	Ж ж Template:IPAblink	Жъ жъ Template:IPAblink	Жъу жъу Template:IPAblink or Template:IPAblink
Жь жь Template:IPAblink	З з Template:IPAblink	И и [jə/əj]	Й й Template:IPAblink	К к Template:IPAblink	Ку ку Template:IPAblink	Къ къ Template:IPAblink	Къу къу Template:IPAblink
Кӏ кӏ Template:IPAblink	Кӏу кӏу Template:IPAblink	Л л Template:IPAblink or Template:IPAblink	Лъ лъ Template:IPAblink	Лӏ лӏ Template:IPAblink	М м Template:IPAblink	Н н Template:IPAblink	О о [aw/wa]
П п Template:IPAblink	Пӏ пӏ Template:IPAblink	Пӏу пӏу Template:IPAblink	Р р Template:IPAblink	С с Template:IPAblink	Т т Template:IPAblink	Тӏ тӏ Template:IPAblink	Тӏу тӏу Template:IPAblink
У у Template:IPAblink	Ф ф Template:IPAblink	Х х Template:IPAblink	Ху ху Template:IPAblink	Хъ хъ Template:IPAblink	Хъу хъу Template:IPAblink	Хь хь Template:IPAblink	Ц ц Template:IPAblink
Цу цу Template:IPAblink	Цӏ цӏ Template:IPAblink	Ч ч Template:IPAblink	Чӏ чӏ Template:IPAblink	Чъ чъ Template:IPAblink	Ш ш Template:IPAblink	Шъ шъ Template:IPAblink	Шъу шъу Template:IPAblink or Template:IPAblink
Шӏ шӏ Template:IPAblink	Шӏу шӏу Template:IPAblink	Щ щ Template:IPAblink	Ъ ъ Template:IPAblink	Ы ы Template:IPAblink	Ь ь Template:IPAblink	Э э Template:IPAblink	Ю ю [ju]
Я я [jaː]	ӏ Template:IPAblink	ӏу Template:IPAblink

Kabardian language (also known as East Circassian, Template:Langx; Template:Transliteration, Template:Langx) — The language of the east Circassian tribes : Kabarday and Baslaney. The Alphabet is based on the Kabardian dialect.

Kabardian alphabet
А а Template:IPAblink	Э э Template:IPAblink	Б б Template:IPAblink	В в Template:IPAblink	Г г Template:IPAblink	Гу гу Template:IPAblink	Гъ гъ Template:IPAblink	Гъу гъу Template:IPAblink
Д д Template:IPAblink	Дж дж Template:IPAblink or Template:IPAblink	Дз дз Template:IPAblink	Е е [ja/aj]	Ё ё [jo]	Ж ж Template:IPAblink	Жь жь Template:IPAblink	З з Template:IPAblink
И и [jə/əj]	Й й Template:IPAblink	К к Template:IPAblink	Ку ку Template:IPAblink	Къ къ Template:IPAblink	Къу къу Template:IPAblink	Кхъ кхъ Template:IPAblink	Кхъу кхъу Template:IPAblink
Кӏ кӏ Template:IPAblink or Template:IPAblink	Кӏу кӏу Template:IPAblink	Л л Template:IPAblink or Template:IPAblink	Лъ лъ Template:IPAblink	Лӏ лӏ Template:IPAblink	М м Template:IPAblink	Н н Template:IPAblink	О о [aw/wa]
П п Template:IPAblink	Пӏ пӏ Template:IPAblink	Р р Template:IPAblink	С с Template:IPAblink	Т т Template:IPAblink	Тӏ тӏ Template:IPAblink	У у Template:IPAblink	Ф ф Template:IPAblink
Фӏ фӏ Template:IPAblink	Х х Template:IPAblink	Ху ху Template:IPAblink	Хъ хъ Template:IPAblink	Хъу хъу Template:IPAblink	Хь хь Template:IPAblink	Ц ц Template:IPAblink	Цӏ цӏ Template:IPAblink
Ч ч Template:IPAblink	Ш ш Template:IPAblink	Щ щ Template:IPAblink	Щӏ щӏ Template:IPAblink	Ъ ъ Template:IPAblink	Ы ы Template:IPAblink	Ь ь Template:IPAblink	Ю ю [ju]
Я я [jaː]	ӏ Template:IPAblink	ӏу Template:IPAblink

Dialectal letters
Гь гь Template:IPAblink	Кь кь Template:IPAblink	Кӏь кӏь Template:IPAblink	Сӏ сӏ Template:IPAblink	Чу чу Template:IPAblink	ӏь Template:IPAblink

Sound changesEdit

File:CircassianDialectsDifferencesEnglish3.jpg

The major differences in the Circassian dialects

Template:See also Sound changes between Adyghe (Temirgoy) and Kabardian:<ref>Aydın, Şamil Emre (2015), Çerkes Diyalektleri, Template:ISBN</ref>

Adyghe a ↔ э Kabardian: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Adyghe); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (rich); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (lion); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (tiger); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (world); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (ear); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (letter); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (pigeon); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (ugly); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (worm); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (no)
Adyghe ы ↔ э Kabardian: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (mother)
Adyghe э ↔ ы Kabardian: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (lilac)
Adyghe а ↔ ы Kabardian: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (cloth)
Adyghe и ↔ ы Kabardian: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (angel)
Adyghe ы ↔ и Kabardian: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (child)
Adyghe ы ↔ е Kabardian: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (kidney); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (hazelnut)
Adyghe ц ↔ дз Kabardian: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (tooth); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (mouse); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (fish); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (grass)
Adyghe цу ↔ в Kabardian: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (ox); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (shoe); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (raven); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (raven); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (ploughshare)
Adyghe ч ↔ ж Kabardian: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (cow); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (tree); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (night); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (village, settlement); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (to count); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (to run)
Adyghe ч ↔ дж Kabardian: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (cat); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (chicken); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (glass)
Adyghe ч ↔ щ Kabardian: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (king); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (iron); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (question); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (button); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (cold); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (morning)
Adyghe дз ↔ з Kabardian: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (watermelon)
Adyghe дж ↔ ж Kabardian: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (fox); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (arch, bridge); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (death); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (flour); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (knee); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (village)
Adyghe жь ↔ з Kabardian: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (him, itself)
Adyghe жъ ↔ жь Kabardian: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (old); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (bowl, horn, slander); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (to fry, to grill)
Adyghe ж ↔ жь Kabardian: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (autumn); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (beard); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (flea); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (mouth)
Adyghe жъу ↔ в Kabardian: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (star); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (narrow); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (wide); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (to boil)
Adyghe ш ↔ щ Kabardian: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (melon)
Adyghe щ ↔ ш Kabardian: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (milk); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (tea); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (salt); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (fund, money); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (arrow); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (donkey); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (fear); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (black pepper); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (noon)
Adyghe шъ ↔ щ Kabardian: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}; {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (head); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (lamp); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (gold); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (girl); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (bear); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (animal); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (100)
Adyghe шӀ ↔ щӀ Kabardian: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (to do); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (to know); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (life); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (ten)
Adyghe кӀ ↔ щӀ Kabardian: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (new); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (young-man); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (to launder, to wash); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (to go off on); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (above); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (few); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (guest); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (key)
Adyghe шъу ↔ ф Kabardian: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (honey); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (wife); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (to drink); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (sky); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (green); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (dance); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (color, skin, you (plural)); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (color, skin, you (plural)); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (blind)
Adyghe шӀу ↔ фӀ Kabardian: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (well, good); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (fire); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (black); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (coal); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (weather); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (sweet); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (sweet)
Adyghe ф ↔ ху Kabardian: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (white); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (work, job); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (day); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (summer); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (person); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (hot); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (want, need); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (like); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (light); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (maize); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (to forgive); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (to forgive); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (garlic); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (woman)
Adyghe хь ↔ хъ Kabardian: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (more); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (younger brother); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (older brother)
Adyghe къ ↔ кхъ Kabardian: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (grave)
Adyghe къу ↔ кхъу Kabardian: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (cheese); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (pear); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (ship)
Adyghe т ↔ д Kabardian: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (we); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (shoulder); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (stamp, letter); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (wolf); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (yesterday); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (father); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (silver); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (minute); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (rooster, cock); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (garden); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (duck); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (leader, boss)
Adyghe п ↔ б Kabardian: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (thorn); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (hard); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (goat); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (enemy); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (today); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (to count)
Adyghe м ↔ н Kabardian: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (monkey)
Adyghe н ↔ Ø Kabardian: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (mirror)
Adyghe -Ø ↔ -р Kabardian: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}; {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}; {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
Adyghe -Ø ↔ -щ Kabardian: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
Adyghe Ø- ↔ и- Kabardian: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ↔ {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (yet)

Ergative–absolutiveEdit

In the following example, we demonstrate an ergative–absolutive case marking system while using the same verb "break" in both intransitive and transitive forms:

Ergative language
Sentence:	ӏанэр мэкъутэ.		Лӏым ӏанэр екъутэ.
Word:	ӏанэ-р	мэкъутэ	Лӏым	ӏанэр	екъутэ
Gloss:	The table-ABS	breaks	The man-ERG	the table-ABS	breaks
Function:	S	VERB_intrans	A	O	VERB_trans
Translation:	"The table breaks."		"The man breaks the table."

Here, "table" has the absolutive case mark -р /-r/ while "man" has the ergative case mark -м /-m/. We also have the verb "break" in intransitive form "мэкъутэ" and transitive form "екъутэ". In the example above, we specifically used SOV order, but Circassian allows any order.

LoanwordsEdit

Circassian languages contain "many loan-words from Arabic, Turkish, Persian (particularly in the area of religion) and Russian".Template:Sfn

ReferencesEdit

Template:Reflist Template:Reflist

SourcesEdit

Template:Encyclopaedia Islamica

LiteratureEdit

Template:Refbegin

A Dictionary of the Circassian Language, in Two Parts. By Dr. L. Loewe.
Кумахов М. А. Адыгские языки // Языки мира. Кавказские языки. М., 1999. (in Russian)

Template:Refend Template:Northwest Caucasian languages Template:Languages of the Caucasus Template:Authority control

Circassian languages

Contents