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CitySpire (also known as CitySpire Center) is a mixed-use skyscraper at 150 West 56th Street in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. Completed in 1990 and designed by Murphy/Jahn Architects, the building measures Template:Convert tall with 75 stories. CitySpire was developed by Ian Bruce Eichner on a site adjacent to the New York City Center theater. When completed, CitySpire was the second-tallest concrete tower in the United States after the Sears Tower.
The skyscraper has an octagonal plan with a dome inspired by that of the New York City Center. The facade is made of stone with glass windows, and it contains setbacks at the 46th and 62nd floors. The building has entrances at 56th and 55th Streets, connected by a passageway that forms part of 6½ Avenue. The lowest 22 floors of the tower are for commercial use. Above are luxury apartments, which are larger on higher floors.
Eichner proposed CitySpire in 1984, acquiring unused air rights above City Center and making improvements to the theater to almost double the tower's area. After several agencies approved the project, City Center began construction in 1985 and was topped out by June 1987. A controversy ensued when the building exceeded its approved height by Template:Convert; Eichner agreed to add dance-studio space to compensate for the height overrun, but he ultimately never built the space. Soon after CitySpire's opening in 1989, the building went into foreclosure, and there were complaints of a whistling noise from the roof for two years.
SiteEdit
CitySpire is at 150 West 56th Street, between Sixth Avenue and Seventh Avenue three blocks south of Central Park, in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. The building's land lot covers Template:Convert and has a frontage of Template:Convert along 56th Street. While the site is Template:Convert deep, extending south to 55th Street, only a small section of the lot has frontage on 55th Street.<ref name="ZoLa">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The building is directly west of the New York City Center and 125 West 55th Street;<ref name="ZoLa" /> the former is a New York City designated landmark at 135 West 55th Street.<ref name="aia5">Template:Cite aia5</ref> Immediately to the north are Carnegie Hall, Carnegie Hall Tower, Russian Tea Room, and Metropolitan Tower from west to east. Other nearby buildings include 140 West 57th Street, 130 West 57th Street, and the Parker New York hotel to the northeast, as well as the 55th Street Playhouse to the southwest and 1345 Avenue of the Americas to the southeast.<ref name="ZoLa" /><ref name="aia5" />
The neighborhood was part of a former artistic hub around a two-block section of West 57th Street between Sixth Avenue and Broadway. The hub had been developed during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, following the opening of Carnegie Hall.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite fednyc</ref> Several buildings in the area were constructed as residences for artists and musicians, such as 130 and 140 West 57th Street, the Rodin Studios, and the Osborne Apartments, as well as the demolished Sherwood Studios and Rembrandt. In addition, the area contained the headquarters of organizations such as the American Fine Arts Society, the Lotos Club, and the American Society of Civil Engineers.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> By the 21st century, the artistic hub had largely been replaced with Billionaires' Row, a series of luxury skyscrapers around the southern end of Central Park.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Just prior to CitySpire's construction, the site was occupied by six vacant lots at 132–158 West 56th Street and one on 137 West 55th Street.<ref name="nyt19840503">Template:Cite news</ref> These lots were acquired in the 1970s by Richard M. Chapman, who razed the buildings there.<ref name="nyt19850901">Template:Cite news</ref>
ArchitectureEdit
CitySpire (also known as CitySpire Center<ref name="Emporis">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="The Skyscraper Center 2016" />) was designed by Murphy/Jahn and developed by Ian Bruce Eichner.<ref name="The Skyscraper Center 2016">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Stern (2006) p. 632">Template:Harvnb</ref> It was constructed by Tishman Realty & Construction, with Robert Rosenwasser Associates as structural engineer.<ref name="AR 1987-07">Template:Cite magazine</ref> CitySpire is Template:Convert tall with 75 above-ground levels and two basement stories;<ref name="Emporis" /><ref name="The Skyscraper Center 2016" /> the concrete frame reaches a height of Template:Convert.<ref name="Žaknić Smith Rice Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat p.">Template:Cite book</ref> When completed, CitySpire was the second-tallest concrete tower in the United States after the Sears Tower in Chicago.<ref name=CityRealty>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Žaknić Smith Rice Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat p." />
Form and facadeEdit
CitySpire was designed from the beginning as an octagonal tower with wings on the east and west.<ref name="Žaknić Smith Rice Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat p." /><ref name="AR 1985-01">Template:Cite magazine</ref> CitySpire has three setbacks on the east and west they are placed at the 23rd, 46th, and 62nd floors.<ref name="Emporis" /><ref name="AR 1990-10">Template:Cite magazine</ref> Most of the building is no more than Template:Convert wide.<ref name="Žaknić Smith Rice Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat p." /> Because the building is so narrow, the upper stories sometimes sway during heavy storms.<ref name="Stichweh2009">Template:Cite book</ref>
As proposed, the main shaft of the tower was to be clad in stone, while the wings were to be made of glass.<ref name="AR 1985-01" /> The facade is made of Sardinian "luna pearl" that is cut into Template:Convert slabs, measuring about Template:Convert. Each slab is attached to the aluminum curtain wall frame on all sides, supported only by the curtain wall. The stone panels are entirely prefabricated and are insulated with fiberglass panels measuring Template:Convert thick, along with neoprene gaskets and silicone caulk.<ref name="AR 1987-07" /> The setbacks at the 46th and 62nd floors were designed with parapets of steel and concrete, which were reduced in size as part of a 1988 lawsuit settlement concerning the building's height.<ref name="nyt19880420">Template:Cite news</ref> Eichner disliked the parapets; he suggested that residents on the 46th floor "can look out at it and know they're looking at a wall instead of Central Park so that Helmut Jahn can rest easy knowing that his 'artistic integrity' is intact."<ref name="Stern (2006) p. 634">Template:Harvnb</ref><ref name="Adler p. 69">Template:Harvnb</ref>
The roof has a copper-faced dome<ref name="Stichweh2009" /> which, as originally proposed, was supposed to be Template:Convert tall.<ref name="nyt19850901" /> When it was ultimately installed in 1988, the dome contained eight steel ribs, each measuring Template:Convert long and weighing Template:Convert. Each rib consisted of three sections.<ref name="nyt19881109">Template:Cite news</ref> The dome itself contains louvers and was designed with a green surface.<ref name="nyt19901207">Template:Cite news</ref> When the dome was constructed, wind created a loud whistling sound when passing through the louvers; this was remedied in 1992 with the removal of alternating panels.<ref name="nyt19930613">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Stern (2006) p. 636" /><ref name="trd20151201">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Paul Sachner of Architectural Record initially likened the dome to that of the Nebraska State Capitol,<ref name="AR 1985-01" /> while Paul Goldberger of The New York Times said the dome was meant to relate to City Center.<ref name="nyt19850127-2">Template:Cite news</ref>
Structural featuresEdit
The superstructure is made of concrete.<ref name="AR 1987-07" /><ref name="AR 1990-10" /><ref name="Stichweh2009" /> Because of CitySpire's mixed-use spaces, it contains nine different structural systems, since a unified grid of columns was infeasible for apartment layouts. Further, because Eichner wanted to maximize views of the surrounding city, the wind-resisting sections of the superstructure had to be placed in the interior.<ref name="AR 1990-10" />
The lower stories, used as offices, were largely designed as a grid of concrete columns, allowing for flexible office layouts.<ref name="Žaknić Smith Rice Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat p." /> While the lower stories are largely composed of grids of columns, there are also sections of rectangular concrete panels, which are staggered across several levels to create a diagonal wind brace. The upper stories are designed as a "shear wall/open tube" structural system, in which shear walls extend from the elevator core at the center of the tower, connecting to the outer columns.<ref name="AR 1990-10" />
InteriorEdit
CitySpire has a floor area of around Template:Convert, and ten elevators rise the height of the building.<ref name="The Skyscraper Center 2016" /> Before CitySpire was developed, the site was zoned to only allow a building of around 34 stories without any modifications.<ref name="n84015687">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="nyt19860221">Template:Cite news</ref> Given the size of the lot, this would have provided up to Template:Convert of space.<ref name="nyt19860221" /> Eichner obtained unused air rights above City Center, which only occupied a small amount of the maximum space allowed for its lot; this allowed a 60-story tower. On top of this, Eichner was allowed to increase the building's floor area ratio by 20 percent in exchange for renovating City Center.<ref name="nyt19860221" /><ref name="p280814454-">Template:Cite news</ref> This amounted to Template:Convert of extra space.<ref name="nyt19850901" /> These bonuses allowed CitySpire to be more than twice as large as it ordinarily would have been.<ref name="nyt19860221" /><ref name="n84017871">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Adler p. 24">Template:Harvnb</ref>
The interior floor-numbering system skips floors 13 and 25, so there are physically only 73 stories, though the top story is numbered 75.<ref name="nyt19930613" /> The lowest 22<ref name="Stern (2006) p. 633" /><ref name="nyt19870419">Template:Cite news</ref> or 23 floors of the building are for commercial use.<ref name="AR 1990-10" /><ref name="Stichweh2009" /><ref name=":1">Template:Cite news</ref> There are luxury apartments on the remaining floors,<ref name="nyt19840503" /><ref name="nyt19870419" />Template:Efn as well as a mechanical story.<ref name="nyt19840503" /> The building was designed with elaborate details. The attention to detail extended to the elevator buttons, which Jahn redesigned with three buttons to a row when Eichner found two buttons per row to be unpleasing.<ref name="Adler p. 69" />
BaseEdit
A pedestrian arcade between 56th and 55th Streets is included in CitySpire's base as part of its construction.<ref name="n83989400">Template:Cite news</ref> The arcade is one of nine passageways that form 6½ Avenue, a set of full-block passageways from 51st to 57th Street between Sixth and Seventh Avenues.<ref name="Stern (2006) p. 625"/><ref name="Untapped New York 2013"/> It was built as a "through-block connection" under the Special Midtown District, created in 1982.<ref name="Stern (2006) p. 625">Template:Harvnb</ref> The connection itself was not opened until 1997, several years after the building opened;<ref name="Stern (2006) p. 636" /> the delay was largely due to the building's foreclosure and other disputes in the early 1990s.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The arcade, designed by Brennan Beer Gorman, consists of marble and granite walls as well as a Template:Convert ceiling.<ref name="nyt19970813">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Kayden 2016">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The passageway is decorated in an Art Deco-inspired style, with theater posters on the walls.<ref name="Kayden 2016" /><ref name="Untapped New York 2013">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The space has recessed lights on the ceiling and lights on the walls, but there is no seating since the passageway was designed merely for pedestrian movement.<ref name="Kayden 2016" />
The office and residential lobbies are separate from each other.<ref name="Tishman Speyer">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The residential lobby at 150 West 56th Street has a domed ceiling as well as wooden paneling.<ref name="CityRealty" /> The office portion of CitySpire has the address 156 West 56th Street.<ref name="nyt19970813" /> There is also a bar called Carnegie Club<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> (originally Carnegie Bar and Books). The bar, on the ground floor, has a ceiling Template:Convert high with an overhanging mezzanine.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> A garage and cafe was also included in the base.<ref name="CityRealty" /> The building was planned with Template:Convert of office space.<ref name="nyt19850901" /> Each of the office stories typically measures Template:Convert, with polygonal cutouts at each corner.<ref name="AR 1990-10" />
TowerEdit
The building was proposed with 355 luxury residential condominiums,<ref name="nyt19850901" /> but it was completed with 339<ref name="Stichweh2009" /> or 340 condos.<ref name="nyt19930613" /><ref name="n84079708" /> According to the New York City Department of City Planning, there are 340 condominiums in the entire building, of which 337 are residential units.<ref name="ZoLa" /> About 100 of the apartments were built with one bedroom, with the rest having multiple bedrooms.<ref name="p219160512">Template:Cite magazine</ref> Many of the residential units are separated from each other by the building's shear walls. Due to the setbacks on the exterior, floors 47 through 61 typically measure Template:Convert, while floors 63 through 69 are an octagon measuring 80 feet across.<ref name="AR 1990-10" />
The apartments at CitySpire vary in size and arrangement, though many of the units contain Template:Convert terraces. For instance, one studio apartment has a living room, kitchen, and terrace. Some of the one-bedroom units also have living and dining rooms with angled walls. In some of the two-bedroom units, there is a foyer with a living/dining room, kitchens, and bedrooms leading off it. There are also duplex units with kitchens, living rooms, and dining rooms on the lower tier, as well as bedrooms on the upper tiers. One of the larger duplexes, on floors 65/66, has four bedrooms; a living/dining area with a library and breakfast area; a family room; and a terrace measuring Template:Convert.<ref name="CityRealty" /> On upper floors, the units tend to be larger, reaching Template:Convert below the penthouse.<ref name="Stichweh2009" />
Eichner originally intended to occupy a penthouse apartment atop CitySpire,<ref name="n83990677">Template:Cite news</ref> but he ended up never living in the unit.<ref name="nyt19930613" /> The penthouse was instead purchased in 1993 by real estate developer Steven Klar for about $4.5 million as a "raw space"; it covers floors 72 through 75, though floor 72 is a guest suite.<ref name="nyt20120727">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Galante 2012">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Klar had hired Juan Pablo Molyneux to redesign the penthouse over two and a half years.<ref name="nyt20120727" /> The penthouse, covering Template:Convert, has six bedrooms and nine bathrooms, as well as three terraces.<ref name="Galante 2012" /><ref name="trd20130516">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The master bedroom takes up an entire story, while the master bathroom has green marble cladding as well as bronze and mahogany fixtures.<ref name="Galante 2012" /> The penthouse also has a classical-columned foyer, a large dining room with a chandelier, a wine closet with space for 1,000 bottles, and a private elevator.<ref name="nyt20120727" /> Molyneux personally disliked the design, calling it a "horror",<ref name="Hogarty 2012">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="nyt20120830">Template:Cite news</ref> though this was apparently because Molyneux actually never saw the design in person, having been dismissed before the design was completed.<ref name="nyt20120830" />
When CitySpire was built, it was advertised with amenities such as the SpireCard, a charge account to which each resident could request a luxury service for a fee.<ref name="n84020269">Template:Cite news</ref> It was also advertised with a media room containing a large-screen TV; a lounge with bar; and a business center with stock quote and telex machines.<ref name="n84048159">Template:Cite news</ref> The modern amenities include a party and conference rooms, play area, and fitness center with pool.<ref name="CityRealty" />
HistoryEdit
The neighboring New York City Center had opened in 1924 as the Mecca Temple, a house of worship for the Shriners.<ref name="NY1930">Template:Cite NY1930</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Mecca Temple was acquired by the New York City government in 1943 and became a theater.<ref name="NY1930" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 1982, City Center completed a minor renovation to the lobby and orchestra.<ref name="Stern (2006) p. 633">Template:Harvnb</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> City Center planned another set of improvements to enlarge stage, storage, and balcony areas.<ref name="nyt19841030">Template:Cite news</ref> The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) designated City Center as a city landmark in 1983; as a result, the commission was required to approve any major alterations to the theater.<ref name="nycland">Template:Cite nycland</ref> Concurrently, Bruce Eichner bought Chapman's neighboring site for $18 million.<ref name="nyt19850901" /> He also bought a parking garage, whose owner agreed to sell it on the condition a replacement parking garage was built.<ref name="nyt19860221" />
DevelopmentEdit
PlanningEdit
In May 1984, Eichner announced that he would build a 72-story skyscraper on the site, designed by Murphy/Jahn.<ref name="nyt19840503" /> The building would contain 22 stories of offices and 49 stories of condominiums.<ref name="nyt19840503" /><ref name="Stern (2006) p. 633" /> It would be shaped like an octagon with setbacks and a domed roof.<ref name="n84010252" /> A key part of Eichner's development was his proposal to purchase unused air rights above City Center.<ref name="nyt19840503" /><ref name="n84006537">Template:Cite news</ref> Eichner would also make improvements to City Center to obtain additional space.<ref name="nyt19840503" /><ref name="Stern (2006) p. 633" /> The sale was expected to raise $10 to 14 million for the New York City Opera, New York City Ballet, and City Center's sublessee 55th Street Dance Theater.<ref name="nyt19841030" /><ref name="n84010252">Template:Cite news</ref> The proposed air-rights sale received criticism both for its relatively low price<ref name="n84011286">Template:Cite news</ref> and for the fact that it would allow an excessively large building.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite news</ref> City Center Tower was one of several high-rise developments planned for the area at the time; Metropolitan Tower and Carnegie Hall Tower were being proposed as well.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
The air-rights transfers needed the approval of several agencies.<ref name="nyt19840503" /> In August 1984, the New York City Board of Estimate voted to allow the sale of air rights.<ref name="n84010252" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The LPC was scheduled to hold a hearing for the proposed sale in November 1984, but an unrelated controversy over another landmark candidate took up all the time allotted for discussing the air-rights sale.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The LPC granted the project a "certificate of appropriateness" in January 1985,<ref name="n84014114">Template:Cite news</ref> which allowed the LPC to apply for a special zoning permit from the New York City Planning Commission (CPC) for the air-rights transfer.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Several agencies then needed to approve the tower itself. Following objections from members of the Board of Estimate and CPC, some elements of City Center Tower were downsized.<ref name="nyt19850901" /> The CPC approved the tower in June 1985,<ref name="n84015067">Template:Cite news</ref> followed by the Board of Estimate that August.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
The building had been approved to a height of about Template:Convert.<ref name="nyt19870623">Template:Cite news</ref>Template:Efn Though the City Center Tower was to be New York City's tallest residential tower upon its construction, Eichner cited a study that "proved" the top of the tower would not cast shadows on the street.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He described the tower as a "quintessential New York skyscraper", compared to the "undistinguished" glass-clad office buildings on Madison and Park Avenues.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Eichner received $157.5 million in construction financing.<ref name="nyt19860221" /><ref name="n84055237">Template:Cite news</ref> Both Eichner and his lawyer Howard Horenstein donated several thousand dollars to Mayor Ed Koch, who had voted in favor of the tower.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The donations were investigated in an ethics probe in 1987.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
ConstructionEdit
By the time the Board of Estimate had approved City Center Tower, pouring of the concrete slabs was underway.<ref name="nyt19850901" /> The project was being referred to as CitySpire by mid-1986, when European American Bank leased eight of the office stories.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The construction of CitySpire involved controversies over safety. Susan Guszynski of the Joffrey Ballet, a tenant in City Center, wrote a letter to the New York City Department of Buildings (DOB) in late 1986, alleging that three Joffrey staff had been hit by falling concrete during one week that October. The Buildings Department subsequently received four additional complaints of falling objects, including one instance in which a portion of the facade fell from the roof.<ref name="n84018977">Template:Cite news</ref> Neighbors also filed lawsuits claiming that CitySpire's construction had led to debris pileups and various incidents.<ref name="n83988289">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Walls1988">Template:Cite magazine</ref> One neighbor claimed that he received death threats after complaining to the police about cracked windows, while another neighbor was allegedly raped after an attacker climbed into her apartment through CitySpire's scaffolding.<ref name="n83988289" />
Marketing for the residential units started in March 1987, with TV advertisements that featured celebrities such as Dick Cavett, Carol Channing, Lauren Hutton, Robert Joffrey, Lynn Redgrave, and Tommy Tune.<ref name="p219160512" /><ref name="n84020269" /> Despite this, only 60 of the 340 condos were in contract by that August. The slow sales were attributed to the shortage of small apartments, as well as the tower's location in a traditionally non-residential neighborhood.<ref name="p219160512" /> The advertisements also received complaints for including only white people; the director of the building's marketing team claimed they were just targeting the demographic who was most likely to buy apartments there.<ref name="nyt19870531">Template:Cite news</ref> Horenstein denied the advertisements were intended to discourage minorities.<ref name="nyt19870531" /><ref name="n84020699">Template:Cite news</ref>
Completion and height controversyEdit
The building had topped out by mid-1987.<ref name="nyt19870623" /><ref name="Adler p. 119">Template:Harvnb</ref> The building, as constructed, exceeded its approved height by either Template:Convert<ref name="nyt19880420" /><ref name="n83991234">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Stern (2006) pp. 634-636">Template:Harvnb</ref> or Template:Convert.<ref name="n83988668">Template:Cite news</ref> The difference of Template:Convert was a calculation error from two different methods of measuring height,<ref name="n83990677" /> but the extra 11 feet came from Eichner's decision to add Template:Convert of cement to all the floor slabs to stiffen them.<ref name="n83990677" /><ref name="nyt19871104">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="n84052464">Template:Cite news</ref> The topped-out structure had to undergo a second public review from the Board of Estimate, Manhattan Community Board 5, and the CPC.<ref name="nyt19870623" /><ref name="Stern (2006) pp. 634-636" /> Eichner voluntarily agreed to halt CitySpire's structural work,<ref name="nyt19880824">Template:Cite news</ref> though he saw the height overruns as being "of no consequence to anyone".<ref name="p280814454-" /> By November 1987, Eichner and city officials were discussing a compromise in which Eichner would give more arts funding but keep the extra height.<ref name="n84047254">Template:Cite news</ref> By the end of 1987, Eichner had sold 164 of the apartments,<ref name="n84047835">Template:Cite news</ref> and some of the commercial space was already occupied.<ref name="n84052464" /> Residential prices at CitySpire had remained relatively low in the wake of Black Monday two months earlier.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Community Board 5 officials voted against allowing the extra height in protest of the zoning law.<ref name="nyt19871104" /><ref name="n84047254" /> The CPC rejected the additional height that December, saying Eichner could have pursued other options, including lowering ceiling heights, to stay within the 800-foot height limit.<ref name="nyt19871222">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="n84047581">Template:Cite news</ref> CPC chairwoman Sylvia Deutsch rejected Eichner's offer to add unrelated amenities and pay the city extra cash, and she also dismissed complaints from neighbors who opposed the project for unrelated reasons.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In April 1988, the city and Eichner tentatively reached a settlement in which Eichner agreed to build Template:Convert of dance studios above the pedestrian arcade and reduce some facade details.<ref name="nyt19880420" /><ref name="n83989400" /><ref name="Stern (2006) p. 636">Template:Harvnb</ref> The agreement, contingent on the dome not being completed, had not been ratified by the CPC or Board of Estimate.<ref name="nyt19880824" /> Deutsch called the agreement "reasonable";<ref name="Stern (2006) p. 636" /><ref name="n84053484">Template:Cite news</ref> however, community groups thought it would set a precedent for developers who built past their height limits,<ref name="Stern (2006) p. 636" /> and some LPC members specifically opposed the design.<ref name="nyt19870419"/>
Residents of the lower floors were allowed to move into the building by mid-1988, even though the upper stories did not have their occupancy certificate.<ref name="n84052791" /> CitySpire's dome was completed in August 1988, apparently in violation of the settlement.<ref name="nyt19880824" /><ref name="n84052791">Template:Cite news</ref> While Community Board 5 had notified the DOB about the illegal work earlier, the dome had been completed by the time the DOB issued a stop-work order.<ref name="n84052791" /> Koch ordered the dome dismantled that November.<ref name="nyt19881109" /><ref name="n83991421">Template:Cite news</ref> The ribs were partially removed so CitySpire would only exceed the permitted height by Template:Convert.<ref name="n83989815">Template:Cite news</ref> City Center filed a lawsuit that month, alleging that Eichner had not renovated the theater as promised. City Center sought an injunction to forbid the DOB from issuing CitySpire a certificate of occupancy for the top twenty stories until the renovations were performed.<ref name="n83988496-">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="TyreWalls1988">Template:Cite magazine</ref> A New York Supreme Court justice declined to issue the injunction,<ref name="n83989815" /><ref name="n83988496-" /> and the city allowed Eichner to open the 51st through 63rd floors.<ref name="n83989815" /> Community Board 5 "demanded" the city deny CitySpire a special zoning permit for the extra height.<ref name="n83991234" />
The removal of the dome was temporary pending the approval of a zoning variance through the Uniform Land Use Review Procedure, which was granted in January 1989.<ref name="n84053484" /> Soon after, the CPC voted to permit the completion of CitySpire's dome in exchange for the dance studios in the base.<ref name="Stern (2006) p. 636" /><ref name="n83991421" /><ref name="n83989815" /> The Board of Estimate continued to debate over whether the dance studios were an appropriate penalty for Eichner.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In March 1989, the Board of Estimate voted 6–5 to allow the dance studios as an appropriate penalty.<ref name="n83988668" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The height agreement received opposition from city comptroller Harrison J. Goldin, who charged that Eichner was violating the law, and from critics who believed the dance studios, at Template:Convert, were too small.<ref name="n83990677" /> The dome was subsequently damaged in a fire in May 1989,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="p110304588">Template:Cite news</ref> which investigators determined was an arson.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Eichner had still not completed renovations at City Center like he had promised,<ref name="n84054355">Template:Cite news</ref> and the building's pedestrian arcade was not open to the public.<ref name="nyt19901007">Template:Cite news</ref>
UsageEdit
Eichner had sold 280 of the apartments and three-quarters of the office space by early 1989,<ref name="n83989815" /> and the building was completed by 1990.<ref name="Stern (2006) p. 636" /> CitySpire's dance studios were supposed to be completed in September 1989, but it was not until mid-1990 that Eichner applied for a permit. Construction on the studios had not even started because, according to Hornstein, the plans had to be approved by several agencies.<ref name="n84054355" /><ref name="nyt19901007" /> Eichner still had yet to sell the 50 remaining apartments and the remaining 20 percent of commercial space. Ten of these apartments were in the top stories that could not be completed until the studios were finished.<ref name="n84054355" /><ref name="nyt19901007" />
Noise pollution and bankruptcyEdit
Shortly after CitySpire's completion, Eichner was concurrently negotiating construction loans with his lenders,<ref name="n84054355" /><ref name="n84055665">Template:Cite news</ref> which included Citibank and European American Bank.<ref name="n84055665" /> He was also delinquent on $3.7 million of tax payments, which the city sued that July to recover.<ref name="n84055237" /> In October 1990, European American Bank challenged the collateral behind $50 million worth of construction loans on the building.<ref name="n84055145">Template:Cite news</ref> The next month, the bank foreclosed on the loans.<ref name="n84055237" /> That December, the New York City Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) fined CitySpire for noise violations, making CitySpire the first building to be individually cited by the DEP for noise pollution. The DEP had received hundreds of complaints about a loud whistling noise that was audible several blocks away; the noise was caused by wind blowing through louvers on the dome.<ref name="nyt19901207" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Neighbors reported being kept awake by the noise.<ref name="Žaknić Smith Rice Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat p." /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Monroe Price opined that "the community should attempt to understand what the building is trying to say",<ref name="Stern (2006) p. 636" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> while Progressive Architecture said: "In a less restrictive era, we might look forward to developers' plans for 'The Wind Chime Centre' or 'One Kazoo Plaza'."<ref name="PA 1991-02">Template:Cite magazine</ref>
At a hearing in February 1991, Judge Gerald Denaro of New York City's Environmental Control Board ordered a study on the noise coming from the dome.<ref name=nyt19910212>Template:Cite news</ref> The building faced a fine of up to $880 if it was found guilty of whistling.<ref name=nyt19910212/>Template:Efn West 56th Street Association, the building's legal owner, filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection at the end of that month.<ref name="n84072425" /><ref name="nyt19910413" /> The association, a limited partnership where Eichner was the general partner, faced lawsuits from both European American Bank and Bank of Nova Scotia. The association had also faced a receivership proceeding, as it had also failed to pay the condominium apartments' common charges.<ref name="n84072425">Template:Cite news</ref> The bankruptcy proceeding absolved Eichner from paying $11 million in unpaid taxes,<ref name="p219175269">Template:Cite magazine</ref> but the building's residential sales office had to shut down that year.<ref name="n84079708">Template:Cite news</ref>
In April 1991, Denaro ruled that CitySpire was guilty of violating the noise ordinance and fined the managing agent $220.<ref name="nyt19910413">Template:Cite news</ref> A federal judge ruled that September that the city's noise code was too vague to be enforced,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> leading the New York City Council to draft a law to more strictly define noise.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> By May 1992, the building's board of managers said the whistling would be fixed within several weeks.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Bankruptcy proceedings, meanwhile, had been stalled over an unpaid $324,000 capital gains tax. A reorganization plan for the tower was finally approved in September 1992, eighteen months after the building's owner had filed for bankruptcy.<ref name="p219143472">Template:Cite magazine</ref> The roof noise was stopped that October, and the receivers paid the city $2.1 million instead of renovating City Center's studios as a penalty. The receivers also sought to be exempted from their obligation to build studios above the pedestrian arcade, which was still unfinished.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Late 1990s to presentEdit
Euram, a subsidiary of European American Bank's parent ABN AMRO, took over the residential section and renovated 75 vacant units. The Bank of Nova Scotia rebranded the commercial section as Midland Tower.<ref name="nyt19930613" /> Euram started marketing the vacant apartments in May 1993; ten of the units had been sold within a month,<ref name="nyt19930613" /> and all the condos were sold by the following year.<ref name="n84079708" /> Eichner continued to maintain offices at CitySpire.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Although the financial issues and noise complaints had been resolved, the studios and arcade, which had been a compromise for CitySpire's height, had still not been completed by 1995. The arcade was strewn with litter and blocked off with razor wire and wooden panels, and CitySpire's owners planned to renovate it for use. The owners planned to scrap the studios above the arcade, instead creating additional rehearsal space in City Center itself.<ref name="nyt19951217">Template:Cite news</ref>
Around 1996, Joseph Neumann and Credit Suisse First Boston acquired CitySpire for $38 million. The building had been offered for $50 million, but Neumann and First Boston were able to buy the building for less after beating a competing bid from Henry Elghanayan.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> At the time, the building owed $1.9 million in taxes to the city government.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The office owners (composed of First Boston and external investors), along with the residential condo owners, bore the cost of the pedestrian arcade's $1 million renovation.<ref name="nyt19970813" /> CitySpire's pedestrian arcade was finally completed in late 1997. Upon the arcade's completion, David W. Dunlap wrote for The New York Times that it had taken seven years between the authorization of the first transcontinental railroad and the laying of its golden spike, but it had taken twelve years between the arcade's approval and its opening.<ref name="Stern (2006) p. 636" /><ref name="nyt19970813" /> The arcade's opening completed the set of walkways from 51st to 57th Street.<ref name="nyt19970813" /> In addition, some of the office space was converted into "prebuilt" offices.<ref name=p219128532>Template:Cite magazine</ref>
The office stories were owned by Singapore government investment fund GIC by 2001.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> GIC leased space to Windels Marx, GE Capital, and The Recording Academy.<ref name="p208408877">Template:Cite magazine</ref> That year, Lehman Brothers and Morgan Stanley provided a $900 million mortgage to GIC for CitySpire's office stories and some of GIC's other properties.<ref name="p208447739">Template:Cite magazine</ref> The office section of CitySpire was acquired in 2004 by Tishman Speyer, who bought a 51 percent majority stake. GIC continued to hold a 49 percent stake.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In 2012, Tishman Speyer and an unidentified pension fund acquired CitySpire and several other buildings as part of a portfolio valued at $1.6 billion.<ref name="Commercial Property Executives 2012">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The same year, Douglas Elliman marketed the penthouse apartment for $100 million, which would have made it the most expensive residence in New York City had it been sold at that price.<ref name="nyt20120727" /><ref name="Galante 2012" /> After receiving few offers, the penthouse's owner withdrew the unit from the market and offered it for sale himself,<ref name="trd20130516" /><ref name="Budin 2013">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> only to withdraw it again in 2015.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> At that point, the majority of CitySpire's residences, over sixty percent, were being used as pieds-a-terre rather than as primary residences.<ref name=":1" /> Template:As of, CitySpire's commercial occupants include New York Road Runners, Windels Marx, and Brown Shoe Company.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Critical receptionEdit
When CitySpire was being planned, Paul Goldberger praised Jahn for including design elements inspired by both City Center and earlier New York City skyscrapers. However, he said the design was "only partially successful in terms of its relationship to the City Center building itself", especially as both buildings' domes were rarely visible simultaneously.<ref name="nyt19850127-2" /><ref name="Stern (2006) pp. 633-634">Template:Harvnb</ref> Harry Berkowitz of Newsday described the project as one of several designed by architects who "want little to do with the idea of adjusting to a neighborhood".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Paul M. Sachner wrote for Architectural Record that the plans "exemplify the 'high-tech historicist' quality" of Murphy/Jahn's work, but he said "many question the appropriateness of a 70-story building" on such a narrow site.<ref name="AR 1985-01" /><ref name="Stern (2006) p. 633" />
By the time CitySpire was completed, Goldberger believed it looked weaker than the neighboring Carnegie Hall and Metropolitan towers, even though CitySpire had looked better in conceptual depictions.<ref name="nyt19901021">Template:Cite news</ref> CitySpire, Carnegie Hall Tower, and Metropolitan Tower became known as the "Tuning Fork Trio" because of their shape and proximity to each other.<ref name="p233147246"/> John McPhee of The New Yorker wrote in 2003 that the buildings "look like three chopsticks incongruously holding a cocktail blini", as they surrounded the small Russian Tea Room.<ref name="p233147246">Template:Cite magazine</ref>
CitySpire's construction also prompted discussion on the appropriateness of transferring air rights from city landmarks, such as City Center, to raise money for landmarks' upkeep.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="n84052232">Template:Cite news</ref> New York Landmarks Conservancy executive director Laurie Beckelman said that "we save [city landmarks] by putting them out of context" in allowing the transfers, and Community Board 5 district manager Joan E. Ramer said that "selling off a precious city resource without understanding the ramifications is simply irresponsible".<ref name=":0" /> Former city planning commissioner Martin Gallent said the zoning exceptions allowed midtown Manhattan to be more "overly dense" than it already was.<ref name="n84052232" /> After the height compromise in 1988, Goldberger said, "What is to prevent another developer from adding 22 feet to his building and offering to build two dance studios?"<ref name="p280814454-" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Goldberger also referred to CitySpire as a "case of the city selling its birthright for a mess of pottage".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>