Clan MacDuff

Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox clan

Clan MacDuff or Clan Duff is a Lowland Scottish clan.<ref name="Clan.Encyclopedia.MacDuff">Way, George and Squire, Romily. (1994). Collins Scottish Clan & Family Encyclopedia. (Foreword by The Rt Hon. The Earl of Elgin KT, Convenor, The Standing Council of Scottish Chiefs). pp. 419 - 420.</ref> The clan does not currently have a chief and is therefore considered an armigerous clan, which is registered with the Lyon Court.<ref name="Clan.Encyclopedia.MacDuff"/><ref>Official Scottish Clans and Families electricscotland.com. Retrieved on August 27, 2007</ref> The early chiefs of Clan MacDuff were the original Earls of Fife, although this title went to the Stewarts of Albany in the late fourteenth century. The title returned to the MacDuff chief when William Duff was made Earl Fife in 1759. His descendant Alexander Duff was made Duke of Fife in 1889.

HistoryEdit

Origins of the clanEdit

File:Macduff's Castle - geograph.org.uk - 475604.jpg

Macduff's Castle, in Fife, Scotland. The site is associated with the MacDuff Earls of Fife

The Clan Duff claims descent from the original royal Scoto-Pictish line of which Queen Gruoch of Scotland, wife of Macbeth, King of Scotland, was the senior representative.<ref name="Clan.Encyclopedia.MacDuff"/> After the death of MacBeth, Malcolm III of Scotland seized the Crown and his son, Aedh, married the daughter of Queen Gruoch.<ref name="Clan.Encyclopedia.MacDuff"/> Aedh was created Earl of Fife and abbot of Abernethy.<ref name="Clan.Encyclopedia.MacDuff"/> The early chiefs of Clan MacDuff were the Earls of Fife. Sir Iain Moncreiffe wrote that the Clan MacDuff was the premier clan among the Scottish Gaels.<ref name="TheHighlandClans"/> Today, the Earls of Wemyss are thought to be the descendants in the male line of Gille Míchéil, Earl of Fife, thought to be one of the first Clan MacDuff chiefs.<ref name="TheHighlandClans"/> Gille-michael MacDuff was one of the witnesses to the great charter of David I of Scotland to Dunfermline Abbey.<ref name="Clan.Encyclopedia.MacDuff"/>

File:Abernethy Tower.jpg

The round tower of Abernethy, built for the Celtic abbey of which a branch of Clan MacDuff were hereditary Abbots.

14th and 15th centuriesEdit

In 1306 during the Wars of Scottish Independence, Duncan MacDuff, Earl of Fife, was as a minor, held by Edward I of England at the coronation of Robert the Bruce as his ward while Duncan's sister, Isabella MacDuff, placed the golden circlet upon King Robert's head.<ref name="Clan.Encyclopedia.MacDuff"/> As a result, when she fell into the hands of King Edward's army, she was imprisoned in a cage which was suspended from the walls of Berwick Castle.<ref name="Clan.Encyclopedia.MacDuff"/> Duncan MacDuff later married Mary, the niece of King Edward, and threw in his lot against the Bruce.<ref name="Clan.Encyclopedia.MacDuff"/> However, he was captured and imprisoned in Kildrummy Castle where he died in 1336.<ref name="Clan.Encyclopedia.MacDuff"/> The Earldom later fell into the hands of Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany, however, although the MacDuff family lost their rank, they continued to prosper.<ref name="Clan.Encyclopedia.MacDuff"/> In 1384, the earl of Fife was described as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, meaning 'chief of the law of Clan MacDuff'.<ref>Grant, Alexander & Stringer, Keith J. (1998). Medieval Scotland: Crown, Lordship and Community. pp. 21 - 22. Template:ISBN.</ref> In 1404, David Duff received a charter from Robert III of Scotland for lands in Banffshire.<ref name="Clan.Encyclopedia.MacDuff"/>

17th, 18th and 19th centuriesEdit

In 1626, John Duff sold the lands in Banffshire which his ancestor had acquired in 1404.<ref name="Clan.Encyclopedia.MacDuff"/> The title of The Fife returned with William Duff, 1st Earl Fife and Viscount Macduff, in 1759.<ref name="Clan.Encyclopedia.MacDuff"/> The 1st Earl Fife's cousin, Captain Robert Duff of the Royal Navy supported the British-Hanoverian Government during the Jacobite rising of 1745 and was involved in the Skirmish of Arisaig.<ref name="Duffy">Duffy, Christopher. (2007). The '45, Bonnie Prince Charlie and Untold Story of the Jacobite Rising. p. 532. Template:ISBN.</ref> James Duff, 4th Earl Fife fought with distinction in the Peninsular War where he was wounded at the Battle of Talavera in 1809 and was later made a Knight of the Order of St Ferdinand of Spain.<ref name="Clan.Encyclopedia.MacDuff"/>

Alexander Duff, 6th Earl Fife, married Louise, Princess Royal, eldest daughter of Edward VII.<ref name="Clan.Encyclopedia.MacDuff"/> Alexander was advanced to the rank of Duke of Fife in July 1889.<ref name="Clan.Encyclopedia.MacDuff"/>

20th and 21st centuriesEdit

With the death of the 1st Duke of Fife, the Clan MacDuff had its last Chief. On 15 June 2024 notice was made of candidates for Clan Name and Commander Sought for Clans MacDuffee, Macfie, and MacPhee and Presentation must be by May 2025<ref>Clan Name and Commander Sought for Clans MacDuffee, Macfie, and MacPhee</ref>

Law of Clan MacDuffEdit

Clan Macduff was the first Scottish clan to be recognized as a clan by the Scottish Parliament, by legislation dated November 1384.<ref>The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707 (RPS) rps.ac.uk. Retrieved 30 April 2013.</ref>

The Earl of Fife and the Abbot of Abernethy were both "Capitals of Law of the Clan MacDuff".<ref name="TheHighlandClans"/> The law protected all murderers within ninth degree of kin to the Earl of Fife, as they could claim sanctuary at the Cross of MacDuff near Abernethy, and could find remission by paying compensation to the victim's family.<ref name="TheHighlandClans">Moncreiffe of that Ilk, p.135-136.</ref>

The chiefs of the clan had the right to enthrone the King on the Stone of Scone.<ref name="TheHighlandClans"/> When the Stone of Scone was taken to England by Edward I of England, Robert I of Scotland had himself crowned King of Scots a second time, in order to be crowned by a member of clan MacDuff, in that case the Earl of Fife's sister.<ref name="TheHighlandClans"/>

In 1425, the last Earl of Fife, Murdoch Stewart, Duke of Albany, was beheaded. The Clan MacDuff's hereditary right of bearing the Crown of Scotland then passed to the Lord Abernethy.<ref name="TheHighlandClans"/> The current Lord Abernethy, who is consequently bearer of the Scottish Crown, is Alexander Douglas-Hamilton, 16th Duke of Hamilton.

TartansEdit

There are several Clan MacDuff tartans. The most conventionally used is one recorded by the weavers William Wilson & Son of Bannockburn some time between Template:Circa and 1819<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> (two variants exist, with blue<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> or green<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> thin "tram track" over-check lines in place of the black ones.) A variant on this, with the larger black stripe replaced by dark green and the proportions altered, was recorded by the Highland Society of London, c. 1815–20.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> All of these are very similar to the royal Stewart tartan, but without its thin yellow and white over-checks.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A third and rather different one appeared in 1842 in the Vestiarium Scoticum, and was probably invented by the "Sobieski Stuarts".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> There are various other tartans with names like dress MacDuff and hunting MacDuff.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

MacDuff tartan (1819, Wilsons), centred, zoomed out.png

The most conventional of the Clan MacDuff tartans (main Wilsons' pattern)
MacDuff tartan (1815, Highland Society), centred, zoomed out.png

Highland Society version
MacDuff tartan (1842 Vestiarium Scoticum), centred, zoomed out.png

"Clan Makduffe" tartan as published in the Vestiarium Scoticum

Clan CastlesEdit

File:Clan MacDuff Castle - Scotland - 2019.jpg

Updated picture of Clan MacDuff Castle (2019)

Macduff's Castle in East Wemyss, Fife, is now a ruinous castle that was once held by the MacDuff Earls of Fife. The property later went to the Clan Wemyss who built the present castle.<ref name="Coventry"/>
Airdit House in Leuchers, Fife, was originally held by the MacDuffs but later went to the Clan Stewart who held it in 1425 when Murdoch Stewart, Duke of Albany (also then Earl and Duke of Fife), was executed.<ref name="Coventry"/>
Barnslee Castle near Markinch, Fife, was held by the Clan MacDuff. One story is that a tunnel led from it to Maiden Castle (see below), that was about three miles away.<ref name="Coventry"/>
Castle Hill in North Berwick in East Lothian was probably held by the MacDuff Earls of Fife who had a ferry from North Berwick to Earlsferry in Fife.<ref name="Coventry"/>
Cupar Castle in Cupar, Fife, was held by the Clan MacDuff.<ref name="Coventry"/>
Falkland Palace in Falkland, Fife. There was a castle here that was held by the MacDuff Earls of Fife although it was destroyed by the English in 1337. It was re-built in 1371 and passed to Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany, who was then also Earl of Fife.<ref name="Coventry"/>
Fernie Castle in Cupar, Fife, was once held by the MacDuff Earls of Fife.<ref name="Coventry"/>
Maiden Castle near Methil, Fife, was once held by the Clan MacDuff. One story is that a tunnel led from it to Barnslee Castle (see above), that was about three miles away.<ref name="Coventry"/>